1. GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE (Welcomme, 1979)
The surface area of Sierra Leone is 71 620 km2. Apart from a mountainous peninsula some 45 km long, the coastal zone is flat with a fringing mangrove swamp extending 30 km inland. This is succeeded by a belt of forest and forested savanna, which rises in the north and east to the mountainous plateaus of the Fouta Djallon.
The climate is generally hot and humid throughout the year; the rains are concentrated into a single rainy season extending from May to October. Sierra Leone is mainly an agricultural and forestry country but also has considerable mineral resources.
2. HYDROGRAPHY (See Fig. 2, Tables 2 and 3)
2.1 Lakes
There is one small lake in the country (Sonfon).
2.2 Rivers, Floodplains and Swamps
Sierra Leone is well supplied with small rivers which drain the northern highlands and discharge into the Atlantic. Principal among these are the Sewa River (340 km approx.), Jong River (230 km), Little Scarcies River (260 km), Rokel River (260 km) and Moa River (190 km). The rivers are all rocky and torrential in their upper courses but open into wide estuaries which penetrate far inland and are bordered by mangrove swamps (over 10 000 km2 in area) and floodplains.
2.3 Reservoirs
There are no major reservoirs in the country. There are small dams at Musaja, Sefadu, Jaiama, Loma Valley and Regent (on the Congo River).
2.4 Coastal Lagoons
The lower courses of the rivers are deeply invaded by saline waters, as are the extensive marshes surrounding the Little Scarcies and Sewa Rivers. There are two large lagoons: Mabegi and Mape, and many smaller lagoons.
2.5 Aquaculture
Vincke (1989, pers.comm.) gives the following data for aquaculture ponds in Sierra Leone for 1985:
Breeding centres: 1 (surface area: 0.6 ha)
Family-type ponds: 219 (surface area: 8 ha)
3. FISHERY PRODUCTION/POTENTIAL
3.1 Fish production and per caput supply
Table 1. FISH PRODUCTION AND PER CAPUT SUPPLY - Sierra Leone, 1970–1987
Nominal Domestic Production (including exports) (t) 2 | Nominal Consumer Supply (including exports) (kg/person) | ||||||||
Year | Population '000 1 | Inland capture | Aquaculture 3 | Marine capture | Total | Inland capture | Aquaculture 3 | Marine capture | Total |
1970 | 2 835 | 1 000 | - 4 | 29 600 | 30 600 | 0.4 | - | 10.4 | 10.8 |
1971 | 2 875 | 1 000 | - | 29 600 | 30 600 | 0.3 | - | 10.3 | 10.6 |
1972 | 2 917 | 1 000 | - | 50 000 | 51 000 | 0.3 | - | 17.1 | 17.5 |
1973 | 2 959 | 1 000 | - | 65 700 | 66 700 | 0.3 | - | 22.2 | 22.5 |
1974 | 3 001 | 1 000 | - | 66 739 | 67 739 | 0.3 | - | 22.2 | 22.5 |
1975 | 3 045 | 1 100 | - | 67 497 | 68 597 | 0.4 | - | 22.1 | 22.5 |
1976 | 3 091 | 1 100 | - | 52 692 | 53 792 | 0.4 | - | 17.0 | 17.4 |
1977 | 3 139 | 1 200 | - | 51 452 | 52 652 | 0.4 | - | 16.4 | 16.8 |
1978 | 3 189 | 2 500 | - | 47 580 | 50 080 | 0.8 | - | 14.9 | 15.7 |
1979 | 3 242 | 11 355 | - | 46 237 | 57 592 | 3.5 | - | 14.3 | 17.8 |
1980 | 3 296 | 14 982 | - | 34 205 | 49 187 | 4.5 | - | 10.4 | 14.9 |
1981 | 3 352 | 15 700 | - | 35 300 | 51 000 | 4.7 | - | 10.5 | 15.2 |
1982 | 3 411 | 16 477 | 3 5 | 36 558 | 53 038 | 4.8 | 0.001 | 10.7 | 15.5 |
1983 | 3 472 | 15 993 | 7 5 | 35 141 | 51 141 | 4.6 | 0.002 | 10.1 | 14.7 |
1984 | 3 536 | 16 493 | 7 5 | 36 000 | 52 500 | 4.6 | 0.002 | 10.2 | 14.8 |
1985 | 3 602 | 16 491 | 9 5 | 36 500 | 53 000 | 4.6 | 0.002 | 10.1 | 14.7 |
1986 | 3 672 | 15 986 | 14 5 | 37 000 | 53 000 | 4.3 | 0.004 | 10.1 | 14.4 |
1987 | 3 744 | 15 982 | 18 5 | 37 000 | 53 000 | 4.3 | 0.005 | 9.9 | 14.2 |
1 Source: FAO
2 Source: FAO Fisheries Department FISHDAB
3 included in “Inland capture” if not specified.
