INS/81/008/MANUAL/6   June 1988 NATIONAL SEAFARMING DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR 1984–1993 CONTENTS

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CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. POLICIES

3. OBJECTIVES

4. ATTAINMENT OF OBJECTIVES

5. NATIONAL SEAFARMING DEVELOPMENT PLAN

5.1 Finfish culture
5.2 Molluscs culture
5.3 Seaweed culture
5.4 Sea cucumber culture

6. FISHERIES SUPPORT SERVICES

7. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONAL SEAFARMING DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

7.1 Seafarming Development Center (SDC)
7.2 Seafarming Development Sub-Center (SDSCs)
7.3 Pilot Farms (PFs)

8. ORGANISMS TO BE CULTURED

8.1 Finfishes
8.2 Molluscs
8.3 Seaweed
8.4 Sea cucumber

9. LOGISTIC IN DEVELOPMENT

9.1 Personnel
9.2 Facility

10. INTRODUCTION OF SEAFARMING

11. DESIGNATION OF SEAFARMING

12. SEAFARMING REGULATIONS

13. DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT

13.1 Marine finfish hatchery
13.2 Feed formulation
13.3 Post-harvest
13.4 Education and training
13.5 Extension service
13.6 Research
13.7 Agency for Research and Development of Oceanology
13.8 Agency for Consideration and Application of Technology
13.9 Fisheries Cooperatives
13.10 Financing sources
13.11 Insurance
13.12 Data base

14. DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

15. REFERENCES

LIST TABLES

Table 1 Projection and realization of fishery production during 1984–1988 period

Table 2 Number of seafarming commodities planned to operate under the REPELITA IV

Table 3 A list of technology packages

Table 4 Number of cages planned to implement during 1989–1993 period

Table 5 Area planned for cockle culture development during 1989–1993 period

Table 6 Area planned mussel culture development during 1989–1993 period

Table 7 Area planned for oyster culture development during 1989–1993 period

Table 8 Production target planned under the REPELITA V

Table 9 Area planned for pearl culture development during 1989–1993 period

Table 10 Production target of seaweed planned under the REPELITA V

Table 11 Area planned seaweed culture development during 1989–1993 period

Table 12 Target production of sea cucumber and export volume planned under the REPELITA V

Table 13 Area planned for sea cucumber culture development during 1989–1993 period

Table 14 Seafarming commodity groups planned to develop during 1989–1993 period

Table 15 Projection production from seafarming operation during 1989–1993 period

Table 16 Seafarming development sub-center and pilot farms

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Distribution of the seafarming development subcenters and pilot farms

Figure 2 Groupers and snappers suitable for culture in floating netcages

Figure 3 Seabass, caranxs and siganids suitable for cage culture

Figure 4 Molluscs suitable for culture

Figure 5 Seaweeds suitable for culture

LIST OF APPENDIXES

Appendix 1 The organizational structure of Directorate General of Fisheries

Appendix 2 A List of fisheries Schools

1. INTRODUCTION

The declining natural fish stocks particularly in the coastal areas, and the associated adverse chain effects on the livelihood of the small-scale fishing families and rural coastal communities, are now a priority socio-economic problem which requires solutions. Seafarming is one of the means by which coastal resources can be efficiently exploited and offers considerable potential for the government for the solution.

Recognizing the need of the development, the Government of Indonesia has issued Presidential Decree no. 23 in 1982 for creation of seafarming development in Indonesia waters. Subsequently, the Ministry of Agriculture has issued Decision letter No. 473/KPTS/UM/7/1982 for implementing the programme

2. POLICIES

One of the Fisheries Development Policies in line with the REPELITA IV (the Fourth Five-Year Development Plan, 1984–1988) is the expansion of fisheries production through commercial and non-commercial programme. The former is operated through large scale operations with a view to increase the income of fishermen and fish farmers as well as generating job opportunities and increasing export. The latter is directed towards the improvements of production of the low income group through improvement in the operations of existing culture system, development of new sites for the existing culture system, development of new culture system and or species for culture.

3. OBJECTIVES

In compliance with the above policy and in line with the Fourth Five-Year Development Plan, the objectives of seafarming development are:

1. To establish a viable seafarming fishery sub-sector for the entry of the socio-economically depressed small scalefishing and rural coastal communities;
2. To establish applicable seafarming management and regulatory measures to ensure and develop the long-term development of the new fishery sub-sector;
3. To develop an export-oriented commercial seafarming enterprise as a means to create alternative or supplementary source of employment and income for coastal fishing communities, and to increase foreign exchange earnings.

