Honey and beeswax
The potential for annual honey production in China is estimated at 3 to 4 million tonnes.
Other non-edible animal products
In China there is a rich variety of insect and animal resources from which industrial materials are prepared (e.g. lacquer insects, wax insects and Chinese gallnut aphids). There are more than 300 species of host plants for lacquer insects. The annual production of lacquer was 1 482 tonnes in 1988 and 3 019 tonnes in 1996. Half of the total production of lacquer is exported to over 45 countries around the world.
Agriculture Yearbook of China. 1985–1996. Ed. Ministry of Agriculture, China. China Agriculture Publishing Service.
Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF). 1998. Forestry towards the 21st century. China Agriculture Scientech Press.
Jiang Chunqian. 1999. High-effective use of forest resource. In Report on strategy of sustainable forestry development for the 10th five-year plan. China, State Administration of Forestry.
Jiang Chunqian. 1997. Introduction of NTFPs in China.
Forestry Yearbook of China. 1995–1997. Ed. Ministry of Forestry, China. China Forestry Publishing Service.
Forestry Statistics of China. 1980–1996. Ed. Ministry of Forestry, China. China Forestry Publishing Service.
Kunshan, S. 1994. China. In Non-wood forest products in Asia. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Li Yucai (Ed.). 1996. Strategy for forestry development towards the 21st Century.
Wang Yufeng. (Ed.) 1995. Forest recreation of China. China Forestry Publishing Service,
Co. Forestry Publishing Service.
Zhu Zhaohua & Jiang Chunqian (Ed.). In press. Non-timber forest products.
This report has been realized within the framework of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme "Sustainable Forest Management in Asia". The contents are based on available information at FAO headquarters in Rome, as well as on a report provided by Jiang Chunqian and Chen Binhao, The International Farm Forestry Training Centre, CAF, Beijing 100091 China. All data quoted in their study are officially issued by the National Forestry Bureau, China in forestry yearbooks and other forestry information materials.
Additional information on NWFP in China would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.
The following persons and institutions have also contributed to the preparation of the report: International Network on Bamboo and Rattan; State Administration of China; Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science; The Information Institute, CAF; Sustainable Forestry Development Research Centre; Prof Wang Heran, Research Institute of Forestry, CAF; Mr Liu Dan, the Information Institute, CAF; and Prof Zhu Zhaohua, International Bamboo and Rattan Network, Beijing 100101, China.
The most relevant local, national, regional (or international) agencies involved in NWFP for China are:
The Center of Eucalyptus Development and Research, CAF
Address: No.30, Renming Road, Zhanjiang City 524022, Guangdong Province
Tel: 86 759 3380685
Fax: 86 759 3380674
Email: [email protected]
Research Institute of Forestry Sci-tech Information
Director: Shi Kunshan
Address: Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091
Fax: 010-62882317
E-mail: [email protected]
Research Institute of Wood Industrial
Address: Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091
Director Ye Kelin
Tel :86-10-62889410
Fax :86-10-62881937
E-mail: [email protected]
Research Institute of Resource Insect
Address: Wang Daqiao, Renming Donglu, Kunming, Yunnan Province
Director: Chen Xiaoming
Tel: 86- 871-3845120
Fax: 86-871-3854821
E-mail: [email protected]
Research Institute of Forest Ecology and Protection
Address: Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
Director: Liu Shirong
Fax: 86-10-62884972
E-mail:[email protected]
Research Institute of Forestry
Address: RIF, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
Director: Meng Ping
Tel: 86-10-62889610
Fax: 86-10-62872015
Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry
Address: Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Fuyang City 311400, Zhejiang Province
Director: Fu Maoyi
Tel: 86-571-3310184, 3310001
Fax: 86-10-3310009, 3341304
E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]
The International Farm Forestry Training Centre
Address: PO Box 38, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
Acting Director: Jiang Chunqian
Tel: 86-10-62889093
Research Institute of Chemical Process and Forest Products
Address: No.16, 5 Sujin cun, Nanjing 210042
Director: Shen Zhaobang
E-mail: [email protected]
Institute of He Long-Jiang Forest By-Products
Address: No.15, Beishan St. Mudanjiang City157011, Helongjiang Province
Tel: 86-435-6521910
China has made efforts to develop its national parks and forest recreation services; 874 national parks had been established in China by the end of 1997 with an area of 7.48 million ha accounting for 0.75 percent of the total land area. Of the national parks, 292 were established at the national level with an area of 5.37 million ha.
Within the nature reserves, 13 forest recreation spots, 2 hunting ranges and 11 forest recreation services have been established. According to China Green Times (1999), from 1992 to 1996 over 300 million people visited the national parks contributing ¥180 million, the total income from the tour industry exceeded ¥1 000 million.
