	FI:GCP/INT/526/JPN
	Terminal Report

FAO/GOVERNMENT COOPERATIVE PROGRAMME

	FISH DISEASE INFORMATION EXCHANGE AND DIAGNOSIS SERVICES SYSTEM
	TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTERREGIONAL

CHILE, CHINA, CZECH REPUBLIC, JAPAN, POLAND, THAILAND, VIET NAM,

PROJECT FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Report prepared for
the participating governments
by
the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

The Food and Agriculture Organization is greatly indebted to all those who assisted in the implementation of the project by providing information, advice and facilities.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, 1994

Hyperlinks to non-FAO Internet sites do not imply any official endorsement of or responsibility for the opinions, ideas, data or products presented at these locations, or guarantee the validity of the information provided. The sole purpose of links to non-FAO sites is to indicate further information available on related topics.

This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software. FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project background
1.2 Outline of official arrangements
1.3 Objectives of the project

2. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

2.1 Project implementation
2.2 Fish disease diagnosis workshops and training courses
2.3 Fish disease diagnostic service centres
2.4 Fish disease information exchange system
2.5 Conclusions

3. RECOMMENDATIONS

Appendix 1 PROJECT STAFF

Appendix 2 TRAINING COURSES AND WORKSHOPS

Appendix 3 MAJOR ITEMS OF EQUIPMENT PROVIDED

Appendix 4 DOCUMENTS PREPARED DURING THE PROJECT

Appendix 5 COLLABORATIVE INSTITUTES IN THE FISH DISEASE INFORMATION EXCHANGE SYSTEM

Appendix 6 PROJECT CASE RECORD AND OCCURRENCE OF FISH DISEASE DATA SHEET

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS


AsDB	-	Asian Development Bank
ICLARM	-	International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Management
OIE	-	International Office of Epizootics
NACA	-	Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia and the Pacific

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND

Despite recent global advancements in aquaculture, the absence of appropriate technological management has caused problems of fish disease which have greatly limited economic return on investments and have posed serious obstacles to long-term sustainable development in aquaculture. The situation is especially serious in developing countries, where extensive production systems are in place and where aquaculture investments face increasing risks. Globally, disease mortality has caused loss of stocks at an estimated annual average between 10% and 20% by value. Associated with this is the common concern of developed countries, usually importers of aquaculture products from developing countries, as to the unqualified use of chemicals and drugs in disease treatment in production, and in disease prevention in quarantine and food inspection systems.

Although much scientific progress has recently been made in the field of fish pathology, knowledge of fish disease and fish health management techniques differ not only among various countries but also among fish disease study institutions within any particular country. The recent understanding of interrelationships between fish disease and such issues as fish nutrition, genetics and environment provides much useful application to the management of fish disease problems in aquaculture. Because of its role in worldwide aquaculture and fisheries development, FAO is well suited to execute an international programme for the dissemination of methodologies on fish disease diagnosis, prevention and treatment to interested countries.

Recognizing the urgency of containing increasing fish disease problems, the FAO International Conference of World Aquaculture, held in 1976 in Kyoto, Japan, recommended that the strengthening of international cooperative efforts for the resolution of such problems be made a high priority in aquaculture development. In 1990, the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia and the Pacific/Asian Development Bank (NACA/AsDB) International Workshop on Fish Health Management in Asia and the Pacific Region, held in Pusan, Republic of Korea, as well as the Japanese Fish Pathologist Association's International Symposium on Disease Control in Aquaculture, held in Japan, also reached this conclusion.

The project was conceived as a result of requests made by governments to hold national and international training courses on fish disease diagnosis. Recommendations from member countries of projects RAS/86/047 ‘Network of Regional Aquaculture Centres in Asia and the Pacific’ (NACA) and RAS/90/002 ‘Regional Seafarming Development and Demonstration’, also supported such an undertaking. An international network of information on fish disease, closely related to the activities of the International Office of Epizootics (OIE) on epizootic diseases and to the Codex Alimentarius Commission's monitoring of drug and chemical use in aquaculture for disease prevention, was also recommended for incorporation in the project.

FAO assistance was thus requested in two primary areas: the upgrading of national and international fish disease diagnosis capabilities to promote the standardization of diagnostic procedures and methodologies in order to enable case study data to be comparable, and the establishment of a fish disease information exchange system for the enhancement of national and international advancements in the cooperative study of fish disease diagnosis.