4. ATTAINMENT OF OBJECTIVES

Being a new introduction, the development of seafarming initially necessitates a number of essential preparations. Of importance, are the creation of a core functional national seafarming staff for all operational levels, for the provision of at least the essential basic equipment and facility for the testing and modification of potentially useful culture systems to ensure their suitability and viability for dissemination to the recipient groups. Thus, development is a process in which the core staff, given the opportunity to acquire the required knowledge and the first hand experience according to designed, process and interpret the observations, recommend how the results should or could be applied to the recipient groups, and extend the know-how to pre-identified areas.

5. NATIONAL SEAFARMING DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Under the REPELITA IV, the Government of Indonesia has the intention to increase the fisheries production at an average of 5.8 per cent per year (Table 1). The development plan is designed to implement on regional basis (WPU). Each region consists of the following provinces:

WPU-A consists of provinces in DI Aceh, North Sumatra, West Sumatra And Riau. WPU-B consists of provinces in Jambi, South Sumatra, Bengkulu, Lampung, West Java, DKI Jakarta, Central Java, DI Yogyakarta and West Kalimantan. WPU-C consists of East Java, Bali, South Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan and East Kalimantan. WPU-D consists of South Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, Maluku, West Nusatenggara, East Nusatenggara, Irian Jaya and East Timor.

Under the REPELITA IV, the Government planned to have 860 rafts, size 3.0×3.0×3.0m each for finfish culture in floating cages, 310 rafts of molluscs, and 530 ha for seaweed culture by the end of 1988 (Table 2). Based on above figures, only seaweed culture have well developed and be able to contribute to the achievement of the objective of increasing the fishery product as target set in the REPELITA IV. For finfish and molluscs culture, its contribution is negligible. The main constraints are due to the relatively new development of the seafarming. The current level of public support is inadequate. The investors do not confident in profit and returns of the industry. Seafarming involves high risk investment. These conditions make bankers and financial institutions reluctance to entertain proposals for fund.

The FAO/UNDP Seafarming Development Project INS/81/008 commenced in 1984 have demonstrated the viability of the seafarming and direction the development of the industry. Technology packages on 7 systems were developed (Table 3), and testing under local conditions and being to disseminate to target groups. On the firm footing and good potential for the development, the seafarming should be able to contribute to the achievement of the Government's objective of increasing the share of seafarming in total fish production from less than 1 per cent (in 1985) to 3 per cent in 1993. The area and production recommended for the Government of Indonesia to reflect in the REPELITA V are followings :

5.1 Finfish culture

Since the number of cages operated on commercial basis during 1984–1988 is negligible, the figures planned under the REPELITA IV are still valid for 1989–1993 except those in WPU-A that need to be modified according to the recent development. If the total number of 860 rafts at locations suggested are implemented (Table 4), about 600, 870, 1 290, 1 710, and 2 580 mt of high value finfish are expect to be produced in 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992 and 1993 respectively.

5.2 Mollusc culture

Mollusc culture has several benefits over finfish culture. It does not require high investments. It utilizes exclusively natural food resources and it does not damage natural habitat. The mollusc suitable for culture are cockle, mussel, oyster and pearl oyster. Area and expected production recommended can be broken down into commodity groups below :

5.2.1 Cockle

About 160 ha of mud flat in coastal zone at different locations are recommended to utilize for cockle culture in 1993 (Table 5). Based on the average production of 21 mt/ha/yr (shell on), about 3 360 mt of cockle from culture operations is expected in 1993 which accounts for 31 per cent of the total cockle production in 1985.

5.2.2 Mussel

Only stake method is favorable to coastal fishing communities due to low cost of investments and requires simple technical and managerial skill. Area recommended for mussel culture development during 1989– 1993 period are given in Table 6. About 420 ha are expected to develop in 1993. Based on the production of stake method, 15 mt/ha/yr, the production of mussel from the culture operation should be at least 2 250 mt (shell on) in 1993.

5.2.3 Oyster

About 60 ha are recommended for oyster culture development in 1993 (Table 7). Based on production of 10 mt/ha/yr, about 60, 130, 240, 400, and 600 mt of oyster (shell on) are expected from culture in 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, and 1993 respectively.

5.2.4 Pearl oyster

At present there are 23 companies operating pearl oyster farming in Indonesia with the total of investment of Rp10 815 million. About 267, 209, 273, 363, 325, and 314 kg of pearl were produced in 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, and 1985 respectively. Under the REPELITA V. The Government aimed to increase the pearl production of around 2 000 kg by the year 1993 (Table 8). To facilitate the government in management of the resource, it is advisable that about 2 400 ha should be developed for pearl culture operation in 1993 at locations suggested in Table 9. Beside the 2 000 kg of round pearl and 500 kg of half pearl, 1 000 mt of pearl oyster shell are also expected to be produced by 1993.