4 - = data not available.
5 Vincke, 1989, pers.comm.
6 From 1980 to 1983, marine exports were as follows: 1980: 440 t; 1981: 850 t; 1982: 940 t; 1983: 900 t.
3.2 Inland catch range and potential yield
No detailed information available for Lake Sonfon; Rivers Grande Scarcies, Jong, Moa, Petite Scarcies, Rokel and Sewa; Lagoons Baimba, Kamason, Kenema, Kwako, Mabegi, Mape, Masatoi, Papei and Tibi.
Total annual yield: 16 000 t (see Table 1) | |||
Potential annual yield: (see Table 4) | |||
Lagoons: | 2 000 – 5 000 t | (200 – 500 kg/ha/yr) | |
Rivers: | 1 000 t | ||
Total: | 3 000 – 6 000 t | (Welcomme, 1979) | |
Aquaculture: 8 000 t (Balarin, 1984c) |
Fig. 1. MAP OF SIERRA LEONE
Numbers refer to Table 2
Fig. 2. DRAINAGE AND MAJOR RIVER BASINS OF SIERRA LEONE
(PEMSU, 1983)
Table 2. LENGTH AND BASIN AREA OF PRINCIPAL RIVERS
(in BALARIN, 1984C)
River | Length (km) | River & basin areas (km2) | |||
(Numbers refer to Fig. 2) | |||||
a | b | a | b | ||
1. | Rokel (Seli) | 290 | 260 | 396 | 6 515 |
2. | Moa | 266 | 190 | 256 | 17 150 |
3. | Sewa (plus Maboa and Bubdoye) | 209 | 340 | 303 | 14 140 |
4. | Wange | 177 | 67 | - | |
5. | Mabole | 161 | 114 | - | |
6. | Little Scarcie | 161 | 260 | 202 | 17 230 |
7. | Pampana | 153 | 91 | - | |
8. | Mano | - | - | 1 980 | |
9. | Great Scarcies | 129 | 91 | - | |
10. | Mango | 105 | 67 | - | |
11. | Jong (Pampana) | 97 | 230 | 119 | 2 563 |
12. | Bagru | 89 | 78 | - | |
13. | Teye | 89 | 36 | - | |
14. | Tabe | 80 | 39 | - | |
15. | Ribi | 56 | 39 | - | |
16. | Rafi | 56 | 16 | - | |
17. | Kukuli | 43 | 31 | - | |
2 161 |
References: a PEMSU (1983);
b Welcomme (1979)
Table 3. AREA OF THE PRINCIPAL NATURAL LAKES AND LAGOONS
(in Balarin, 1984c)
Lakes | Area (km2) | |
a | b | |
Mape (BW)* | 27.5 | (46.0) |
Mabegi (BW)* | 20.7 | (45.0) |
Baimba | 6.5 | |
Papei | 5.4 | |
Sonfon (F)* | 2.6 | |
Masatoi | 2.6 | |
Kamason | 1.8 | |
Tibi | 1.8 | |
Kenema | 1.3 | |
Kwako | 1.0 | |
Total | 71.2 |
* (BW)=Brackishwater
(F)=Freshwater
References: a PEMSU (1983);
b Welcomme (1979)
4. STATE OF THE FISHERY
4.1 Yield
Statistics of the inland catch are difficult to come by in view of the diffuse nature of the industry. Welcomme (1979) in a compilation of available data concluded that, as the then performance was unknown, accurate estimates were not possible. Yields of up to 6 000 t/yr were considered the possible potential. Up to 1978, the fishery was estimated at a low 1 000–2 500 t. Since then a 6- to 7-fold increase has occurred, and 16 500 t/yr are recorded. This is a substantial catch for which no further data are available.