1.2 OUTLINE OF OFFICIAL ARRANGEMENTS

The requested assistance was approved under the FAO/Government Cooperative Programme, as project GCP/INT/526/JPN ‘Fish Disease Information Exchange and Diagnosis Services System’, with a financial contribution of $US 750 000 from the Government of Japan. The Project Document was signed on 1 April 1991 and the project became operational in June 1991, with project implementation carried out directly from FAO Headquarters. Counterpart contributions were separately arranged by means of a Letter of Agreement between FAO and the host institute of the concerned government for each project activity.

The project was completed in April 1994.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The development objective of the project was to provide developing countries with an improved capacity to diagnose and treat fish disease in aquaculture.

The immediate objective of the project was to improve the capacity of developing countries to develop aquaculture through improved mechanisms for the diagnosis and control of diseases of culture organisms.

2. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

2.1 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

Project implementation focused primarily on three activities: the conduct of national and international training courses and workshops on fish disease diagnosis; the promotion of national and international fish disease diagnosis services; and the installation of a fish disease information exchange system within FAO to facilitate data storage and dissemination.

Detailed arrangements for the first two activities were made directly with each host institute representing its government. The FAO Representation office in the country, if present, assisted in coordination between the government and its host institute. During the project period, fish disease diagnosis services were established in nine fish disease institutes, and 11 fish disease diagnosis training courses and workshops were held, of which five were international (two in the Czech Republic and one each in Poland, Chile and Viet Nam) and six were national (two each in China, Viet Nam and Thailand).

Limited budgetary provisions restricted the selection of host countries, made according to the following criteria. For the Asian region, selected host countries either had high aquaculture productivity, identifiable high risk of fish disease outbreak and fish disease research facilities and capabilities, or had fish disease research facilities and capabilities, but also known and/or potential recurrences of mass mortality among cultured stocks. For Central Europe and South America, selected host countries had significant aquaculture activities as well as fish disease research facilities and capabilities which could be upgraded to become fully functional in fish disease diagnosis.

The provision of basic items of equipment for fish disease diagnosis was an important project activity. Based on firsthand knowledge of requirements, the items provided to the host institutes (see Appendix 3) were intended to adequately equip them for fish disease diagnosis activities by the end of the project. Training course and workshop activities included demonstrations of the application and maintenance of the provided equipment.

2.2 FISH DISEASE DIAGNOSIS WORKSHOPS AND TRAINING COURSES

Six national training courses and five international workshops on fish disease diagnosis were conducted in collaboration with 11 host institutes in China, Viet Nam, Thailand, the Czech Republic, Poland and Chile (see Appendix 2). The training programme covered general fish and shellfish pathology and diagnosis technology, with emphasis on the standardization and dissemination of diagnostic techniques and on-farm diagnosis of fish and shrimp diseases. The recommended techniques took into consideration the limited equipment facilities available in developing countries.

A total of 196 technicians from six countries were trained in the six national training courses, and another 92 technicians from 25 countries attended the five international workshops. Lecturers comprised 66 national scientists from six countries and 20 international fish disease professionals from 25 countries. A total of 288 fish disease workers, excluding observers, attended these 11 training sessions.

2.3 FISH DISEASE DIAGNOSTIC SERVICE CENTRES

Technical support services in the fields of bacteriology, virology, mycology parasitology and histopathology are required for the diagnosis of fish diseases. Pathogen identification, parasite classification and histopathological diagnosis require an adequate level of knowledge of these fields, as well as an understanding of associated procedures, methodologies and equipment. Technical support services are essential to field diagnosticians for definitive diagnosis and for checking and facilitating findings.

The provision of equipment following the conduct of training courses enabled the six fish disease institutes in China, Viet Nam and Thailand to initiate fish disease diagnostic services for fish farmers, and to record each case history onto the prescribed FAO data form (see Appendix 6). These services continued until the end of 1993.

2.4 FISH DISEASE INFORMATION EXCHANGE SYSTEM

In August 1991, 50 national and international fish disease institutes were invited to participate in a global fish disease information exchange programme. Of these institutes, 30 had agreed to participate by the end of 1993 (see Appendix 5).

Since the initiation of the project, over 500 national fish disease cases were reported through the participating host institutes. The information was listed using the standard data form designed by the project. It was then deposited at FAO Headquarters, with a duplicate set sent to the National Research Institute for Fish Culture in Vodnany, Czech Republic. All data were stored on personal computers provided by the project using the Fish Disease Data Base software developed by the International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM).