5.3 Seaweed culture

The seaweed culture requires low cost of capital investment but fast turn over. Its development is also favorable to economic conditions of majority of residents in the Indonesian fishing communities which are poor and the limited resources of investment. About 114 270, 132 550, 154 100, 179, 135, and 208 590 mt of seaweed (dry weight) have been set for target production in 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992 and 1993 respectively under the REPELITA V (Table 10).

The world demand of Eucheuma is in the region of 50 000–60 000 mt/yr. The market can be saturated easily since the product can be cultivated in a relatively simple and rapid way. At present the Philippines takes the major share of the world market (30 000 mt), Indonesia must compete with the Philippines in order to gain the market share. Based on the present situation of seaweed market both international and domestic market, it is worthwide to revise the production target set in the REPELITA V unless the Government have other market outlets for the product. The area suggested for seaweed development at locations given in Table 11 plus the product harvested from the natural grounds should be enough to meet the demand of the world market and domestic market. Based on the production of 30 mt/ha/yr, a total production of 63 000 mt (dry weight) is expected in 1993 which is double the total seaweed production in 1985.

5.4 Sea cucumber

Culture of sea cucumber is advent of a new approach for seafarming. Since the culture of sea cucumber required simple technical and management skill, and low investment, it can be a new seafarming commodity increasing the share of seafarmed production to the total fishery production. At present the culture of sea cucumber is practiced in the Southeast Sulawesi and sporadically existed in several other places such as in certain islands in Maluku and Jakarta bay.

Under the REPELITA V, the Government has set a target production of sea cucumber around 14 335mt in 1989 and increased to 21 000mt in 1993. The target export volume has been set around 4 300mt in 1989 and increased to 6 300mt in 1993 (Table 12). The world demand of dried sea cucumber or beche-de-mer at present is in the region of 6 000mt. To achieve the target set under the REPELITA V, Indonesia have to explore new market outlets for the beche-de-mer or compete with other sea cucumber producing countries especially the Philippines which took big share of the beche-de-mer markets in Hong Kong and Singapore.

About 130 ha are recommended for sea cucumber culture development during 1989–1993 (Table 13). Based on the production of 4 mt/ha about 520 mt (dry weight) of beche-de-mer are expected to produce from culture operation in 1993 which is double of the total production of sea cucumber in 1985.

Areas recommended for the Government of Indonesia to develop seafarming commodities during 1989–1993 period and expected productions are summarized in Table 14 and Table 15.

6. FISHERIES SUPPORT SERVICES

The Directorate General of Fisheries (DGF) within the Ministry of agriculture is primarily responsible for the administration, management and development of fisheries administration at the central, provincial, district and subdistrict levels. The support services that seafarming development project may receive from the DGF are collection of statistic, resource management, training, provision of infrastructure facilities, and development and control of seafarming enterprises. The organizational structure of the DGF at Jakarta is given in Appendix I. While the head office of the DGF is located in Jakarta, its functions at provincial, district and subdistrict levels are discharged by offices located throughout Indonesia and staff attached thereto. There are 27 provincial fisheries offices, 285 district fisheries offices and large number of personal assigned to subdistricts. The provincial, district and subdistrict offices and staff are substantial for seafarming development to facilitate assistance to local fish farmers as well as for assisting in disseminating fisheries information, collecting fisheries statistics and providing technical advice.

7. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONAL SEAFARMING DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

Seafarming development is realized in three stages, preparation, operation and extension. The preparation stage was to systematically identify, specify and demarcate the necessary staff establishment and facility requirements. This phase provided the necessary inputs to enable the realization manageability and meaningful control of the subsequent work programmes to be carried out in the two later stages.

To enable seafarming development activities to take off the ground, the Government provides a seafarming development center to be located at Desa Hurun next to Teluk Hurun at the southern part of Lampung province. Under the management of the Center, there will be three seafarming development sub-centers to be located in Tanjung Pinang, Riau, in Lombok, West Nusatenggara; and in Ambon, Maluku province. Each sub-center will be located at environmentally suitable points spaced out in strategically important areas, in and from which each pilot farm can be readily and/or conveniently accessible to identifiable small-scale fishing and rural coastal communities, the potential recipients of the eventually developed seafarming practices. It means that a total of 10 operational field units will be spaced out along the coastline of the country.