Table 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAIN FISHERIES
(in Balarin, 1984c)
Parameter | Marine | Brackish/freshwater | Aquaculture | |||
Artisanal | Industrial | Other | Rivers | Lake/lagoon | Total | |
Length (km) | 506 a | 2 161 d | ||||
Area ('000 ha) | 2 480.0 a (to 200 m) | 7 120.0 d | ||||
Maximum potential (t) | +100 000 f - 250 000 e | 1 000 b | 2 000 to 5 000 b | 103 000 to 256 000 | ||
Fishermen: | ||||||
Boats | 6 200 a | 9 g | 65 g | |||
Men | ±20 000 a | 3–6 companies a | various | 20 000 | ||
Yield potential (kg/ha/year) | 50 (E) | 200 to 500 b |
References:
a FAO (1980)
b Welcomme (1979)
c Table 2
d Table 3
e Kamara (1982)
f MDEP (1982)
g Brainerd (1980)
(E)=estimate
The majority of the catch is taken from rivers and lakes, particularly those in the south. Canoes are used employing set nets, drift nets, hooks and line, and fish traps. An artisanal fishery therefore exists, but little information is available.
Aquaculture production in Sierra Leone from 1982 through 1987, is given by Vincke (1989, pers.comm.) as follows:
Species | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 |
Oreochromis niloticus | 3 t | 7 t | 7 t | 9 t | 14 t | 18 t |
4.2 Factors influencing yield
Insufficient information.
4.3 Future development possibilities
(adapted from Balarin, 1984c, and Welcomme, 1979)
As the present performance of the fishery is virtually unknown, it is not possible to forecast future trends.
Assistance to the inland fishery is now forming part of a number of integrated rural agriculture development projects and is often combined with aquaculture.
Aquaculture has only recently been introduced to Sierra Leone and has made slow but favourable progress. Prospects are good for further development. Water resources are abundant and, if even 10% of existing rice paddies were used, over 8 000 t/yr fish production could be possible. The socio-economic and infrastructural conditions limit intensive large-scale developments, but small-scale projects are favoured. Climatic conditions are ideal, with perhaps a need for caution due to possible cold conditions in the North, creating a loss in production for not more than one to two months. There is, however, an urgent need to train further extension agents. Aspects of pond nutrition also need attention.
5. KEY BIBLIOGRAPHY
Balarin, 1984c
6. WATER BODIES DIRECTORY
Lakes | ||
Sonfon | ||
Rivers | ||
Grande Scarcies/Kolente | Moa | Rokel |
Jong | Petite Scarcies/Kaba | Sewa |
Lagoons | ||
Baimba | Kwako | Masatoi |
Kamason | Mabegi | Papei |
Kenema | Mape | Tibi |
LAKE SONFON
Geographical data | |
Location: | Sierra Leone |
Surface area: | 2.6 km2 |
GRANDE SCARCIES/KOLENTE RIVER
(International water)
Geographical data | |
Source: | Guinea |
Total length: | 240 km |
Drainage area: | 91 km2 |
Countries traversed: | Guinea, Sierra Leone |
Discharges to: | Atlantic Ocean in Sierra Leone near the Guinea border |
Flood regime: | floods from July to October |
Physical and chemical data | |
Conductivity: | K20 60 μ S/cm |
pH: | 7.1 |
JONG RIVER
Geographical data | |
Source: | a small lake near Kodembaya, Sierra Leone - 9° 15'N;11° 31'W |
Total length: | 249 km |
Drainage area: | 7 500 km2 |
Countries traversed: | Sierra Leone |
Major tributaries: | Pampana |
Discharges to: | Atlantic Ocean |
Physical and chemical data | ||||
Dry season | Wet season | |||
Temperature: °C | 34 | 28 | ||
pH: | 6.5 | 5.5 | ||
Conductivity: μS/cm | 28.0 | 14.0 | ||
Ionic composition: (mg/l) | ||||
Na | 2.30 | 0.80 | ||
K | 1.05 | 0.48 | ||
Ca | 1.50 | 0.80 | ||
Mg | 1.00 | 0.48 | ||
HCO3 | 16.50 | 5.80 | ||
SiO2 | 6.00 | 3.60 | ||
Other ions (Cl-, SO42-, F-, Mn2+, Cn2+, NH4+, NO2-, NO3-) not present at levels above detection limits of methods used. |
MOA RIVER
(International water)
Geographical data | |
Source: | Guinea, near the town of Macerta |
Total length: | 425 km |
Drainage area: | 17 900 km2 |