2.5 CONCLUSIONS

Considerable interest has been generated worldwide in fish disease diagnosis, particularly in the participating countries of the project. The project has been effective in an overall upgrading of the professional capabilities, equipment and facilities of fish disease institutes and in an updating of the knowledge of fish disease diagnosis and corresponding procedures and methodologies of institute personnel, thus fostering verification of field findings and interchangeability of verified data. The technical reports produced at the end of the training courses and workshops have provided an excellent source of technical references (see Appendix 4). In the cases where national training course reports were published in the national languages, information dissemination was particularly effective in reaching national fish farmers and technicians in the field.

Fish disease prevention and control (fish health management) plays a vital role in developing sustainability in aquaculture. This message has been well received and accepted by project participants, as a result of which considerable follow-up commitment has been made by participating countries in order to provide continuity.

3. RECOMMENDATIONS

From hatchery to growout operations, fish disease is the major cause of culture mortality, a phenomenon responsible for severe, to sometimes total, loss of investment. Hatcheries throughout the world are adversely affected by infectious viral diseases (averaging 20%), as well as bacterial (15%), fungal (10%) and other diseases (55%, such as those transmitted by protozoans and helminths). As seeds from affected hatcheries are pathogen carriers, the eradication of infectious pathogens must therefore be executed at the source. In nursery and growout operations, fish disease is the principal and primary cause of mass fish kills, causing heavy loss of investment for fish farmers.

In 1978, Haplosporegean marinum was responsible for killing 95% of the cultivated stock of Crassostrea gigas and C. rivularis in South China within three days. In 1979, more than five million fry of Lates calcarifer in a Thai hatchery were found to be so heavily infested by protozoans, fungi and bacteria that the stock had to be destroyed. In 1980, under floating net-cage culture conditions, a stock of Epinephelus akaara had to be destroyed due to infection by an anaerobic bacterium. In the same year, 95% of all E. akaara stock in Hong Kong was killed by parasitic attachment to the gill filaments of the fish. In 1993, 2 million penaeid shrimp seeds imported to Japan were found to suffer an acute Baculovirus infection, and had to be immediately destroyed. In the same year, the Chinese shrimp culture industry suffered a 70% loss of stock presumably due to a nationwide proliferation of infectious disease. Throughout the past two decades, epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) has caused considerable economic losses to fish farmers throughout Asia.

These and numerous other cases clearly indicate the magnitude of economic damage which fish disease incurs to aquaculture investments. Fish disease prevention and control is vital to sustaining the manageability of aquaculture. To be effective, it is crucial to recognize the pathogen involved in each case, as well as the circumstances in which initial infection has first taken place. The effectiveness of fish disease diagnosis thus depends upon a certain level of subject knowledge and an understanding of appropriate procedures and methodologies on the part of technicians. The project addressed this issue through the complementary activities of its inputs.

As fish disease is an ongoing problem and fish disease diagnosis is a comparatively new science, it is recommended that the mechanism generated by the project be further developed and the level of achievement further improved. Follow-up investments in such development are of vital importance to the future sustainability of aquaculture in developing countries, and therefore to increasing future fish production through aquaculture.

Fish disease in aquaculture is thus an important variable in both technological and economic terms. A sound biological and ecological understanding of cultivated species and pathogens to be treated is required. In order to enable advancements in the study of fish disease, it is recommended that scientific procedures and methodologies be standardized for both basic and applied investigations. Cooperative efforts among leading fish disease research institutions are thus essential.

Appendix 1
PROJECT STAFF


		Dates of Service
Name	Function	Starting Date	Concluding Date
International
T. Matsusato	Project Coordinator/FAO Fishery Resources Officer	1 April 1991	30 March 1994
T. Petr	FAO Fishery Resources Officer	4 Nov. 1991	24 Nov. 1991
T. Petr	FAO Fishery Resources Officer	15 June 1992	3 July 1992
A. Tacon	FAO Fishery Resources Officer	23 Nov. 1992	5 Dec. 1992
20 lecturers
National
66 lecturers

Appendix 2
TRAINING COURSES AND WORKSHOPS


Focus	No. of Participants	Place	Date

A2.1 NATIONAL TRAINING COURSES

Molluscan and shrimp diseases	34	East China Sea	22 Oct.	1991
		Fisheries Research	2 Nov.	1991
		Institute,
		Shangai,
		China

Viral disease in warm-water fishes	45	Pearl River Fisheries	6–19 Sept.	1992
		Research Institute,
		Quangzhou,
		China

Diagnosis of fish disease	37	National Fisheries	16–28 Dec.	1991
		Research Institute
		for Aquaculture, No.3,
		Nha Trang,
		Viet Nam