7.1 Seafarming Development Center (SDC)

The seafarming development center is the technical executive unit of the Directorate General of Fisheries for the development of seafarming. It is the national body directly responsible to the Directorate of living Resources Management of the Directorate General of Fisheries Ministry of Agriculture. It's role is :

1. To carry out surveys and mapping of seafarming intensify the control of seafarming environment, guidance for the transfer of technology and skill and dissemination of the seafarming technology;
2. To carry out the provision, regulatory measures of the utilization and maintain the seafarming technical facilities;
3. To carry out the testing and intensify the techniques of seed production, farm culture and feed formulation;
4. To carry out the administrative and house hold management of the Center

7.2 Seafarming Development Sub-centers (SDSCs)

Three SDSCs are directly responsible to the SDC having the same functions and responsibilities as for the SDC at a regional level. Each SDSC operates under the management and guidance of the SDC. Each SDSC supervises and controls three pilot Farms (PPFs). The role of each SDSC is therefore:

1. To undertake the responsibilities of the SDC at a regional level;
2. To supervise the work of three PFs for the SDC; and
3. To ensure information feed-back to the SDC.

7.3 Pilot Farms (PFs)

Nine PFs (Table 16, Fig. 1) under the direct supervision of the three SDSCs will be directly responsible for the SDC. The role of each PF is :

1. To conduct seafarming test of various designs for the purpose of identifying, with the backing of records, the most suitable “packages” for transfer to pre-identified development target areas;
2. to be responsible for the keeping of records of such tests;
3. To feed back the collected records to the SDC through its supervising SDSC for interpretation and storage;
4. To develop, with the full assistance of the SDSC, the SDC, into a fully functional technical, grass root level field operational unit of the SDSC and the SDC capable of offering independent assistance to seafarmers.

8. ORGANISMS TO BE CULTURED

The species suitable for culture can be classified into fours commodity groups:

8.1 Finfishes

8.1.1 Serranidae (groupers, coral trouts)
Epinephelus tauvina (estuarine grouper)
E. malabaricus (Malabar grouper)
E. Fuscoguttatus (mottled grouper)
Plectropomus leopardus (leopard coral trout)
P. maculatus (spotted coral trout)
Cromileptes altivelis (humpback seabass)

8.1.2 Lutjanidae (snappers)
Lutjanus sanguineus (red snapper)
L. sebae (emporer snapper)
L. argentimaculatus (mangrove snapper)
L. johni (john's snapper)

8.1.3 Latidae (Seabass)
Lates calcarifer (seabass)

8.1.4 Carangidae (jacks, crevalles, travalles,
pamponoes, scads, amberjacks, yellow tails).
Caranx sexfasciatus (six-banded jack)
Carangoides chrysophrys,
C. malabaricus,
C. armatus

8.1.5 Siganidae (rabbit fishes, spinyfoots)
Siganus javus,
S. canaliculatus,
S. virgatus,
S. guttatus

8.2 Molluscs

8.2.1 Ostreidae (oysters)
Saccostrea cucullata,
S. lugubris,
Crassostrea rivularis, and
C. iredalei

8.2.2 Mytilidae (mussels)
Perna viridis (green mussel)

8.2.3 Arcidae (cockles)
Anadara granosa

8.3 Seaweed

Eucheuma spinosum,
E. cottonii,
E. striatum,
E. edule,
Gracilaria gigas,
G. verrucosa,
G. lentifera, and
G. confervoides

8.4 Sea cucumber

Holothuria nobilis (black sea cucumber),
H. vacabunda (black sea cucmber),
H. vatiensis (red sea cucumber),
H. marmorata (marmorate sea cucumber), and
H. scabra (sand sea cucumber)

9. LOGISTICS IN DEVELOPMENT

The process in seafarming development is a series of systematic events requiring identifiable resources inputs. The present and foreseeable limitations of such required resources can be expected to pose obstacles to the implementation of the national seafarming development plan. The development of functional facilities and the provision of the required functional technical personnel take considerable time, but it is a necessity and it justifies the cost of effectiveness.

9.1 Personnel

The “Condition for Appointment” and the job description for the post of the SDC and its three SDSC and nine PFs as outlined by Directorate General of Fisheries (1982) serve to provide a yard stick of the basic entrance qualifications and the applicable aquaculture and/or direct seafarming experiences required for each grade of functional personnel. It also serves to quantify the magnitude of the training component, training cost, and the time schedule required for staffing each of the 10 operational units.

9.2 Facility

Facility is costly. The provision includes equipment acquisition and the related maintenance, operational and other overhead costs.

