Annex 1: The questionnaire

Annex 1: The questionnaire

Introduction

The following is the text of the letter that accompanied the research questionnaires sent to local informants.

The FAO European Commission on Agriculture and its Working Party on Women and the Agricultural Family in Rural Development have requested the FAO Secretariat to collect data on the Socio-economic situation and status of rural women in selected Central and Eastern European countries.

The preparation of the study and collection of data entrusted to the University of Helsinki, Mikkeli Institute for Rural Research and Training. Each participating country (Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia) has nominated "focal informants" (national counterparts) in charge of collecting valid and reliable data for the preparation of the study.

The final questionnaire is enclosed. It would be appreciated if you could answer the questions as precisely as possible. In addition a short description of your country, its agriculture, its rural areas and the role and status of women will be required.

Could you please return the completed questionnaire and country descriptions no later than I May 1994 to the Mikkeli Institute for Rural Research and Training. Should you require clarification on any point please contact me (tel. +358 55 202 3301).

Thank you very much for your cooperation.

Pirjo Siiskonen

Director, Ph. D.

University of Helsinki

Mikkeli Institute for Rural Research and Training

Lonurotinkatu 3-5

FIN-50100 Mikkeli

Finland

Socio-economic situation and status of rural women in selected Central and Eastern European countries

Part 1 General statistical information

To answer the following questions, the definition of rural areas is needed. The definition of rural areas and rural population varies in different countries. What is the definition of rural areas in your country?

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Please use this definition when you answer the following questions.

1. The population of the whole country, persons (from censuses of 1970/-71, 1980/-81, 1990/-91)

	All	Men	Women
1970
1980
1990

The population of rural areas, persons (from censuses of 1970/1971, 1980/1981, 1990/1991)

	All	Men	Women
1970
1980
1990

2. Age structure of the whole country in 1990/-91, persons

	All	Men	Women
0-14 years
15-64 years
65 and over
Total

Age structure of rural areas in 1990/-91, persons

	All	Men	Women
0-14 years
15-64 years
65 and over
Total

3. Education level of women and men in rural and urban areas in 1990/-91 (from census 1990/-91)

Education level	Rural areas		Urban areas		Whole country
	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Low (elementary school or below)
Medium
High (high school or university)
100%	100%	100%	100%	100%	100%

4. The percentage of illiterate people in rural and urban areas in 1990/-91?

Rural areas

Urban areas

Whole country

5. Migration from cities to rural areas in 1990/-91, persons

Description of the migration _________________________________________

6. Migration from rural areas to cities in 1990/-91, persons

Description of the migration ________________________________________

7. Who migrated from rural areas to cities during the last intercensus period?

1 More men than women.

2 Men and women alike.

3 More women than men.

4 No migration from rural areas to cities.

8. Desribe the majority of women migrants (from rural areas to cities).

a) 1 Young (<303		b) 1 Married		c) 1 Educated
	2 Middle-aged (30-60)		2 Unmarried		2	Uneducated
3 Old (>60)

9. Employment situation in 1993, persons

	Whole country		Rural areas		Agriculture
	Employed	Unemployed %	Employed	Unemployed %	Employed	Unemployed %
Men
Women
Total

10. Size of the agricultural labour force and its proportion of the entire economically active population in 1991 _____________________________________________

11. Percentage of women in the economically active labour force in agriculture 1991

Description ______________________________________________________

12. a) Definition of a family farm in your country

______________________________________________________

b) Definition of a cooperative farm in your country

______________________________________________________

c) Definition of a state farm in your country

______________________________________________________

13. Landownership and cultivation in 1993 (in numbers)

	Number of holdings	Average size	Number of people	Number of men	Number of women	Cultivated land. %	Arable land and gardens %	Forest areas. %	Share of commercial production. %
1. Private family farms
2. State farms
3. Farms owned by cooperatives
- A
- B
- C
4. Shareholding farms
5. Farms owned by churches
5. School farms
6. Others
						100 %	100 %	100 %
A Landowners who are members of cooperatives
B Landowners who are not members of cooperatives but rent land to cooperatives
C Members of cooperatives who are not landownership (workers)

14. Number of women and men in agriculture (including forestry and fishery) in 1990/-91

	Men	Women	Total
Private farmers (owners who work on the farm)
Agricultural workers
Private landowners (owners who don't work on the farm)
Cooperative shareholders
Household plot owners

15. How common is the paid labour of rural women?

	Common	Exists	Rarely exists
Full-time work	1	2	3
Part-time work	1	2	3
Seasonal work	1	2	3

16. In what kind of paid labour are rural women mainly involved?

_________________________________________________________________

17. The wage level of rural women working in agriculture for work of equal value compared to the wage level of

	Lower	Equal	Higher
Men in agriculture	1	2	3
Women in other sectors of the economy in rural areas	1	2	3
Urban women	1	2	3

