Dairy industry in Tanzania and the prospect for small scale milk producers

1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Cattle herd composition and geographical distribution
4. Milk production and demand projections
5. Milk marketing channels in Tanzania
6. Temporal and spatial analysis of milk price in Tanzania
7. Conclusions
References

Nyange, D.A. and N.S.Y. Mdoe
Department of Rural Economy
Sokoine University of Agriculture
P.O. Box 3007, Morogoro, Tanzania

1. Introduction

In spite of a rapid increase in the number of small scale milk producers and expanding demand for milk in Tanzania, marketing functions of the dairy industry seems to be lagging behind. Unlike the beef marketing system where cattle markets, holding grounds, slaughtering houses/slabs and butcheries are found in most urban and rural areas, marketing system for milk is less organized.

This paper examines marketing functions of milk by small scale producers with the ultimate objective of identifying priority areas of improving the efficiency of the marketing systems.

The paper evaluates the performance of dairy industry in Tanzania and the impact of changing socio-economic environment in milk demand. The socio-economic changes considered are liberalization of markets, rapid urbanization, urban agriculture including livestock keeping and changes in demographics such as human population age distribution. The paper also reviews milk marketing systems in Tanzania with special attention to milk marketing channels (agencies), inter-regional comparison of milk price (spatial analysis) and seasonality and trends of milk price (temporal analysis).

2. Methodology

The paper is based on secondary data obtained from various sources. Milk price data was obtained from the Marketing Development Bureau (MDB) of the Ministry of Agriculture. The data consists of monthly milk prices collected from 44 towns in Tanzania mainland. The series covers a period of 9 years from January 1986 to December 1994. During analysis, the data was aggregated into 7 agro-ecological zones (Table 1). The analysis was confined mostly to descriptive statistics due to some missing cases which limited use of econometric models.

Other information was obtained through review of various government documents, research reports and publications in the Sokoine University of Agriculture library.

Table 1: Agro-ecological zones of Tanzania

Zone	Regions	Sample Towns
Northern zone	Arusha	Arusha, Mbulu
	Kilimanjaro	Gonja (Same)
Northern coast	Dar es salaam	Dar es salaam
	Coast	Mafia, Bagamoyo, Kisarawe
	Morogoro	Morogoro
	Tanga	Tanga, Lushoto
Lake Victoria	Kagera	Bukoba
	Mara	Musoma, Tarime
	Mwanza	Geita, Ukerewe, Magu, Kwimba, Sengerema
	Shinyanga	Shinyanga, Maswa, Kahama
Western zone	Kigoma	Kigoma, Kasulu, Kibondo
	Rukwa	Mpanda
Central zone	Dodoma	Dodoma, Mpwapwa
	Singida	Singida
	Tabora	Tabora, Urambo
Southern highlands	Iringa	Iringa, Mafinga, Njombe
	Mbeya	Mbeya
	Rukwa	Sumbawanga
	Ruvuma	Songea, Mbinga, Tunduru
Southern coast	Lindi	Lindi, Newala
	Mtwara	Mtwara, Masasi

Source: MDB, 1993

3. Cattle herd composition and geographical distribution

Agricultural sector in Tanzania contributes 47% of the national GDP and livestock sector itself accounts for 10% of GDP (Bukuku, 1993). The livestock sector is dominated by smallholder owners who constitutes 99% of the national stock (MDB, 1993).

The 1984 livestock census indicate that Tanzania owned about 12.5 mil. cattle and the herd composition consisted of: 39% breeding females; 15% heifers; 11% female calves; 16.4% mature males;

8.8% immature males and 9.6% male calves (MDB, 1993). Production parameters drawn from the - census show that;

· age at first calving is 3 to 4 years
· calving interval is 18 months
· calf mortality is 27% (overall mortality is 7%)
· female culling age is over 10 years.

Table 2 summarizes the distribution of cattle in Tanzania by agro-ecological zones. The livestock population is widely distributed almost all over Tanzania but mostly concentrated in the Lake Victoria and Central zones. The two zones account for about 60% of the national cattle population. The cooler Northern zone and Southern highlands are moderately populated whereas the tsetse infested Southern coast and western zones are sparsely populated.