10. INTRODUCTION OF SEAFARMING

Seafarming practices to be introduced through pilot farms and tested. Those have shown economical viability will be put in packages and disseminated to the target groups. In the design of these packages, the dictating issue will be one using a target gain in monetary terms and a one-year investment cycle as the time allowance. This means each package is designed so that it's annual net profit when divided by 12 would give an acceptable level of a monthly income to the operator and his family. The income is considered as being able to meet the national per capita income which is around Rp581 674 per year or around 48 000 per family per month. In each package the required culture facilities, culture methods and techniques and operational instructions will be provided under a simple, easy to understand management umbrella. This will enable the recipients to understand and follow initially under the guidance of the NSDC, SDNC and PF staff. This approach will allow the project staff to monitor either in the field or in their respective offices the progress made in each case, and to attempt solutions to the problems encountered by the operator.

11. DESIGNATION OF SEAFARMING AREAS

In view of rationale of the coastal resources and avoid conflicting between seafarmer and other users of the sea such as commercial and sport fishing, recreation boating, navigation, waste disposal, mineral extraction and oil exploration, the potential area in which the seafarming could be introduced are mapped (INS/81/008/Manual 7). Upon the affirmative results of technical surveys, the areas will be designated as seafarming areas in which seafarming development input should take priority.

12. SEAFARMING REGULATIONS

Seafarmer needs legislation to safeguard his rights of access and passage in coastal water, providing security of land tenure and access water, redressing effects of upstream pollution, to determine eligibility for government subsidies, establishing rules for registration and licensing of producers, and licensing technology and patent rights, creating join ventures, to provide standards for safe and wholesome products, drugs to control disease, and other social benefits. He also wants the rules devised to provide this protection written and implemented in ways that avoid making hard for him to start a business and conduct it's profitably.

The creation of a practical set of seafarming regulations is one of the important issues in the present and future seafarming management. The regulations should :

1. provide legal measures to protect the rights of the operator to his facilities and the organisms underfarming, and also to prohibit intentional harms posing direct or indirect adverse effects or threats to what he owns;
2. provide measures to conserve the designated areas by controlling the environment from being harmed by pollution sources;
3. provide security of land tenure and access to water, and;
4. establish rules for registration and licensing of seafarming operators to limit and to allow entries as well as to restrict movement of farm products in case there are epidemic or diseases.

Without such regulatory provisions three situations will happen. First, the seafarming management authority will not be capable of planning and facilitating the develpment. Second, the potential area will quickly be deteriorated in its usefulness. Third, conflicts between artisanal fishermen and seafarmers, and between subsistence seafarmers and large scale entrepreneurs will be arisen.

13. DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT

Before embarking upon seafarming development on a full-scale, priority should be given to the need of essential supporting and complementary development activities in seed acquisition, feed formulation, post-harvest system, education and training, extension services, research, fishery cooperative, financing sources, insurance and data base.

13.1 Marine finfish hatchery

Wild seeds of the species listed in section 8 (8.1) can be found in coastal water of varying habitat in Indonesia depending on the species. However obtaining the seed from the natural grounds is uncertain and will be inadequated when the seafarming is developed in full scale. The alternative source of seed supply is artificial propagation of the species under control conditions which is now well established in other countries such as Thailand, Philippines and Malaysia. This avenue of seed procurement is believed to be the most effective measure to ensure the realization of the establishment of realistic finfish farming system. It has been estimated that by the end of 1988, Indonesia will require about 1.25 million fingerlings size 10– 15 cm for implementation of the programme. To resolve the problem a marine finfish hatchery with a capacity of 30 million fry (30 day-old) production is planned to establish at the Seafarming Development Center Lampung.

13.2 Feed formulation

Feed plays a vital input in the high yield system of culture. Normally low value fresh fish, molluscs and crustacean can be used as feed if they are available at a reasonable price. It is recognized that the present high value of trash fish in same areas makes the marine finfish culture operation unmanageable economically. Other alternative feeds such as formulated semi-moist feed and pelletized feed shall be developed to minimize the use of the trash fish. Research oriented institutions shall be encouraged to design effective compounded feed and economically acceptable levels. At the Seafarming Development Center a series of compounded feed for finfish culture in the floating net cages are designed and tested.

13.3 Post-harvest

With a view to maximizing or guaranteeing an optimum farm gate values for each of the product lines, as well as to sustaining production costs at a beneficial level to the producer the post-harvest system shall be established. The establishment is not only attracting the new entries, but it also makes this new development beneficial.

In meeting these two conditions the development of the actual production through seafarming practices will need meaningful participation of other disciplines for the purpose of realizing the following :

1. fullest utilization of the products;
2. ready market outlets for the products;
3. fullest infrastructure support;
4. national self-sufficiency in generating technology advancements and qualified man-power resources, and ability;
5. and capacity in systematic development management.