Countries traversed: | Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone |
Major tributaries: | Meli |
Discharges to: | Atlantic Ocean, Sierra Leone - 7° 57'N; 11° 36'W |
Physical and chemical data | |
Conductivity: | K20 36 μ S/cm |
pH: | 6.6 |
PETITE SCARCIES/KABA RIVER
(International water)
Geographical data | |
Source: | Fouta Djallon, Guinea |
Total length: | 280 km |
Drainage area: | 12 900 km2 |
Countries traversed: | Guinea, Sierra Leone |
Major tributaries: | Mongo |
Discharges to: | Atlantic Ocean in Sierra Leone near the Guinea border |
Physical and chemical data | |
Conductivity: | K20 35–55 μ S/cm |
pH: | 7.1–7.4 |
ROKEL RIVER
Geographical data | |
Source: | northern Sierra Leone |
Total length: | 280 km |
Drainage area: | 10 600 km2 |
Physical and chemical data | |
Conductivity: | 40 μ S/cm (upper course) |
21 μ S/cm (lower course) | |
pH: | 7.3 (upper course) |
6.9 (lower course) |
SEWA RIVER
Geographical data | |
Source: | eastern Sierra Leone |
Altitude: | 490 m |
Total length: | 385 km |
Drainage area: | 14 200 km2 |
Major tributaries: | Bagbe, Bafi Tabe |
Discharges to: | Atlantic Ocean |
Special features: | Floodplain with several lakes on lower course |
Physical and chemical data | |
Conductivity: | K20 14–21 μ S/cm |
pH: | 5.4–6.0 |
BAIMBA LAGOON
Geographical data | |
Location: | Sierra Leone |
Surface area: | 6.5 km2 |
KAMASON LAGOON
Geographical data | |
Location: | Sierra Leone |
Surface area: | 1.8 km2 |
KENEMA LAGOON
Geographical data | |
Location: | Sierra Leone |
Surface area: | 1.3 km2 |
KWAKO LAGOON
Geographical data | |
Location: | Sierra Leone |
Surface area: | 1.0 km2 |
MABEGI LAGOON
Geographical data | |
Location: | Sierra Leone - 7° 11'N; 11° 41'W |
Surface area: | 20.7 km2 |
Max. length: | 16 km |
Max. width: | 4.5 km |
Major inflowing river: | Waanje |
MAPE LAGOON
Geographical data | |
Location: | Sierra Leone - 7° 9'N; 11° 8'W |
Surface area: | 27.5 km2 |
Max. length: | 33 km |
Max. width: | 3.5 km |
Major inflowing river: | Waanje |
MASATOI LAGOON
Geographical data | |
Location: | Sierra Leone |
Surface area: | 2.6 km2 |
PAPEI LAGOON
Geographical data | |
Location: | Sierra Leone |
Surface area: | 5.4 km2 |
TIBI LAGOON
Geographical data | |
Location: | Sierra Leone |
Surface area: | 1.8 km2 |
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Balarin, 1984c
Brainerd, 1980
FAO, 1980
Kamara, 1982
MDEP, 1982
PEMSU, 1983
UNDP, 1975
Welcomme, 1979
1. GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE (Welcomme, 1979)
Togo (surface area of 54 390 km2) consists essentially of two savanna plains separated by a chain of hills extending from the Atakora Massif in the northeast to the Ghana border in the southwest. The southern plain is cut by a system of coastal lagoons; the northern is traversed by the Oti River.
In the south the climate is tropical, with temperature ranging between 22° and 32°C. Humidity is relatively low for the West African coast and rainfall is moderate, being confined to two short season: one from March to June; the other in October. Rainfall declines as one proceeds northward and the north of the country is moderately dry. Although Togo has a rural population, there are extensive deposits of phosphate and limestone in the south which are mined.
2. HYDROGRAPHY (after Welcomme, 1979, and Balarin, 1984d)
2.1 Lakes
There are no natural freshwater lakes of any size in Togo.
2.2 Rivers, Floodplains and Swamps
There are three main river basins in Togo. In the north the Oti River flows diagonally across the country for about 100 km before turning southward for 110 km to form the frontier with Ghana. The Mono River flows southward for 360 km, although part of its lower course is in Benin. In the south, three small coastal rivers form a third small basin (see Fig. 1, Table 1). Total estimated length of rivers is 1 500 km (Aubray, 1977); surface area: 40–260 km2 (Balarin, 1984d).