Diagnosis of fish and shrimp disease	37	National Fisheries	17–29 Aug.	1992
		Research Institute
		for Aquaculture, No.2,
		Ho Chi Minh City,
		Viet Nam

Fish disease diagnosis in aquaculture	20	Coastal Aquaculture	2–13 March	1992
		Development Centre,
		Chachansaong,
		Thailand

Fish disease diagnosis in aquaculture	25	Coastal Aquaculture	1–9 Sept.	1992
		Development Centre,
		Samutsakorn,
		Thailand

A2.2 INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOPS

Freshwater fish diseases and intoxications: diagnosis, prophylaxis and therapy	22	National Research	4–24 Nov.	1991
		Institute for Fish Culture and Hydrotoxicology,
		Vodnany,
		Czech Republic

Freshwater fish diseases and intoxications: diagnosis, prophylaxis and therapy	25	National Research	15 June	1992
		Institute for Fish Culture and Hydrotoxicology,	3 July	1992
		Vodnany,
		Czech Republic

Situation of aquaculture and ichthyopathology in South America	15	Instituto de Fomento	23 Nov.	1992
		Pesquero, Coyhaique,	5 Dec.	1992
		Chile

Specialized new fish disease diagnostic methodology	23	National Fisheries	28 July	1993
		Research Institute	7 Aug.	1993
		for Aquaculture, No.1,
		Hanoi,
		Viet Nam

Application of biodefence system for fish disease control	20	Inland Fisheries	23–27 Aug.	1993
		Institute,
		Olsztyn,
		Poland

Application of immunological techniques of fish disease diagnosis	20	National Veterinary	28 Aug	1993
		Research Institute,	3 Sept.	1993
		Pulawy,
		Poland

Appendix 3
MAJOR ITEMS OF EQUIPMENT PROVIDED


		Cost
Quantity	Item	($US)

A3.1 FOR EAST CHINA SEA FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, CHINA

1	Personal computer	1 900
1	Printer	772
1	Incubator	2 609
1	Large rotary microtome	3 609
1	Electro freeze	4 348
1	Stereo microscope	1 248
1	Biological microscope	2 434
1	Slide projector	697
1	Photomicrographic system	1 544

A3.2 FOR PEARL RIVER FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, CHINA

1	Tissue culture microscope	1 160
1	Carbon dioxide incubator	7 618
1	Rotor for ultra-centrifuge	6 300

A3.3 FOR SAMUTSAKORN COASTAL AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, THAILAND

1	Automatic tissue processor	5 609
1	Incubator	2 609
1	Large rotary microtome	4 150
1	Biological microscope	2 434
1	Slide projector	697
1	Photomicrographic system	1 544

A3.4 FOR CHACHANSAONG COASTAL AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, THAILAND

1	Table top clean bench	3 524
1	Autoclave	4 173
1	Dry heat sterilizer	1 927
1	Low temperature incubator	3 341
1	Automatic water equipment	3 061
1	Cartridge	1 848
1	Inverted microscope	690
1	Cold store	622

A3.5 FOR NATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF AQUACULTURE, No. 2, VIET NAM

1	Photomicrographic system	1 630
1	Biological microscope	2 570
1	Stereo microscope	1 348
1	Incubator	2 419
1	Clean barrier	2 016

A3.6 FOR NATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF AQUACULTURE, No. 3, VIET NAM

1	Incubator	2 609
1	Clean barrier unit	1 739
1	Stereo microscope	1 248
1	Biological microscope	2 434
1	Colour television	386
1	Colour video recorder	455
1	Photomicrographic system	1 544
1	Refrigerator	999
1	Micro-centrifuge	1 601

A3.7 FOR NATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR FISH CULTURE AND HYDROTOXICOLOGY, CZECH REPUBLIC

1	Personal computer	1 900
1	Printer	772
1	Stereo microscope	1 248
1	Photomicrographic system	1 544
1	Large rotary microtome	4 150

Appendix 4
DOCUMENTS PREPARED DURING THE PROJECT

Report of National Training Course on Shrimp and Mollusc Disease Diagnostic Techniques, held 22 October - 2 November 1991, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Shanghai, China. 1991. 7 pp.

Report on International Workshop on Freshwater Fish Diseases and Intoxications: Diagnostics, Prophylaxis and Therapy, held 4–24 November 1991, National Research Institute for Fish Culture and Hydrotoxicology, Vodnany, Czech Republic. 1991. 31 pp.