These will be dealt with through integration and co-ordination with the relevant in-country authorities.

13.4 Education and training

Education and training are other essential building blocks in the development of seafarming. It needs not only to provide realistic seafarming policies and operational plans, but also to launch seafarming programme and disseminating the technology to the target groups. At present there are Institutes, Universities and Training Centers providing training programmes in fisheries and fisheries-related subjects. These institutes include (i) one fishery academy, (ii) ten senior fisheries high schools, (iii) six adult training centers, which are coordinated by the Agency for Agriculture Education, Training and Extension of the department of Agriculture (Appendix 2), and (iv) fisheries colleges of ten universities and Fisheries departments within faculties of agriculture in six universities. A list of fisheries schools is given in Appendix 2. Each year the Training Centers recruit about 360 trained fishermen and fish farmers, 400 high school graduates, and 150 university graduates to serve the industry.

These institutes are substantial for human resources to support the seafarming development programme. Even though these institutes are not specialized in seafarming, but the fisheries background and fisheries-related subjects of the graduates are necessary and pertinent to practical or on-farming training that will be provided by the National Seafarming Development Center.

13.5 Extension

Extension service represents an important mechanism whereby innovations or new system can be introduced to the target groups. Although fisheries offices at the provincial, district and sub-district levels are generally provided with substantial numbers of staff, but they are not formally in charged or responsibility for the extension. All extension workers consisting of subject matter specialist (PPS) and field extension specialist (PPL) are administered by BIMAS (BIMBINGAN MASAL), one of the Ministry of Agriculture agencies.

13.6 Research

Seafarming research is needed to provide the basis for seafarming development. Research provides answers as to whether species and/or culture technologies used elsewhere can be applied in the local environment (climatological, social and economic). Research is needed in many different areas. Within the field of biology, a greater understanding of diseases and the environmental requirements of diseases and cultured organisms are needed. Knowledge of suitable breeding methods for improvement of cultivated species is essential to optimize production. Cultivation techniques and techniques for minimizing the impact of development on the environment much be given priority. At present there are two fisheries research institutions relevant to seafarming of which the activities are coordinated by the Agency of Agricultural Research and Development (AARD)

13.6.1 Marine Fisheries Research Center (MFRC)

The Center is located at Pasar Ikan in Jakarta. Established in 1961, the Center carries out research on biology, taxonomy and dynamics of the major marine species of commercial importance in Indonesia waters, including shrimp, demersal and pelagic fish. Studies are also focused on oceanography and edible quality of marine products. Substations in Jakarta and Ambon are maintained by this institute. In 1979– 1986 the Institute in collaboration with Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) established a mariculture research project at Banten bay, West Java. After re-organization of the research institutions within the AARD, the activities were continued by the recently established Coastal Aquaculture Research Center.

The sub-station of the MFRC at Slipi Jakarta, carries out chemical and micro-biological research on Fish products, improvement of fish processing techniques, and the utilization and standardization of fishery products.

13.6.2 Coastal Aquaculture Research Center

The Center, established in 1985, is located at Maros South Sulawesi. It carries out research on aquaculture in brackishwater ponds as well as marine aquaculture. It maintains three sub-stations, Gondol in Bali, Serang in West Java and Tanjung Pinang, Riau.

13.6.3 Freshwater Fisheries Research Center

Established in 1928 as Inland Fisheries Research Laboratory, this Center is located at Bogor. It carries out research on limnology, biology, taxonomy, aquaculture, propagation of freshwater fishes, and environment science. It maintains three sub-centers in Palembang (South Sumatra, Depok and Jatilubur (West Java).

13.7 Agency for Research and Development of Oceanology, Indonesian Institute of Science.

The Institute located in Ancol with excellent library facilities. The Institute has a substation in Ambon. Other institutions which are involved in fisheries science and research that can be institutional support for the seafarming development are as following :

The Faculty of Fisheries of the Agricultural Institute of Bogor provides the basic training in the fields of fish culture and pond management, fish capture and environmental Science. Similar activities are also carried out by Gajah Mada university in Yogyakarta, Dipenogoro University in Semarang, Brawijaya in Malang, Hasanudin University in Ujung Pandang, Patimura University in Ambon, Lambung Mangkurat University in Banjar Masin, Mulawarman University in Samarinda, Riau University in Pakan Baru, San Ratulangi University in Manado.

13.8 Agency for Consideration and Application of Technology, Depart ment of Research and Technology

Among various activities in applied science, the Department of Research and Technology has the Agency carries out applied research in aquaculture and post-harvest of selected seafarmed products.