There are several extensive floodplains along the rivers Oti, Mono, Sio and Haho, seasonally flooded (see Fig. 2).
Togo Lagoon and Lome Lagoon (partially) are surrounded by seasonally flooded swamps.
2.3 Reservoirs
There are over 70 small reservoirs with a surface area of 150 ha (De Kimpe, 1982). A list of 50 of these is given in Table 2, and their locations are shown in Fig. 2.
The large Nangbeto hydroelectric dam project, planned on the Mono River, will create a reservoir with 1.7 km3 capacity.
2.4 Coastal Lagoons
There are a series of lagoons in Togo centered around Togo Lagoon and extending to join the sea via the Mono. A smaller water body, the Lomè Lagoon, is now isolated from the main system (see Fig. 3).
Numbers refer to Table 1
Fig. 1. MAIN RIVER BASINS AND RIVER FLOWS IN TOGO
(Gu-Konu & Laclavère, 1981)
Table 1. MAIN RIVERS AND CATCHMENT BASINS
(MPDIRA, 1980)
RIVER BASIN (see Fig. 1) | Main Rivers | Flow (m3/s) | ||||
Name | Catchment basin area (103 km2) | Altitude source (m) | Length (km) | |||
1. | Coastal Rivers | 1a. Boko | 815 | |||
1b. Zio | 2 806 | 726 | 175 | |||
1c. Haho | 3 549 | 661 | 140 | |||
2. | Mono River | 25 400 | 420 | 500 | 710 | |
Ogou | 100 | |||||
Anie | 165 | |||||
3. | Volta River | 3a. Oti | 500 | 300 | ||
3b. Koumongou | 6 896 | 600 | 240 | |||
3c. Kara | ||||||
3d. Mo | 4 475 | 520 | 160 |
2.5 Aquaculture
From the 450–500 ponds existing in 1960, most were neglected or abandoned by 1963. Since then rehabilitation of the aquaculture ponds, including fish stocking of several reservoirs, has been conducted by several development projects. In 1976 Aubray (1977) reported a total area of 8.1 ha of ponds, with an estimated production of 5 t/yr. Balarin (1984), citing several authors, estimates the number of ponds to be 88–91, with a total surface area of 5.47–7.75 ha, some abandoned or drying up seasonally.
3. FISHERY PRODUCTION/POTENTIAL
3.1 Fish production and per caput supply
(See Table 3)
3.2 Inland catch range and potential yield
Water body | Period | Annual catch range (t) | Potential annual yield (t) |
Mono River | - | - | - |
Oti River | 1976 | 450 | - |
Aneho Lagoon | - | - | - |
Togo Lagoon | 1983 | 500 | - |
Vogan Lagoon | - | - | - |
Total annual yield: | 1971–1975: | 3 000 t (Welcomme, 1979) |
1979–1987: | 700 t (FAO current statistics) | |
Potential annual yield: | 2 000–6 000 t (Aubray, 1977) | |
6 000 t (Patasse, 1982) |
Table 2. LIST, DATA AND USE OF RESERVOIRS, TOGO
(in Balarin, 1984) (DGR, 1983)
REGION\Name (Nos. ref. to Fig. 2) | District | Date closed | Description | Use 1 (Comment) | ||
Capacity (mil. m3) | Surface area, ha (length, m) | Depth (m) | ||||
SAVANNA | ||||||
1. Tanhegou | Tone | w,i. | ||||
2. Natebagou | Tone | w. | ||||
3. Timbu | Tone | w. | ||||
4. Toaga (1) | Tone | w. (damaged) | ||||
5. Toaga (2) | Tone | w. (damaged) | ||||
6. Toaga (3) | Tone | 7–8 | w. (sedimented) | |||