Proceedings of International Workshop on Freshwater Fish Diseases and Intoxications: Diagnostics, Prophylaxis and Therapy, held 4–24 November 1991, National Research Institute for Fish Culture and Hydrotoxicology, Vodnany, Czech Republic. 1991. 270 pp.

Report on National Training Course on Diagnosis of Fish Disease, held 16–28 December 1991, National Fisheries Research Institute for Aquaculture, No. 3, Nha Trang, Viet Nam. 1991. 9 pp.

Report on National Training Course on Fish Disease Diagnosis in Fish Culture, held 2–13 March 1992, Coastal Aquaculture Centre, Chachansaong, Thailand. 1992. 99 pp.

Report on International Workshop on Freshwater Fish Diseases and Intoxications: Diagnostics, Prophylaxis and Therapy, held 15 June – 3 July 1992, National Research Institute for Fish Culture and Hydrotoxology, Vodnany, Czech Republic. 1992. 29 pp.

Report on National Training Course on Diagnosis of Fish and Shrimp Diseases, held 17–29 August 1992, National Fisheries Research Institute for Aquaculture, No. 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam. 1992. 107 pp. (In Vietnamese.)

Report on Practical Lessons on Research and Diagnosis of Fish and Shrimp Diseases, delivered 17–29 August 1992 concurrently at the National Training Course on Diagnosis of Fish and Shrimp Diseases, National Fisheries Research Institute for Aquaculture, No.2, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam. 1992. 29 pp. (In Vietnamese).

Report on National Training Course on Fish Disease Diagnosis in Aquaculture, held 1–9 September 1992, Coastal Aquaculture Development Centre, Samutsakorn, Thailand. 1992.

Report on National Training Workshop on Viral Disease in Warm-water Fishes, held 6–19 September 1992, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Quangzhou, China. 1992. 9 pp. (In Chinese).

Proceedings of National Training Course on Viral Disease in Warm-water Fishes, held 6–19 September 1992, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Quangzhou, China. 1992. 79 pp. (In Chinese).

Report on International Workshop on Situation of Aquaculture and Ichthyopathology in South America, held 23 November - 5 December 1992, Institute de Fomento Pesquero, Coyhaique, Chile. 34 pp.

Proceedings of International Workshop on Specialized New Disease Diagnostic Methodology, held 28 July - 7 August 1993, National Fisheries Research Institute for Aquaculture, No.1, Hanoi, Viet Nam. 1993. 212 pp.

Combined Report on the International Workshop and Training Course on Application of Biodefence System for Fish Disease Control, held 23–27 August 1993, Inland Fisheries Institute, Olsztyn, Poland, and on Application of Immunological Techniques of Fish Disease Diagnosis, held 28 August - 3 September 1993, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland. 1993. 76 pp.

Report on International Workshop and Training Course on Fish Disease Diagnosis and Prevention Methods, held 23 August - 3 September 1993, Poland. 1993. 182 pp.

Appendix 5
COLLABORATIVE INSTITUTES IN THE FISH DISEASE INFORMATION EXCHANGE SYSTEM

Dr. John D. Humphrey
Australian Animal Health Laboratory
P.O. Bag 24
East Geelong, Victoria 3220
Australia
Tel 052 26 5222
Fax 052 23 1424

Dr. Aminul Islam
Fisheries Research Institute
Mymensingh
Bangladesh
Tel 091 4874
Fax 091 4410

Dra. Adela Prieto Trujillo
Centro de Investigaciones Pesqueras
5ta Avenida y 248, Edificio 2
Barlovento
Playa, Ciudad de la Habana
Cuba
Tel 22 7816

Dra. Emma Fajer
Empresa Nacional de Acuicultura
Departamento de Ictiopatología
Carretera Central, km 20.5
Cotorro, Ciudad de la Habana
Cuba

Mr. Viggo Hølyck
Danish Trout Culture Research Station
Broens Moellevej 7
Broens
6780 Skaerbaek
Denmark
Tel 04 753234

Mr. Henri Grizel
Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)
155, rue Jean-Jacques Rousseau
92136 Issy-lez-Moulineaux Cedex
France
Tel 1 4648 2100

Dr. H. Möller
Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel
Düsternbrooker Weg 20
D-2300 Kiel 1
Germany
Tel 0431 597 3959
Fax 0431 565 5876

Dr. H. Kühlmann
Bundesforschungsanstalt für Fischerei
Labor für Radioökologie des Gewässer Aussenstelle Ahrensburg
Wulfsdorfer Weg 205
D-2070 Ahrensburg
Germany
Tel 04102/51128