13.9 Fisheries cooperative

In line with Repelita IV, and V the cooperative will play a major role in small scale seafarming development. Assistance through cooperative efforts to generate seafarming development, credit for farm facilities, boats, outboard motors and working capital, and provision of extension services and marketing facilities can be arranged. The Cooperative Department has headquarters in Jakarta. Each province has its own main branches with several cooperative sub-branches spread through the districts.

Fisheries cooperatives have been established and their performance are being followed closely by DGF and the Cooperative Department. KUD (Koperasi Unit, Desa-Village Cooperative Unit) in Nusa Dua Bali for seaweed culture is a case. The special credit scheme has been established for the specific pilot fishery cooperatives channelled through Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI).

13.10 Financing sources

Financial institutions are needed and in great demand to capitalize the seafarming development. To facilitate the development, the existing institutional credit and non-institutional lenders can be explored.

13.10.1 Institutional credit.

There are presently six institutional credit programmes for fisheries, small Investment Credit (KIK), Working Capital Credit (KMKP), the IBRD financed Rural Credit Project (RC), BIMAS Fishery Credit (KMKPOLA), Midi-Credits. With a joint effort of those institutional credits and DGF, the seafarming credit can be scrutinized and included into fisheries credit programmes.

13.10.2 None-institutional credit.

The role of informal credit arrangements is crucial for seafarming development. It is made available to fish farmer from a number of different sources such as money-lenders, savings associations, savings and loan arrangements, trade linked lending, land-related credit arrangements, and labor-related credit arrangements. In designing of financial policy to increase credit availability to seafarming cannot ignore the informal credit arrangements. It is important that those element responsible for the success of informal credit operations should be incorporated in institutional financial arrangement whenever possible. The success of village money-lenders for example follows from their familiarity with and immediate access to the potential borrowers, their position in village social structure and their ability to provide finance easily, quickly and in adequate amounts. Low interest rates constitute but a small part of borrowing considerations, and villagers very often chose to pay a 10–15% per month implied interest rate rather than borrow at 1 per cent per month from formal sources. Collateral and complicated documentation requirements of formal credit sources very often act as disincentives to potential borrowers.

13.10.3 Financing

Foreign and local private investment can be a potential source of capital to support the seafarming development. Foreign investment in Indonesia fisheries is governed by the Foreign Capital Investment Law of 1967 which requires the establishment of joint-venture corporations, with 51 per cent ownership to be in Indonesia hands after 10 years. The DGF has made the mobilization of credit resources for the development of private initiative a priority task of Repelita IV. This sector does not only made capital investment available, but also furnishes distribution and marketing services for seafarming products.

13.11 Insurance

By nature the seafarming enterprise is a high risk investment when compared with brackishwater pond culture. It will be a safeguard for farmers if enterprise can be insured against the risks. At present, there are none of private insurance company offer sound, reliable insurance policies to seafarming operator. Only the Indonesia Credit Insurance Corporation (PT ASKRINDO) was established by the Government in 1971 for the purpose of directing and safeguarding the Government's credit policy, particulary for credits for medium and small-holders as well as enterprises. ASKRINDO provides loan insurance against risk on bank as well as non-bank credit. BRI and other handling banks must insure all the Government-operated credit with ASKRINDO. This insurance thus covers the risk to the bank against non-payment of the loan by the borrower.

13.12 Data base

Data base is essential which can act as an impetus to the seafarming development. It will serve as seafarming in-put center for decision making and planning for seafarming in the Directorate of Living Resources Managements and other in-country training, higher learning and research institutions.

14. DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

The potential for seafarming development is substantial in terms of providing food for domestic consumption, earning foreign exchange, and providing employment opportunities. To realize its potential, however, various measures have to be taken into accounts. Those are resource assessments; seafarming laws and regulations to ensure property of use rights, the prohibition of pollution; training and extension service; improving production practices; market analyses; preserving and processing facilities to improve quality and added value of products; establishing financial and credit scheme for investments; intensification and extensification and research to improve technology.

In line with the Fourth Five-Year National Development Plan (1984– 1988), there are two strategies for seafarming development:

1. Improving or establishing small-scale operations to meet immediate local needs, by producing species low in food chain such as cockle, mussel, oyster, seaweed, and sea cucumber;
2. Establish large scale commercial industry to produce expensive commodity groups such as marine finfish, pearl as well as inexpensive ones such as cockle and mussel for export oriented.

These two basic approaches are co-existing and need coordination to maximize social benefits.

