FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 168FIR/T168
Cover 
FRESHWATER FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN CHINA


TABLE OF CONTENTS


A Report of the FAO Fisheries (Aquaculture) Mission to China
21 April – 12 May 1976


by


D.D. Tapiador (Team Leader)
H.F. Henderson (Lake and Reservoir Fisheries)
M.N. Delmendo (Aquaculture)
H. Tsutsui (Land and Water Management)


The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.


M-44
ISBN 92-5-100328-9


The copyright in this book is vested in the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, by any method or process, without written permission from the copyright holder. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction desired, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.


PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT

This document was prepared by the FAO Fisheries (Aquaculture) Mission to China which visited the People's Republic of China, 21 April to 12 May 1976, to study the aquacultural and fishery practices of the country and consider ways of utilizing the Chinese experience for the further development of inland fisheries and aquaculture in other member countries of FAO.

DistributionBibliographic reference
FAO Department of Fisheries
FAO Regional Fishery Officers
FAO Country Representatives and Senior Agricultural Advisers
Selector SI
UNDP/SF Projects in Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture
Tapiador, D.D. et al. (1977) FAO Fish.Tech.Pap., (168):84 p.  Freshwater fisheries and aquaculture in China. A report of the FAO Fisheries (Aquaculture) Mission to China 21 April – 12 May 1976
Inland water environment. Water management. Inland fisheries. Freshwater fish. Aquaculture.  Agropisciculture. Fish culture. Pearl culture. Aquaculture development.  Production(biological). Fishery management. Stocking(organisms).  Rearing. Disease control. Fishery products. Marketing. Education. Sociological aspects. Economics. China, People's Rep.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, June 1977 © FAO


Hyperlinks to non-FAO Internet sites do not imply any official endorsement of or responsibility for the opinions, ideas, data or products presented at these locations, or guarantee the validity of the information provided. The sole purpose of links to non-FAO sites is to indicate further information available on related topics.

This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software. FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chinese Units of Measure

Acknowledgements

1.   INTRODUCTION

2.   BACKGROUND INFORMATION

2.1   Geography
2.2   Recent history and social organization
2.3   Status of freshwater fisheries and aquaculture

3.   LAND AND WATER MANAGEMENT

3.1   Introduction
3.2   Water and its uses
3.3   Land and water development strategy

3.3.1   Major schemes
3.3.2   Hupei Province (as an example)
3.3.3   Integration of major, small-scale and on-farm schemes

3.4   Reservoirs and ponds
3.5   Natural lakes
3.6   Canals and creeks
3.7   On-farm water supply system
3.8   Fish ponds
3.9   Paddy fields

3.9.1   Modification of paddy fields for fish
3.9.2   Fish culture with rice cultivation
3.9.3   Water and farm inputs management

3.10   Water lifting devices
3.11   Water consolidation
3.12   Fishways
3.13   Summary and recommendations

3.13.1   Summary
3.13.2   Recommendations

4.   LAKE AND RESERVOIR FISHERIES

4.1   Productivity

4.1.1   Reservoirs and lakes
4.1.2   Rivers and canals

4.2   Management

4.2.1   Principles
4.2.2   Special methods

4.2.2.1   Stocking
4.2.2.2   Fertilization
4.2.2.3   Bulk or large-scale harvesting
4.2.2.4   Subdivision
4.2.2.5   Bottom grading and clearing

4.3   Environmental problems
4.4   Summary and recommendations

5.   FISH CULTURE SYSTEMS

5.1   General
5.2   Aquaculture development

5.2.1   Ponds
5.2.2   Lakes, dams and reservoirs
5.2.3   Paddy fields
5.2.4   Canals and ditches

5.3   Fish culture techniques
5.4   Aquaculture management

5.4.1   Eradication (“sterilization”) of pond pests and nuisances
5.4.2   Application of fertilizers
5.4.3   Feeds and feeding of cultivated fish

5.5   Artificial spawning of fish

5.5.1   Facilities for spawning

5.5.1.1   Spawning pools
5.5.1.2   Incubation and hatching pools

5.5.2   Methods and procedure of artificial fish spawning

5.5.2.1   Broodfish rearing
5.5.2.2   Induced spawning technique
5.5.2.3   Incubation and hatching

5.6   Rearing of fry and fingerlings

5.6.1   Fry rearing
5.6.2   Rearing of fingerlings

5.7   Fish diseases
5.8   Fish-farm design
5.9   Aquaculture production
5.10   Aquaculture devices and equipment

5.10.1   Aerators
5.10.2   Dredging machine
5.10.3   Harvesting equipment

5.11   Other aquaculture activities

5.11.1   Pearl culture
5.11.2   Mink production

5.12   Fish genetics
5.13   Summary and recommendations

5.13.1   Summary
5.13.2   Recommendations

6.   FISH DISTRIBUTION AND MARKETING

7.   RESEARCH, EDUCATION AND TRAINING

7.1   Introduction
7.2   Research
7.3   Education and training

8.   SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AQUACULTURE

8.1   Introduction
8.2   Integration of productive activities
8.3   The organization of the communes
8.4   “Take agriculture as the base”
8.5   Simple but effective promotional campaigns
8.6   The “three-in-one” combination and “open-door” research and education
8.7   Production-oriented motivation
8.8   Other factors
8.9   Moving fishermen to the land
8.10   A planned economy
8.11   Provision of recreational facilities
8.12   Fish as food
8.13   Summary