Table 2. Tanzania: Human and cattle populations by agro-ecological zones

Zone	Human Population %	Cattle Population %	Dairy Cattle %	Household Cattle Owners %	Herd Size	Cattle/Human Ratio
Northern Zone	10.92	17.88	43.29	19.77	31.40	0.86
Northern Coast	20.00	7.06	13.90	4.56	59.33	0.19
Lake Victoria	26.40	36.62	21.52	21.02	21.50	0.77
Western Zone	3.79	0.50	0.40	7.29	5.00	0.07
Central Zone	13.60	23.16	3.20	19.46	29.33	0.97
Southern. Highlands	18.48	14.58	15.87	11.39	16.75	0.42
Southern Coast	6.82	0.63	1.80	0.51	13.00	0.02
Tanzania	100.00	100.00	100.00	12.90	22.00	0.56

Source: Computed from Appendix I.

As expected, percentage of households owning cattle is highest in the Lake Victoria and Central zones. Surprisingly, percentage of household cattle owners is also very high in the Northern zone. This is explained by the farming systems in the area which are pastoralism and mixed farming. In mixed farming, most farmers grow cash crops alongside with keeping of a small sized herd of cattle for milk. The Maasai pastoralist who are also found in the area, keep large herds of cattle. The livestock census also revealed that there were 119,019 dairy cattle in 1984 which is equivalent to 0.95% of the national cattle herd. The commonly found dairy breeds are Friesian, Ayrshire, Jersey, Guernsey and Sahiwal. The remaining 99.05% of the stock consists of indigenous breeds; East African Zebu and Ankole. Over 60% of Dairy cows are found in the temperate Northern zone and Southern Highlands. A significant proportion of dairy cattle in the Northern coast is partly due to urban and peri-urban agriculture where improved breeds of high productivity are preferred due to land constraint. Zero grazing is mostly practised in the Northern coast urban and peri-urban areas.

4. Milk production and demand projections

4.1. Production

MDB (1993) estimates Tanzania's annual milk production to stand at about 380.8 mil. litres. Taking a population of about 26 million, gives a per capita milk availability of 15 litres. The figure was based on 1984 census which estimated average yields per cow per lactation as 100 litres and 1600 litres for traditional and improved sectors, respectively. When combined with imported milk, per capita milk available to Tanzanians is estimated to be 21 litres per annum which is very low.

4.2. Consumer Expenditures on Milk and Milk Products

Consumers Price Index (CPI) is a tool for measuring trends in cost of living (inflation) by comparing cost of a basket of items purchased by individuals in the base year to that of any other year prices. In constructing CPI, Household Budget Surveys are used to identify goods and services commonly purchased by consumers. The percentage distribution of households expenditures on goods and services constitutes CPI weights (Mkai, 1995).

Table 3. gives CPI set of weights for expenditures of a typical Tanzanian consumer on various goods and services. Large weights for food indicate that Tanzanian consumers spend more of their incomes in purchasing food than other goods and services. Food budget share is higher in the rural than urban area and has been increasing progressively since 1969 thus suggesting reallocation of expenditures from other goods and services to purchase of food. This can be interpreted as a good news for food industry as far as demand is concerned.

Analysis by food category (Table 4) indicate that the budget share for milk and milk products decreased from 3.6% in 1969 to 2.3% 1976/77 and remained constant until 1991/92 survey (average of urban and rural = 2.3%). The rural budget share for milk and milk products is higher than that of urban. However, the difference in rural and urban shares is not likely to affect demand much since most of population (consumers) resides in the rural area.

4.3. Changing Socioeconomic Environment and Milk Demand

4.3.1. Liberalization of Markets

Since 1986 Tanzania has been implementing Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) which including other things lead to liberalization of markets. Liberalization of markets is likely to affect demand of locally produced milk in the following ways:

· Import of fresh milk substitutes such as powdered milk, infant milk products and other products. For instance MDB estimates that in 1992 total imports of powdered milk was 3500 tons. The figure does not include milk imported under EEC agreement. However, HBS indicated that consumers have a special preference for fresh milk as indicated by CPI internal milk weights which are 93.69, 2.16 and 4.15 for fresh milk, milk powders and condensed milk respectively, for urban consumers. The internal weight for rural consumers is 100 for fresh milk and 0 for other types of milk. These facts suggest that, even with importation of fresh milk substitutes, demand for fresh milk is not likely to be affected much.