18. Birth rate in your country for 1990/-91 ________

19. Infant mortality rate for 1990/-91

In your country _______________

In rural areas ________________

20. Life expectancy at birth in 1990/-91

Male ____________ years

Female __________ years

21. What is the average family size (from census of 1990/-91)?

In the country

In rural areas

In farming families

22. What is the average number of children in families (from census of 1990/-91)?

In the country ___________

In urban areas __________

In rural areas ___________

23. What is the average marrying age?

Whole country		Rural areas
Men	Women	Men	Women

24. What is the divorce rate?

Whole country

Rural areas

Part 2 Women's role on the farm and in the family

1. Women's role in relation to the farm/holding/enterprise

	Very common	Common	Sometimes	Seldom	Not possible
Woman owns a family farm alone	1	2	3	4	5
Woman and man own the farm together	1	2	3	4	5
Man owns a family farm alone	1	2	3	4	5
Woman works on the farm	1	2	3	4	5
Both work on the farm	1	2	3	4	5
Man works on the farm and woman outside the farm in paid labour	1	2	3	4	5
Wife works on the farm and man outside the farm in paid labour	1	2	3	4	5
Woman has entrepreneurial/business activities on the farm	1	2	3	4	5
Man has entrepreneurial/business activities on the farm	1	2	3	4	5
Woman has seasonal work on cooperative farms	1	2	3	4	5
Woman has all year work on cooperative farms	1	2	3	4	5
Woman has seasonal work on state farms	1	2	3	4	5
Woman has all year work on state farms	1	2	3	4	5

2. The proportion of family farms managed by women

________________________________________________________-

3. Women's role inside the family

Division of labour between men and women on family farms

	Men only	Mainly men	Both	Mainly women	Women only
sometimes women			sometimes men
Mechanical fieldwork	1	2	3	4	5
Manual fieldwork	1	2	3	4	5
Forest work	1	2	3	4	5
Farm management	1	2	3	4	5
Account keeping	1	2	3	4	5
Milking the cows	1	2	3	4	5
Tending the cattle	1	2	3	4	5
Tending pigs	1	2	3	4	5
Tending poultry	1	2	3	4	5
Tending horses	1	2	3	4	5
Tending sheep	1	2	3	4	5
Decision-making in farming	1	2	3	4	5
Decision-making in the household	1	2	3	4	5
Processing agricultural products	1	2	3	4	5
Marketing the products	1	2	3	4	5
Household work	1	2	3	4	5
Infant care	1	2	3	4	5
Child care	1	2	3	4	5
Work in the garden	1	2	3	4	5
Entrepreneurial activities	1	2	3	4	5
Paid labour	1	2	3	4	5

4. Division of labour between men and women on co-operative farms

	Men only	Mainly men	Both	Mainly women	Women only
sometimes women			sometimes men
Mechanical fieldwork	1	2	3	4	5
Manual fieldwork	1	2	3	4	5
Forest work	1	2	3	4	5
Farm management	1	2	3	4	5
Account keeping	1	2	3	4	5
Milking the cows	1	2	3	4	5
Tending the cattle	1	2	3	4	5
Tending pigs	1	2	3	4	5
Tending poultry	1	2	3	4	5
Tending horses	1	2	3	4	5
Tending sheep	1	2	3	4	5
Decision-making	1	2	3	4	5
Processing agricultural products	1	2	3	4	5
Marketing the products	1	2	3	4	5
Entrepreneurial activities	1	2	3	4	5

Part 3 Women's participation in education, agricultural services and organizations

1. What kind of schools or institutions do you have (length of schooling, access for girls)

a) In agriculture

_______________________________

b) In home economics

_______________________________

c) In rural entrepreneurship

_______________________________

d) In adult education and training

_______________________________

2. Do you have any schooling in home economics in primary school?

1. Yes, for both girls and boys.

2 Yes, only for girls.

3 Not at all.

3. What are the percieved educational needs of rural women in relation to

Agricultural technology ________________________________

Home-economics ____________________________________

Nutrition ___________________________________________

Entrepreneurship ____________________________________

Planning/management/ decision-making __________________

Financing __________________________________________

Leadership _________________________________________

4. What kind of adult training for rural women is needed in the near future?

_________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

5. Do you have agricultural extension or advisory services in your country?

1. Yes, which subjects are covered?

_______________________________________

2 No

6. Do you have extension or advisory services which cover home management, consumerism and home economics in your country?

1. Yes, which subjects are covered?

________________________________________

2 No

7. Extension service organizations for farm families

	Do not	Exist	Satisfactory	Inactive	Activities also directed towards women
exist
Public advisory services	1	2	3	4	5
Private advisory services	1	2	3	4	5
Counseling services in agriculture	1	2	3	4	5
Non-agricultural counseling services	1	2	3	4	5

8. Extension workers

Are there extension workers in

1 Agriculture

2 Horticulture

3 Viticulture

4 Home economics

5 Environment

6 Agritourism

7 Rural entrepreneurship

8 Something else, what? _________________________

Are the extension workers

1 Mainly men

2 Mainly women

3 Both

9. Farmers' interest groups

	Do not exist	Exist	Function actively	Women's membership	Activities also towards women
Farmers' Union	1	2	3	4	5
Some other organizations, name/names	1	2	3	4	5
	1	2	3 4	5
	1	2	3 4	5