7. Domaine Eyadema | Tone | 1973 | w,i. (eroded) | |||
8. Biankouri | Tone | w. | ||||
9. Nanergou (1) | Tone | w. | ||||
10. Nanergou (2) | Tone | w. | ||||
11. Nakitindi (W) | Tone | w. | ||||
12. Porgou | Tone | 1958 | 0.03 | (200 m) | w. | |
12a. Katindi | Tone | (650 m) | 9–10 | w. (damaged) | ||
13. Namoudjoga | Tone | 0.6 | w. | |||
14. Natare | Tone | w. | ||||
15. Bombouaka | Tone | w. | ||||
16. Nayega | Tone | w. | ||||
17. Nano | Tone | w. | ||||
18. Gando (1) | Oti | w. | ||||
19. Gando (2) | Oti | w. | ||||
19a. Sogou | recent | (250 m) | w. | |||
KARA | ||||||
20. Kara | i,f. | |||||
21. Tchitchiao | Kozah | w. | ||||
22. Sarakaw | Kozaha | w. | ||||
23. Niamtougou | Dougelgou | w. (damaged) | ||||
24. Bagouda (GR) | Binah | 1974 | 0.018 | (98 m) | 4.6 | w. |
25. Pagouda (UNDP) | Binah | 1974 | 0.010 | (96 m) | 3.2 | w. |
26. Kande | Keran | 1958 | i. (damaged) | |||
27. Soute | w,i. | |||||
28. Kozak | Kozah | 1976 | 5.0 | w. | ||
29. Kabou | Bassar | 1957 | 0.12 | (600 m) | 4.0 | w. (damaged) |
30. Guerin-Kouka | Dankpen | (165 m) | 5.0 | w. | ||
31. Binakparba | Bassar | 0.13 | w,i. | |||
32. Bandjeli | Bassar | 0.018 | (100 m) | w. | ||
33. Nangbani | Bassar | 0.211 | (150–200 m) | w,i. | ||
34. Nampoach | Dankpen | 0.035 | w. (damaged) | |||
35. Atalote | Keran | i. (damaged) | ||||
35a. Bassar (Zongo) | Bassar | i,f. | ||||
CENTRAL | ||||||
36. Adjengre | Soutouboua | 1956 | 0.200 | (800) | i,w. (dried) | |
37. Aleheride | Tchaoudjo | w. | ||||
PLATEAUX | Kpime | 20 | ||||
38. Kpime | Kloto | 1963–64 | 0.8 | (200 m) | 7.0 | p. |
39. Amoussoukope | Agou | 1971 | 0.063 | (300 m) | 3.5 | w. |
40. Akpare | Ogou | 1972 | 0.064 | (217 m) | 4.0 | w. |
41. Illama | Ogou | 1979 | 0.05 | w. | ||
42. Avetonou | Agou | 0.07 | w. | |||
43. Notsè | 1978 | 1.70 | (200 m) | w. | ||
44. Anie | 1983 | 10.5 | (1 650 m) | 20.9 | i. | |
MARITIME | ||||||
45. Noepe | Zio | 0.02 | w. | |||
46. Kpota | Zio | 1978 | i. | |||
47. Gapo | Zio | 0.98 | (191 m) | 4.3 | ||
48. Atti Atomou | Ave | w,i. (dried) | ||||
49. Gabiam Doume | Lacs | f. |
1 * = aquaculture; f = fishery; i = irrigation; p = hydroelectric; w = water reserve
Table 3. FISH PRODUCTION AND PER CAPUT SUPPLY - Togo, 1970–1987
Nominal Production (including exports) (t) 2 7 | Nominal Consumer Supply (including exports) (kg/person) | ||||||||
Year | Population '000 1 | Inland capture | Aquaculture 3 | Marine capture | Total | Inland capture | Aquaculture 3 | Marine capture | Total |
1970 | 2 020 | 2 500 | - 4 | 6 400 | 8 900 | 1.2 | - | 3.2 | 4.4 |
1971 | 2 064 | 3 000 | - | 7 600 | 10 600 | 1.4 | - | 3.7 | 5.1 |
1972 | 2 110 | 3 000 | - | 7 600 | 10 600 | 1.4 | - | 3.6 | 5.0 |
1973 | 2 156 | 3 000 | - | 7 900 | 10 900 | 1.4 | - | 3.7 | 5.1 |
1974 | 2 203 | 3 000 | - | 8 150 | 11 150 | 1.4 | - | 3.7 | 5.1 |
1975 | 2 252 | 3 000 | - | 11 420 | 14 420 | 1.3 | - | 5.1 | 6.4 |