9.   GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

9.1   Impressions
9.2   Conclusions
9.3   Recommendations

10.   LIST OF REFERENCES

Appendix I - Itinerary and persons met

Appendix II - List of publications brought from China

LIST OF FIGURES

1   China, with main administrative subdivisions and their capitals

2   Causeway on East Lake separating lake into different basins

3   Poster at East Lake showing successive positions of the blocking nets used to concentrate fish into one arm of the lake for harvest

4a   Lifting the trap portion of a large blocking net used in reservoir harvest (Ho lung Reservoir, Kwangtung Province)

4b   Emptying the trap, Ho lung Reservoir

5   Pig manure composting tanks with canals to convey the liquid product to the water supply system leading to the fish ponds, Pai-tan Lake, Fish Cultivation Station, Hupei Province

6   Water supply system fed with pig manure, Pai-tan Lake Fish Cultivation Station

7   Water control structure along the water supply canal, Pai-tan Lake Fish Cultivation Station

8   Collection of pond humus and its application to crops grown near the pond, Shia-Kia People's Commune, Kwangtung Province

9   Mulberry trees planted between ponds, Le Liu People's Commune, Kwangtung Province

10   Pond slopes planted with grass to serve as food for grass carp, Shia-Kia People's Commune, Kwangtung Province

11a   A circular spawning pool and hatching facility, Pai-tan Lake Fish Cultivation Station, Hupei Province

11b   Design of the circular spawning pool (dimensions in centimetres)

12   Water inlet installed in a diagonal position on the wall of a spawning tank to circulate water, Pai-tan Lake Fish Cultivation Station

13   Rectangular collection chamber between a large spawning pool (lower right) and two circular hatching pools, Nan-hai Station, Kwangtung Province

14   Another type of hatching pool from the Hwa Chung Agriculture Academy, Wuhan

15a   A multiple-chambered hatching pool with paddle wheels for water circulation in locations where there is insufficient water for continuous circulation, Hwa Chung Agriculture Academy

15b   Design of a three-chambered hatching pool (dimensions given in centimetres)

16a   Portable hatching jars installed below a concrete water reservoir, Hwa Chung Agriculture Academy

16b   Design of portable hatching jars as used at Hwa Chung Agriculture Academy

17   Injection of hormone to induce spawning at Nan-hai Station, Kwangtung Province

18   Egg collection net installed in the egg-collection chamber, also used for collecting fry from the hatching pool

19   Transferring fry from holding nets to plastic bags for transport, Nan-hai Station, Kwangtung Province

20   A section of the fishpond/farmland layout of the Shia-Kia People's Commune, Kwangtung Province (see also Fig. 10)

21   Pond layout at Pai-tan Lake Fish Cultivation Station. Structure in foreground is used as a holding area for fry before release and pumping well. An electric water pump used to empty the ponds can be seen in the background

22   Floating aerator as used at the Jie-fang People's Commune, Shanghai

23   Operation of the dredging machine, Jie-fang People's Commune. The suction pump at the centre transports the mud formed to the site of dike construction

24   Settling of mud from the dredging operation to form a pond dike. Pipes at right pump excess water from sand filters embedded in dike

25   Seining a pond using rubber tire floats to hold net above water, Ho Law People's Commune, Wushi

26   Fish transport at Le Liu People's Commune: (a) shoulder pole, (b) live fish boat in canal

27   Pond for culture of the freshwater mussel for pearl production, Chen-tung People's Commune, Shanghai

28a   Freshwater mussel opened for the removal of pearls, Chen Tung Commune

28b   Pearls produced at Chen Tung Commune

LIST OF TABLES

1   Discharge of the Major Rivers of China

2   China - Precipitation and Runoff in Major River Basins

3   China - Water Use in Yellow and Yangtse River Basins

4   Productivity and Other Characteristics of Various Lakes and Reservoirs in China

5   Stocking Density for Multigrade Polyculture

6   Various Combinations of Species used in Polyculture in China

7   Stocking Combination for Broodstock Rearing in Kwangtung Province

8   Production in Intensive Culture