Mr. K.S. Yip
Agriculture and Fisheries Department
Canton Road Government Offices
393 Canton Road, 12th floor
Kowloon
Hong Kong
Tel 733 2189
Fax 3 311 3731

Dr. T.C. Sud
Ministry of Agriculture
Department of Agricultural Research and Education
Krishi Bhavan
New Delhi 1
India

Dr. S.D. Tripathi
Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture
P.O. Kausalyaganga
Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751 002
India
Tel 0091 0674 57263
Fax 0091 0674 57263

Dr. Ateng Gurnia Jagatra
Departemen Pertanian
Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan
Kotak Pos 67
Sukabumi 43101
Indonesia
Tel 0266 81211

Brackishwater Aquaculture Development Centre
P.O. Box 1
Jepara
Indonesia

Mr. M. Fatuchri Sukadi
Research Institute for Freshwater Fisheries
1, Jalan Sempur
P.O. Box 51
Bogor
Indonesia
Tel 0251 327890

Dr. Kensji Takagi
National Research Institute of Aquaculture
Fisheries Agency
Nansei
Mie
Japan

Mr. Shahrom Hj.Abd. Majid
Jabatan Perikanan Malaysia
Kementerian Pertanian Malaysia
Tingkat 8&9, Wisma Tani
Jalan Sultan Salahuddin
50628 Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
Tel 2982 011
Fax 2910 305

Dra. Cristina Chávez
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología
Estación Mazatlán
Apartado Postal 811
C.P. 82000, Mazatlán, Sinaloa
México

Dr. J.L. McKoy
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries
Greta Point
P.O. Box 297
Wellington
New Zealand
Tel 04 861 029
Fax 04 861299

Mr. Snorre Tilseth
Department of Aquaculture
Institute of Marine Research
P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes
N-5024 Bergen
Norway
Tel 0047 5 238 500
Fax 0047 5 238 531

Dr. Tore Håstein
National Veterinary Institute
Box 8156
0033 Oslo 1
Norway
Tel 0047 2 463 900

Mr. José M. Natividad
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquaculture Resources
Fish Health Laboratory
860 Quezon Avenue
Quezon City
Manila
the Philippines
Tel 96 54 98
Fax 98 85 17

Mr. Andrzej Siwicki
Inland Fisheries Institute
Ichthyopathology and Immunology Department in Zabieniec
05-500 Piaseczno
Poland
Tel 48 22 562490
Fax 48 22 562490

Mr. Carlos de Sousa Reis
Instituto Nacional de Investigação das Pescas
Avenida de Brasilia
1400 Lisboa
Portugal
Tel 301 5899
Fax 301 5948

Mrs. Renée Chou
Primary Production Department
Marine Aquaculture Section
300, Nicoll Drive, Changi Point
Singapore 1749
Singapore
Tel 5428455
Fax 5427696

Mr. Chanintorn Sritongsook
Coastal Aquaculture Division
Paholyothin Road
Bangkhen
Bangkok 10900
Thailand

Marine Laboratory
Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland
P.O. Box No. 101
Aberdeen, Scotland
U.K.

Mr. Juán E. Oribe Stemmer
Instituto Nacional de Pesca
Constituyente 1497
Montevideo
Uruguay
Tel 492969
Fax 5982-413216

Dr. Roger Lee Herman
U.S. Department of the Interior
Fish and Wildlife Service
National Fish Health Laboratory
Leetown, Box 700
Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430
U.S.A.

Dr. D.A. Conroy
Universidad Central de Venezuela
Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias
Apartado de Correo No. 4563
Maracay 2, Estado Aragua
Venezuela

Dr. Phan Luong Tam
Aquaculture Research Institute No. II
116 Nguyen Dinh Chieu Street
Ho Chi Minh City
Viet Nam

Appendix 6
PROJECT CASE RECORD AND OCCURRENCE OF FISH DISEASE DATA SHEET

CASE RECORD

DISEASES - Form 1

CASE No. contributed by date

SPECIES


HABITAT
□ natural	□ cultured	□ stocked

AREA (obtained samples)

*Freshwater*□
□ river	□ lake	□ reservoir or dam
□ pond	□ canal	□ aquarium
□ other

*Brackishwater* □
□ bay	□ lagoon	□ pond
□ river mouth	□ shore	□ other

*Marine* □
□ shore	□ offshore	□ other

CULTURE SYSTEM

*Pond* □
□ soil bottom	□ concrete bottom	□ vinyl sheet bottom
□ other

*Cage* □ ( m × m × m depth)
□ fibre net	□ wire net	□ other

*Enclosure* □

*Other* □

*Intensity*
□ intensive	□ semi-intensive	□ extensive

*Water supply*
□ river	□ canal	□ lake
□ pond	□ shore	□ well
□ spring	□ municipal supply	□ circulation