1976 | 2 309 | 1 905 | 5 5 | 9 470 | 11 380 | 0.8 | 0.002 | 4.1 | 4.9 |
1977 | 2 368 | 817 | - | 7 623 | 8 440 | 0.3 | - | 3.2 | 3.5 |
1978 | 2 429 | 3 500 | - | 12 139 | 15 639 | 1.4 | - | 5.0 | 6.4 |
1979 | 2 491 | 700 | - | 7 396 | 8 096 | 0.3 | - | 3.0 | 3.3 |
1980 | 2 554 | 700 | - | 8 434 | 9 134 | 0.3 | - | 3.3 | 3.6 |
1981 | 2 630 | 700 | - | 9 625 | 10 325 | 0.3 | - | 3.6 | 3.9 |
1982 | 2 709 | 692 | 8 6 | 13 830 | 14 530 | 0.3 | 0.003 | 5.1 | 5.4 |
1983 | 2 790 | 684 | 16 6 | 13 856 | 14 556 | 0.2 | 0.006 | 5.0 | 5.2 |
1984 | 2 874 | 610 | 40 6 | 13 897 | 14 547 | 0.2 | 0.01 | 4.8 | 5.0 |
1985 | 2 960 | 670 | 30 6 | 14 844 | 15 544 | 0.2 | 0.01 | 5.1 | 5.3 |
1986 | 3 052 | 705 | 9 6 | 14 124 | 14 838 | 0.2 | 0.003 | 4.6 | 4.8 |
1987 | 3 147 | 705 | 9 6 | 14 462 | 15 176 | 0.2 | 0.003 | 4.6 | 4.8 |
1 Source: FAO
2 Source: FAO Fisheries Department FISHDAB
3 included in “Inland capture” if not specified.
4 - = data not available.
5 Aubray, 1977
6 Vincke, 1989, pers.comm.
7 From 1980 to 1983, marine exports were as follows: 1980: 16 t; 1981: 22 t; 1982: 39 t; 1983: 50 t.
4. STATE OF THE FISHERY (after Welcomme, 1979, and Balarin, 1984d)
4.1 Yield
Inland fisheries occur mostly in lagoons (mainly Togo Lagoon). FAO (1978b) and Aubray (1977) estimate the number of inland fishermen at 5 550–5 750, and the number of canoes at 2 000–2 400.
River (mainly Mono River) fisheries are usually done by Ghaneans, but the proportion of the catches that they export is not known. Also Haho floodplain is important for fisheries. Lack of reliable statistics and other information on the fishery makes an evaluation of its state difficult.
For the period 1971–1975, Welcomme's (1979) catch estimate was 3 000 t/yr, while FAO's statistics estimate for the period 1979–1987 is only about 700 t/yr (see Table 3).
Aquaculture production from 1976 to 1987, by species, is summarized as follows: (Sources: 1976: Aubray (1977); 1982–87: Vincke (1989, pers.comm.).
Species | 1976 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 |
Oreochromis niloticus | 5 t | 8 t | 16 t | 40 t | 30 t | 9 t | 9 t |
Fig. 2. LOCATION OF RESERVOIRS - TOGO
(Balarin, 1984)
4.2 Factors influencing yield
First of all it is necessary to ascertain the actual fisheries situation by means of precise statistics and a study of potential resources.
4.3 Future development possibilities
According to FAO (1978b) and Aubray (1977), the future prospects of fisheries in Togo are limited. Welcomme (1979) assumed that the inland waters of Togo are exploited at or near their minimum potential.
The potential annual yields estimates of 2 000–6 000 t (Aubray, 1977; Patasse, 1982) need to be confirmed by more precise studies.
There is a moderately active fish culture programme in the country, which may contribute to some increases in production. More intense utilization of the lagoons and reservoirs for extensive culture could also increase yield.