In 1997, 52.11 million tourists, of whom 0.68 million came from overseas, visited the national parks; they generated an estimated income of ¥819 million and provided job opportunities for nearly 150 000 people.
QUANTITATIVE NWFP DATA OF CHINA
Product |
Resource |
Economic value |
|||||||||
Category |
Import-ance |
Trade name Generic term |
Species |
Part used |
Habitat |
Source |
Desti-nation |
Quantity, value |
Remarks |
References |
|
1, 2, 3 |
F, P, O |
W, C |
N, I |
||||||||
Plants and plant products |
|||||||||||
Food |
1 |
Apple |
Malus pumila |
fr |
P |
C |
N, I |
Annual production of 4.50 million MT |
Area of 1.69 million ha |
Zhang Anling 1993 |
|
1 |
Pear |
Pyrus bretschneideri |
fr |
P,O |
C |
I, N |
Annual production of 2.50 million MT |
Area of 480 000 ha |
Zhang Anling 1993 |
||
2 |
Orange |
Citrus reticulata |
fr |
P |
C |
N |
Annual production of 4.6 million MT |
Area of 1 02 million ha |
Zhang Anling 1993 |
||
1 |
Grape |
Vitia spp. |
fr |
P,O |
C |
N |
Annual production of 870 000 MT |
Area of 140 000 ha |
Zhang Anling 1993 |
||
2 |
Banana |
fr |
P |
C |
N |
Annual production of 1.40 million MT |
Area of 110 000 ha |
Zhang Anling 1993 |
|||
2 |
Kiwi fruit |
Actinidia chinensis |
fr |
P,O |
C |
N |
Annual production of 347 000 MT According to Kunshan (1994), annual production is 300 000 MT |
Area of 670 000 ha |
Kunshan 1994 |
||
2 |
Bamboo shoot |
Phyllostachys edulis, Phyllostachy praecox Dendrocalamus latiflorus Ph. vivax |
st |
F,P |
C |
N,I |
Annual production of dry bamboo shoots is 20 000 MT and fresh bamboo shoots is 1.5 million MT |
Li Yucai 1996 |
|||
1 |
Walnut |
Juglans regia |
nu |
P,O |
C |
I, N |
Annual production of 150 000 MT Annual export of 100 000 MT Annual exports: 47 000 MT (US$30–50 million) |
Area of 1 million ha |
Zhang Anling, 1993 Kunshan 1994 |
Product |
Resource |
Economic value |
||||||||||
Category |
Import-ance |
Trade name Generic term |
Species |
Part used |
Habitat |
Source |
Desti-nation |
Quantity, value |
Remarks |
References |
||
1, 2, 3 |
F, P, O |
W, C |
N, I |
|||||||||
Plants and plant products |
||||||||||||
1 |
Chestnut |
Castanea henryi |
nu |
P,O |
C |
I, N |
378 183 MT in 1997 |
Area of 300 000 ha |
Kunshan 1994 China Forestry Yearbook 1995–97 |
|||
1 |
Chinese date Jujube |
Ziziphus jujuba |
nu |
P,O |
C |
N, I |
Annual production of 400 000–500 000 MT Exports of 4 700 MT of dry jujube (US$5 million) p/a |
Area of 550 000 ha |
Kunshan 1994. |
|||
2 |
Blackwood ear |
Auricularia auricula |
pl |
F,O |
C |
I,N |
Exports: about 1 000 MT (US$8 million) p/a 46 000 MT p/a |
Jiang Chunqian 1997 |
||||
2 |
Whitewood ear |
Tremella fucifomis |
pl |
F,O |
C |
I,N |
Annual production of 1 000 MT Exports: 300 MT p/a |
Jiang Chunqian 1997; Li Yucai 1996 |
||||
2 |
Shiitake |
Lentinus edodes |
pl |
F,O |
C |
I,N |
Annual production of 120 000 MT (38.3% of total world production). Annual export: 1 000 MT, value US$2 000/MT |
Exported to Southeast Asia and Japan. 90% of shiitake in Hong Kong is from China |
Jiang Chunqian 1997; Li Yucai 1996 |
|||
2 |
Wild brake |
Pteridium aquilinum (L) kuhn |
st |
F,P,O |
W |
I, N |
2 000 MT p/a |
Production potential of 100 000 MT |
Jiang Chunqian 1997 |
|||
2 |
Wild brake |
Osmunda cinnamomea |
st |
F,P,O |
W |
I, N |
||||||
Wild brake |
1980: the price for wild brake was US$ 400/MT, in 1994 it was US$1 400/MT |
|||||||||||
1 |
Camellia tea |
Camellia oleifera |
fr |
P,O |
C |
N |
150 000 MT p/a |
Area of 4 million ha |
Zhang Anling 1993 |
|||
2 |
Shingleaf yellowhorn |