14. REFERENCES

Directorate General of Fisheries. Seafarming Development Indonesia, 1982 its policy, objective and organiza tion. Agriculture Department, Jakarta, 72 pp. (Manuscript).

Directorate General of Fisheries. 1983 Operational policy plan fisheries development in Repelita IV. Agriculture Department, Jakarta, 140 pp (Manuscript).

Directorate General of Fisheries, 1987 Fisheries statistics of Indonesia, 1985. Department of Agriculture, Jakarta, No. 15.

Tiensongrusmee, B., S. Pontjoprawiro, and I. Soejarwo. 1986 Culture of marine finfish in floating netcages. Seafarming Development Project, INS/81/008/MANUAL/5, 31 PP.

Tiensongrusmee, B., and S. Pontjoprawiro. 1986 Seaweed culture. I. Small holder of the red seaweed, Eucheuma farming. Seafarming Development Project. INS/81/008/MANUAL/4, 13 pp.

Tiensongrusmee, B., S. Pontjoprawiro, and I. Soejarwo. 1986 Resource map. Seafarming Development Project, INS/81/008/Manual/7, 66 pp.

Tiensongrusmee, B., S. Pontjoprawiro, M. Murjani, and C. Winanto, 1986 Mussel culture. Seafarming Development Project, INS/81/008/MANUAL/8, 30 pp.

Tiensongrusmee, B., and S. Pontjoprawiro. 1987 Cockle culture. Seafarming Development Project, INS/81/008/MANUAL/12, 21 pp.

Tiensongrusmee, B., and S. Pontjoprawiro. 1987 Oyster culture. Seafarming Development Project, INS/81/008/MANUAL/

Table 1. Projection and realization of fishery production during 1984–1988 period. ('000 mt)

¹ Actual production figures

Source : Directorate General of Fisheries, 1987

Table 2. Number of seafarming commodities planned to operate under the REPELITA IV.

Source : Directorate General of fisheries, 1987

Table 3. A list of technology packages

Table 4. Number of cages ¹ planned to implement during 1989–1993 period.

(raft)

¹ 1 raft consists of 4 cage, size 3.0×3.0×3.0m,
² Expected production 3.0 mt/raft/yr.
³ 1 ha accomodates 500 cages.

Table 5. Area planned for cockle culture development during 1989–1993 period.

(ha)

¹ Expected production 21 ton/ha (shell on)

Table 6. Area planned for mussel culture development during 1989–1993 period.

(ha)

¹ Estimated production 15 mt/ha/yr

Table 7. Area planned for oyster culture development during 1989–1993 period.

(ha)

¹ Estimated production 10mt/ha/yr (shell on)

Table 8. Projection of pearl production planned under the REPELITA V.

Table 9. Area planned for pearl oyster culture development during 1989–1993 period.

Table 10. Production target of seaweed planned under the REPELITA V.

Source : Directorate General of Fisheries, 1987.

Table 11. Area planned for seaweed culture development during 1989–1993 period.

¹ Estimated production 30 mt/ha/yr (dry weight)

Table 12. Target production of sea cucumber and export volume planned under the REPELITA V.

Source : Directorate General of fisheries, 1987

Table 13. Area planned for sea cucumber culture development during 1989–1993 period

¹ Estimated production 3 mt/ha/yr (dry weight)

Table 14. Seafarming commodity groups planned to develop during 1989–1993 period.

Table 15. Projection of production from seafarming operation during 1989–1993 period.

Table 16. Seafarming development sub-centers and pilot farms.

Fig. 1 Distribution of the sub-centres and seafarming development pilot farms

1. Tj. Balai¹
2. Sibolga
3. Tj. Pinang
4. Grajagan
5. Lombok ¹
6. Tablolong
7. Sangkihe
8. Ambon ¹
9. Sorong

¹ Seafarming Development Sub-Centre.

Fig. 2. Grouper and snapper suitable for culture in floating netcages

a. Epinephelus tauvina
b. E. fuscoguttatus
c. Plectropomus leopardus
d. Lutjanus sanguineus
e. L. sebae
f. L. argentimaculatus
g. L. johni

Fig. 3. Seabass, caranx and siganid suitable for cage culture

a. Lates calcarifer
b. Caranx sexfasciatus
c. Carangoides chrysophrys
d. C. malabaricus
e. C. armatus
f. Siganus javus
g. S. canaliculatus

Saccostrea lugubris

Fig. 4. Molluscs suitable for culture

Fig. 5. Seaweed suitable for culture

a. Eucheuma spinosum
b. E. cottonii
c. E. striatum

Appendix 1 The Organizational Structure of Directorate General of Fisheries

Appendix 2. A list of fisheries schools