*Feeding* ( g/day × kg body weight (or in % of body weight))
□ no feeding	□ monoculture	□ polyculture
□ integrated culture
(fish-fish, fish-shrimp, shrimp-shrimp, waterfowl-fish,
pig-waterfowl-fish, other )
FAO AREA(s)
	(see list in SPECIES FORM)


DISEASE
□ bacterial	□ fungal	□ tumours of unknown origin
□ virus	□ parasitic (protozoa, worms)	□ toxic syndrome
□ nutritional deficiency	□ other or unknown
Photo or drawing □ yes □ no
Name of the disease
Other name(s) of the disease (local name)
Causing agent (if known)
Country	Province (Prefecture)
City
□ bay	□ bight	□ basin
□ lake	□ pond	□ river
Disease occurring in
□ eggs	□ larvae	□ fry
□ juveniles	□ females	□ males
Year Month
*Prevalence*	*Intensity*	Mortality
□ rare	□ low	□ low (less than 10%)
□ common	□ medium	□ medium (10–30%)
□ very common	□ high	□ high (30–60%)
□ epizootic	□ unknown	□ very high (60–80%)
		□ catastrophic (>80%)

Behaviour or part of body affected by disease


body shape	□ yes	□ no	viscera	□ yes	□ no
skin or fins	□ yes	□ no	heart	□ yes	□ no
gills	□ yes	□ no	brain	□ yes	□ no
eyes	□ yes	□ no	swimming behaviour	□ yes	□ no
belly	□ yes	□ no	other behaviour	□ yes	□ no
anus	□ yes	□ no	other symptoms	□ yes	□ no

BODY SHAPE


□ kyphosis	□ skoliosis	□ lordosis
□ spiral	□ pin-head	□ shrunken
□ deformity (mouth, operculum, fin)

SKIN AND/OR FINS


Aberrant colour	□ yes	□ no
Aberrant coating	□ yes	□ no
Aberrant mucus production	□ yes	□ no


*Symptoms*		*Colour*		*Position*
spots	□ yes	□ white	head	□ yes	□ no	dorsal fin	□ yes	□ no
	□ no	□ red	trunk	□ yes	□ no	anal fin	□ yes	□ no
		□ dark	tail	□ yes	□ no	caudal fin	□ yes	□ no
		□ other	dorsal	□ yes	□ no	paired fins	□ yes	□ no
			ventral	□ yes	□ no

blotches	□ yes	□ white	head	□ yes	□ no	dorsal fin	□ yes	□ no
	□ no	□ red	trunk	□ yes	□ no	anal fin	□ yes	□ no
		□ dark	tail	□ yes	□ no	caudal fin	□ yes	□ no
		□ other	dorsal	□ yes	□ no	paired fins	□ yes	□ no
			ventral	□ yes	□ no

boils	□ yes	□ white	head	□ yes	□ no	dorsal fin	□ yes	□ no
	□ no	□ red	trunk	□ yes	□ no	anal fin	□ yes	□ no
		□ dark	tail	□ yes	□ no	caudal fin	□ yes	□ no
		□ other	dorsal	□ yes	□ no	paired fins	□ yes	□ no
			ventral	□ yes	□ no

ulcer	□ yes	□ white	head	□ yes	□ no	dorsal fin	□ yes	□ no
	□ no	□ red	trunk	□ yes	□ no	anal fin	□ yes	□ no
		□ dark	tail	□ yes	□ no	caudal fin	□ yes	□ no
		□ other	dorsal	□ yes	□ no	paired fins	□ yes	□ no
			ventral	□ yes	□ no

objects	□ no		head	□ yes	□ no	dorsal fin	□ yes	□ no
	□ disc-like		trunk	□ yes	□ no	anal fin	□ yes	□ no
	□ elongated		tail	□ yes	□ no	caudal fin	□ yes	□ no
	□ cotton-like		dorsal	□ yes	□ no	paired fins	□ yes	□ no
	□ other objects		ventral	□ yes	□ no

fins	□ more or less normal					dorsal fin	□ yes	□ no
	□ frayed					anal fin	□ yes	□ no
	□ red base					caudal fin	□ yes	□ no
	□ red base and frayed					paired fin	□ yes	□ no
	□ white margin and frayed