Xanthoceras sorbifolia |
fr |
P |
C |
N |
300 MT p/a Export: 3 750 MT p/a |
Area of 3 000 ha Introduced from Europe in the 1960s, about 5 million individual trees exist. Total area of 50 000 ha |
Kunshan 1994 |
|||
1 |
Olive |
Olea europaea |
fr |
P |
C |
N |
200 MT p/a |
Area of 13 000 ha |
||||
1 |
Green tea, black tea |
Cumellia sinesis |
le |
P,O |
C |
N,I |
1996: 75 822 MT of which 56 603 MT were green tea |
1/3 of the production was exported in 1996 |
||||
Medicines |
2 |
Eucommia |
Eucommia ulmoides |
ba,le |
P,F |
W,C |
N ,I |
2 000 MT p/a |
Area of 80 000 ha |
Zhu and Jiang 1998 Anlin Zhang 1993 |
||
2 |
Officinal magnolia |
Magnolia officinalis |
ba |
P,F |
W,C |
N, I |
1 300 MT p/a |
Area of 23 000 ha |
||||
1 |
Ginkgo |
Ginkgo biloba |
nu,le |
P |
C |
I, N |
Annual production of kernels: 5 000–6 000 MT. Annual production of leaves: 7 000 MT Annual production of fleshy seed coats: 10 000– 12 000 MT Export earnings of about ¥1 5 000 million Leaf extracts can be sold at US$30 000/kg |
100 kg of leaves produce 1 kg of leaf extract |
||||
2 |
Corktree |
Phellodendron amurense |
ba |
P,F |
W,C |
I, N |
2 000 MT p/a |
Area of 9 000 ha |
||||
1 |
Wolfberry |
Lycium chinensis |
fr |
P,F |
C |
I, N |
4 500 MT p/a |
Area of 9 000 ha |
||||
Pilose antler |
Price ¥1 300–1 400/kg |
Kunshan 1994 |
||||||||||
Pine needle powder |
15 000 MT p/a |
Kunshan 1994 |
||||||||||
1 |
Chinese pr ickly ash |
Zanthoxylum bungeanum |
nu |
P,O |
C |
I, N |
31 000 MT p/a |
Area of 520 000 ha |
Zhang Anling 1993 |
Plants and plant products |
||||||||||
Perfumes, cosmetics |
2 |
Eucalyptus |
fl, le |
P |
C |
I,N |
4 500 MT p/a, of which 2 580 MT are exported (the amount of exports equals 80% of the world trade) |
The price of this essential oil in the world market depends on the oil extracted from eucalyptus in China |
Li Yucai 1996 CAF 1998 |
|
Dyeing, tanning |
2 |
Acacia mearnsii |
ba |
P |
C |
I,N |
50 000 MT in 1987 and 20 000 MT in 1997 |
Area of 10 000 ha in the subtropical area. Production has declined gradually over the last few years |
National Forestry Statistics 1996 |
|
Utensils, handicrafts, construction materials |
2 |
Palm |
Txachycarpus fortunei |
ba |
O |
C |
I, N |
40 000 MT p/a |
Forestry Yearbook 1996 |
|
2 |
Bamboo poles |
Phyllostachys edulis |
st |
F,P |
C |
N,I |
6–7 milliion MT p/a |
Li Yucai 1996 |
||
2 |
Bamboo products |
Phyllostachys edulis |
st |
F,P |
C |
N,I |
Production value of bamboo (1993): ¥5.5 billion, exports of US$150 million Bamboo manufacture contributed ¥12 000 billion in 1997 and US$400 million through exports |
|||
2 |
Rattan |
st |
F |
C |
I,N |
4 000–5 000 MT p/a |
||||
Exudates |
2 |
Turpentine |
Pinus spp. |
le |
F, P |
C |
I,N |
47 009–61 627 MT (1991-93) |
CAF 1998 National Forestry Statistics 1996 |
|
1 |
Resin |
Pinus massoniana Lamb. |
st |
F,P |
C |
I,N |
450 000/530 000 MT in 1996 and 1997 respectively |
The production is 60% of that in the world |
Jiang Chunqian 1999 |
|
Others |
1 |
Chinese rose Chrysanthemum Azalea |
Rosa chinensis Dendranthema morifolium
Rhododendron |
O O
O |
C C
C |
N, I |
Until 1997 planted area reached 88 000 km2 and 1.94 million bonsai pots were produced. Production value was ¥9.6 billion and value of exports reached ¥0.8 billion |
Till 1997, about 11 bases for the production of flowers and plants were established |
Forestry Industrial Economy 1997 |
|
1 |
Tung oil |
Vernicia spp. |
fr |
P,O |
C |
I, N |
Annual production of 120 000 MT Annual exports of 20 000 MT |