5. KEY BIBLIOGRAPHY
Balarin, 1984
Weigel, 1985 (Lagoons)
6. WATER BODIES DIRECTORY
Rivers | ||
Mono | Oti/Pendjari | |
Reservoirs | ||
Adjengre | Gapo | Kpime |
Anie | Kozak | Notse |
See also Table 2, Fig. 2 | ||
Lagoons | ||
Aneho | Togo | |
Lome | Vogan (= Boko) |
MONO RIVER
(International water)
Geographical data | |
Source: | Faille de Bafilo, Togo |
Altitude: | 420 m |
Total length: | 360 km |
Drainage area: | 22 000 km2 |
Countries traversed: | Benin, Togo |
Discharges to: | Atlantic Ocean, Grand Popo, Benin - 5° 49'N; 2° 5'E |
Volume of discharge at mouth: 710 m3/sec (max); 380 m3/sec (mean in Sept.) | |
Flood regime: | peak flow in September |
Special features: | floodplain along lower course. |
Fisheries data | |
Total annual catch: | in Benin: 533 t in 1970 |
OTI/PENDJARI RIVER
(International water)
Geographical data | ||
Source: | Atakora Mountains of Benin | |
Altitude: | 640 m asl | |
Total length: | 900 km | |
Drainage area: | 72 900 km2 | |
Countries traversed: | Benin, Burkina Faso, Togo, Ghana | |
Discharges to: | Volta Reservoir | |
Volume of discharge at mouth: 500 m3/sec | ||
Physical and chemical data (after Blanc & Daget, 1957) | ||
pH: | 6.4–6.7 | |
Ionic composition: | mg/l | |
Na | 3.2 | |
K | 0.22 | |
Ca | 300* | |
Mg | 11.6 | |
CO2 | 39 | |
Cl | 23.4 | |
SO3 | 96* | |
SiO2 | 132 |
* Ca and SO3 figures seem aberrently high and should be taken with care.
Fisheries data
No. of fishermen: 100 in 1984 (Togo)
Total annual catch: 450 t in 1976 (in Togo)
RESERVOIRS see also Table 2, Figure 2
ADJENGRE RESERVOIR
Geographical data | |
Location: | Togo |
Date closed: | 1956 |
Volume: | 0.2 × 106 m3 |
Max. length: | 0.8 km |
ANIE RESERVOIR
Geographical data | |
Location: | Togo |
Date closed: | 1983 |
Depth: | 20.9 m (max) |
Volume: | 10.5 × 106 m3 |
Max. length: | 1.65 km |
GAPO RESERVOIR
Geographical data | |
Location: | Togo |
Depth: | 4.3 m (max) |
Volume: | 0.98 × 106 m3 |
Max. length: | 0.191 km |
KOZAK RESERVOIR
Geographical data | |
Location: | Togo |
Date closed: | 1976 |
Volume: | 5.0 × 106 m3 |
KPIME RESERVOIR
Geographical data | |
Location: | Togo |
Date closed: | 1963–64 |
Depth: | 7.0 m (max) |
Volume: | 0.8 × 106 m3 |
Max. length: | 0.2 km |
NOTSE RESERVOIR
Geographical data | |
Location: | Togo |
Date closed: | 1978 |
Volume: | 1.70 × 106 m3 |
Max. length: | 0.2 km |
ANEHO LAGOON
Geographical data | |
Location: | Togo - 6° 14'N; 1° 37'E |
Surface area: | 3 km2 (Sepia, 1983) |
Depth: | 2.7 m |
Major inflowing river: | outflows from Togo and Vogan Lagoons |
Outflow: | canal to Mono River and intermittent canal directly to Atlantic Ocean |
LOME LAGOON
Geographical data | |
Location: | Togo - 6°8'N; 1°13'E |
Fig. 3. TOGO'S LAGOON SYSTEM
(Weigel, 1985)
TOGO LAGOON
Geographical data | |
Location: | Togo - 6°15'N; 1°25'E |
Surface area: | 46.6 km2 (Sepia, 1983) |
Max. length: | 13 km |
Max. width: | 6 km |
Major inflowing rivers: | Zio, Hako |
Outflow: | canal to Aneho Lagoon |
Fisheries data | |
No. of fishermen: | 845 (1983) |
No. of boats: | 545 (1983) |
Total annual catch: | 500 t (1983) |
VOGAN (= BOKO) LAGOON
Geographical data | |
Location: | Togo - 6°17'N; 1°34'W |
Surface area: | 8 km2 (Sepia, 1983) |
Depth: | 0.8 m |
Max. length: | 9 km |
Max. width: | 1 km |
Major inflowing rivers: | Boko |
Outflow: | canal to Aneho Lagoon |
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aubray, 1977
Balarin, 1984d
Blanc & Daget, 1957
De Kimpe, 1982
DGR, 1983
FAO, 1978b
Gu-Konu & Laclavère, 1981
MPDIRA, 1980
Patasse, 1982
Sepia, 1983
Weigel, 1985
Welcomme, 1979