10. In which of the following organizations in your country can women participate?

	Do not exist	Exist	Started, year	Satisfactory	Unsatisfactory
Educational organizations	1	2		3	4
Advisory organizations	1	2		3	4
Extension organizations	1	2		3	4
Producers' organizations	1	2		3	4
Marketing organizations	1	2		3	4
Interest groups, unions	1	2		3	4

11. Women's participation and representation in public life

	Men only	Mainly men	Men and women	Mainly women	Women only	Women as members only	Women as leaders
Village boards	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Municipal boards	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Cooperative boards	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Church	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Local government	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
National government	1	2	3	4	5	6	7

Part 4 Household technology

1. Accommodation and rural families

Average size of rural dwellings

Average area (in square metres) per person in rural dwellings

Average number of rooms in rural dwellings

2. Rural dwellings and tenure status

	Often	Sometimes	Rarely
Owner-occupied	1	2	3
Rented	1	2	3
Owned by parents	1	2	3
Other	1	2	3

3. Level of household technology

If possible, give the percentages of all the households, if not, use words common, sometimes, rare, none.

	Rural areas	Urban areas	Whole country
Stove/cooker
Sewage
Piped cold water
Piped hot water
WC
Bathroom/shower
Refrigerator
Freezer
Washing machine
Dishwasher
Radio
TV
Telephone
Central heating
Electricity
Car

4. Nutrition

What is the nutritional level of rural people?

1 Satisfactory

2 There are some problems

3 Unsatisfactory, main problems

Part 5 Social security and legal issues

1. National health care system

Are health services available for the rural population in villages?

	No	Yes	Public	Private
District hospital	1	2	1	2
Health centre	1	2	1	2
Private clinic	1	2	1	2
Family doctor	1	2	1	2
Dentist	1	2	1	2
School health services	1	2	1	2
Child health centers	1	2	1	2
Maternity clinics	1	2	1	2
Pharmacy	1	2	1	2
Others	1	2	1	2

2. What are the main problems in the national health care system for the rural population? ______________________________________

3. Social services

Are social services provided for the rural population by

1. Family

2. Neighborhood

3. Voluntary organizations

4. Church

5. Municipalities

6. State

7. Insurance companies

8. Other firms

9. Others

	No	Yes	If yes, by which provider
Maternity leave	1	2	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Child day care services	1	2	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Old people's homes	1	2	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Home help for elderly people	1	2	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Employment service	1	2	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Farm/home relief services	1	2	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9

4. Are social security benefits provided for the rural population by

1. Family

2. Neighborhood

3. Voluntary organizations

4. Church

5. Municipalities

6. State

7. Insurance companies

8. Other firms

9. Others

	No	Yes	If yes, by which provider
Maternity benefits	1	2	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Child support benefit	1	2	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Home care allowance	1	2	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Unemployment benefit	1	2	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Accident insurance	1	2	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Disability pension	1	2	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
National pension	1	2	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Employment pension	1	2	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Pensions paid on transfer of a farm to a successor	1	2	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Pensions for older people	1	2	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9

5. What social benefits (if any) did women gain during the latest social changes in your country?

______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

6. What social benefits (if any) did women lose during the latest social changes in your country?

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

7. Is abortion legalized in your country?

1 Yes

2 No

8. Can women own, sell, purchase and inherit land?

	Yes, according to law and in practice	Yes, according to law, sometimes in practice	Perhaps, law allows, but not common in practice	Perhaps, there is no practice	Not allowed law, rare in
Own	1	2	3	4	5
Sell	1	2	3	4	5
Inherit	1	2	3	4	5
Purchase	1	2	3	4	5
Rent	1	2	3	4	5

9. Is there any legislation to ensure the equal status of women in your country in relation to the following issues?

	Does not exist	Exists	Problems in implementation
1	Succession and inheritance	1	2
2	Social security protection	1	2
3	Right to get credit	1	2
4	Tax laws, taxation	1	2
5	Farm/home relief services	1	2
6	Labour legislation	1	2
7	Entrepreneurship/business on the farm	1	2
8	Land reform	1	2
9	Subsidies	1	2
10	Voting rights	1	2
11	Access to education	1	2
12	Equal opportunities in work	1	2
13	Equal pay for equal work	1	2

10. Are there other inequalities between sexes in your country?

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

Part 6 Research projects and development programmes on rural women

1. Are any research activities on rural women going on in your country?

1 Yes, name of the project/projects

____________________________________________

2 Main findings of the project/projects

____________________________________________

2. Are any special programmes for rural women being implemented by ministries or some organizations/agencies in your country?

1 Yes, name and short description of the objectives of the programme/programmes

____________________________________________

2 No

____________________________________________

3. What are the special problems of rural women in your country?

____________________________________________

4. What are the priority needs of rural women in your country?

____________________________________________

5. What kind of issues would help young girls to stay in the countryside?

____________________________________________

6. Research publications on rural women in your country since 1980:

____________________________________________