GILLS


aberrant colour	blotches	spots
□ none	□ none	□ none
□ red	□ red	□ red
□ pale/whitish	□ dark	□ dark
□ other	□ other	□ other

knots	coating	gills frayed
□ none	□ none	□ none
□ red	□ red	□ red
□ dark	□ dark	□ dark
□ other	□ other	□ other

objects
□ none
□ disc-like
□ elongated
□ other objects

EYES


milky colour (whole)	milky colour (lens only)	spots
□ yes	□ yes	□ none
□ no	□ no	□ red
		□ black
		□ white

ANUS


anus protruding	anus red	objects	exudates unusual
□ yes□ not	□ yes□ no	□ none	□ yes □ no
		□ filament like

BELLY


shape of belly	lumen with fluid	worms
□ not striking	□ yes □ no	□ none
□ distended		□ flat worms
□ collapsed		□ round worms
		□ other

VISCERA


*Organ affected*		*Size*	*Appearance*	*Blotches*	*Colour*	*Knots*	*Colour*
liver	□ yes	□ enlarged	□ pale	□ no	□ red/bloody	□ no	□ red/bloody
	□ no	□ reduced	□ other	□ yes	□ light	□ yes	□ light
		□ normal			□ dark		□ dark
					□ other		□ other

spleen	□ yes	□ enlarged	□ pale	□ no	□ red/bloody	□ no	□ red/bloody
	□ no	□ reduced	□ dark	□ yes	□ light	□ yes	□ light
		□ normal	□ other		□ dark		□ dark
					□ other		□ other

kidney	□ yes	□ enlarged	□ pale	□ no	□ red/bloody	□ no	□ red/bloody
	□ no	□ reduced	□ other	□ yes	□ light	□ yes	□ light
		□ normal			□ dark		□ dark
					□ other		□ other

swim bladder	□ yes	□ enlarged	□ pale	□ no	□ red/bloody	□ no	□ red/bloody
	□ no	□ reduced	□ other	□ yes	□ light	□ yes	□ light
		□ normal			□ dark		□ dark
					□ other		□ other

intestine	□ yes	□ enlarged	□ inflamed	□ no	□ red/bloody	□ no	□ red/bloody
	□ no	□ reduced	□ flat worms	□ yes	□ light	□ yes	□ light
		□ normal	□ round worms		□ dark		□ dark
			□ other		□ other		□ other

other organs	□ yes	□ enlarged		□ no	□ red/bloody	□ no	□ red/bloody
	□ no	□ reduced		□ yes	□ light	□ yes	□ light
		□ normal			□ dark		□ dark
					□ other		□ other

all organs	□ yes	□ pasted
	□ no	□ reduced
		□ other

HEART

□ ventricle	□ auricle	□ arterial bulb	□ haemorrhage	□ white spot
□ red spot	□ nodule

*BRAIN*

□ olfactory lobe	□ optic lobe	□ cerebrum	□ cerebellum	□ medulla oblongata
□ haemorrhage	□ white spot	□ red spot	□ nodule

SWIMMING BEHAVIOUR


unusual activity	loss of balance	unusual swimming motions
□ yes □ no	□ yes □ no	□ yes □ no
□ restless		□ swaying
□ sluggish/lethargic		□ rotating
□ activity alternates with lethargy		□ jerky
		□ tumbling
		□ other

head pointing up or down	scraping on objects	jumping out of water
□ yes □ no	□ yes □ no	□ yes □ no

OTHER BEHAVIOUR


fins clamped or stretched	□ yes	□ no
fish near bottom	□ yes	□ no
fish near surface	□ yes	□ no
fish near inlet or outlet	□ yes	□ no
loss of appetite	□ yes	□ no
operculum spread	□ yes	□ no
unusual ventilation	□ yes	□ no	□ fast	□ slow	□ flat	□ heavy
gasping at surface	□ yes	□ no

OTHER SYMPTOMS


scales bristling	□ yes	□ no
loss of scales	□ yes	□ no
skeleton deformation	□ yes	□ no
reduced growth rate	□ yes	□ no
loss of weight	□ yes	□ no

MORTALITY AND SEASONALITY


*Mortality*	*Seasonality*
□ low (less than 10%)	spring	□ yes	□ no
□ medium (10–30%)	summer	□ yes	□ no
□ high (30–60%)	autumn	□ yes	□ no
□ catastrophic (more than 80%)	winter	□ yes	□ no

Fish affected:

Symptoms:

Treatment:

Prophylaxis:

Additional material (photos, histopathological slides, fixed samples, etc.):

REFERENCE FORM

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