Area 2.07 million ha |
Zhang Anling 1993 |
Product |
Resource |
Economic value |
||||||||||||
Category |
Import-ance |
Trade name Generic term |
Species |
Part used |
Habitat |
Source |
Desti-nation |
Quantity, value |
Remarks |
References |
||||
1, 2, 3 |
F, P, O |
W, C |
N, I |
|||||||||||
Plants and plant products |
||||||||||||||
Tong oil tree seed |
Aleurites fordii |
1997: 453 355 MT 1989: 105 000 MT Annual export volume, 20 000 MT, foreign exchange for 12 000 MT about US$15 million |
China Forestry Yearbook 1995–1997 Kunshan 1994 |
|||||||||||
1 |
Chinese tallow tree |
Sapium sebiferum |
fr |
P,O |
C |
I, N |
Annual production of seeds: 50 000 MT Annual production of oil: 20 000 MT The area is 200 000 ha and the annual production is 85 000 MT. Production of tallow tree seed: 40 912 MT in 1997 |
Area of 250 000 ha |
Kunshan 1994 China Forestry Yearbook 1995–1997 |
|||||
2 |
Raw lacquer |
Toxicodendron verniciflum |
pl |
C |
C |
I,N |
Area of 450 000 km2, annual production: 3 000 MT. Production in 1997 was 4 415 MT |
The Chinese exports account for 80% of the total world exports |
National Forestry Statistics 1996; China Forestry Yearbook 1995–1997 |
|||||
Camellia oil seed |
1997: 856 868 MT |
China Forestry Yearbook 1995–1997 |
||||||||||||
Chinese gallnut |
1997: 11 060 MT |
China Forestry Yearbook 1995–1997 |
||||||||||||
Palm tree bark |
1997: 58 158 MT |
China Forestry Yearbook 1995–1997 |
||||||||||||
Pine seed |
1997: 702 982 MT |
China Forestry Yearbook 1995–1997 |
Product |
Resource |
Economic value |
||||||||||||
Category |
Import-ance |
Trade name Generic term |
Species |
Part used |
Habitat |
Source |
Desti-nation |
Quantity, value |
Remarks |
References |
||||
1, 2, 3 |
F, P, O |
W, C |
N, I |
|||||||||||
Plants and plant products |
||||||||||||||
Dried bamboo shoots |
1997: 217 216 MT |
China Forestry Yearbook 1995–1997 |
||||||||||||
Scraped lac |
1997: 2 711 MT |
China Forestry Yearbook 1995–1997 |
||||||||||||
Seabuckthorn |
Hippophae rhomnoides |
Production capacity of 150 seabuckthorn -processing factories of about 150 000 MT in 1990 |
A variety of products are being produced in various factories |
Kunshan 1994 |
||||||||||
American ginseng |
Panax quinquefollius |
Annual production of over 50 MT |
Kunshan 1994 |
|||||||||||
Animals and animal products |
||||||||||||||
Honey, beeswax |
Honey |
Potential annual honey production of 3–4 million MT |
Over 5 000 ha of nectar plants exist |
|||||||||||
Other non-edible animal products |
2 |
Chinese gallnut |
Chinese gallnut aphid + Rhus spp. |
F,P |
C |
I,N |
Annual production is 5 000 MT |
Zhu and Jiang 1996 |
||||||
2 |
Chinese wax |
Chinese wax insect + Ligustrum spp. |
F,P |
C |
I,N |
Production of 600 MT |
100 million individual host trees |
Zhu and Jiang 1996 |
||||||
2 |
Lac |
Lac insect, Kerria spp. |
F,P |
C |
I,N |
Production of 300 000 MT |
Area of host trees: 50 000 ha |
Jiang Chunqian 1997 |
Importance: 1 – high importance at the national level; 2 – high importance at the local/regional level; 3 – low importance
Parts used: an – whole animal; ba – bark; bw – beeswax; le – leaves; nu – nuts; fi – fibres; fl – flowers; fr – fruits; gu – gums;
ho – honey; la – latex; oi – oil; pl – whole plant; re – resins; ro – roots; sa – sap; se – seeds; st – stem; ta – tannins
Habitat: F – natural forest or other wooded lands; P – plantation; O – trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, home gardens)
Source: W – wild, C – cultivated
Destination: N – national; I – international