· Processing of milk into less perishable products such as butter, powdered and condensed milk, etc. is likely to create a pulling effect to fresh milk demand.

· Emerging of fast food restaurants serving milked tea, ice cream, cheese burgers and other milk products may also enhance the demand for milk. Since liberalization yoghurt and ice cream pallors have increased significantly.

Table 3. Tanzania: National consumer price index (CPI) set of weights for all expenditures derived from household budget surveys (HBS)

Major Groups	1969	1976/77	1991/92
			Rural	Urban
Food	47.0	64.2	72.35	72.14
Drinks	7.7	2.5	5.50	4.51
Clothing	10.8	9.9	7.18	4.50
Rent	8.9	4.9	0.01	2.13
Fuel, light and water	6.6	7.6	5.39	4.57
Furniture and Utensils	2.8	1.4	3.14	2.81
Household operations	3.5	3.4	2.05	1.96
Medical care and health	5.0	1.3	1.51	1.95
Transport and communication	6.4	1.4	2.00	1.71
Recreation and entertainment	1.6	0.7	0.43	1.24
Education	-	-	0.24	1.48
Miscellaneous	-	-	0.20	1.00
Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00

Source: Bureau of Statistics (Adopted from Mkai and Mayeye, 1995)

Table 4. Tanzania: National consumer price index (CPI) set of weights for food derived from household budget surveys (HBS)

	1969	1976/77	1991/92
			Rural	Urban
FOOD	47.0	64.2	72.35	72.14
Cereals	12.1	19.3	29.02	26.14
Cereal products	3.9	4.2	0.65	4.20
Starchy roots	1.7	3.8	8.11	3.12
Sugar and sweets	3,2	6.7	3.02	4.44
Pulses	1.9	4.3	5.03	3.41
Nuts	1.8	2.3	1.04	2.08
Vegetables	3.8	3.2	4.23	5.50
Fruits	2.4	3.7	1.15	1.36
Meat and poultry	6.9	8.9	7.36	7.71
Fish and fish products			4.79	5.10
Milk and milk products	3.6	2.3	2.95	1.61
Oil and fats	2.6	3.1	1.90	3.63
Spices	1.2	0.7	1.71	1.08
Meals consumed outside home	0.7	0.9
Tea and other products	1.2	0.8	0.69.	0.69

Source: Bureau of Statistics (Adopted from Mkai and Mayeye, 1995)

4.3.2. Changing Demographics

Population statistics indicate that mean age has been declining in the past 3 census (Bureau of Statistics, 1968, 1978, 1988). Furthermore, some studies have indicated that consumption of milk is higher in lower age group (8 years and below) than other age groups (Mrema, 1993). The implication of these facts is the growth of milk demand due to increase in lower age population segment who are larger consumers of the product.

4.3.3. Expanding Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture

Urban and peri-urban agriculture has been gaining popularity in Tanzania in past recent years (Mvena, 1991; Nyange, 1993). Most of horticultural production (excluding ornamental) is being undertaken by low income families whereas high income families have biased towards raising of dairy cattle. Most of dairy cattle in urban and peri-urban are of improved breeds. Veterinary services feeds and extension services are readily available thus improving the productivity of animals.

Therefore, urban and peri-urban milk producers are likely to be more competitive in the market than smallholder producers due to the following facts:

· Urban and peri-urban farmers produce large quantities of milk than smallholder producers therefore, they have a higher chance of winning contractual selling such as supply of milk to institutions, commercial centres or processors.

· Urban and peri-urban producers are in the vicinity to the market, therefore they can deliver milk when it is still fresh and in time.

· Good animal husbandry and hygienical handling of milk by urban and peri-urban farmers will attract customers who are ready to pay more for a high quality milk.

5. Milk marketing channels in Tanzania

Marketing channels includes all agencies or intermediaries involved in transfer of a product from producers to consumers. Proportion of farmers selling milk in each channel and quantity of milk handled by each channel differ from place to place. This section provides an overview of the agencies involved in marketing of milk.

5.1. Open Market

According to the survey done by MDB (1993), majority of milk producers dispose their milk in the open market due to attractive prices. For instance, in December 1994, the price of milk ranged between Sh. 200 and 240 per litre in 10 out of 44 surveyed towns. Under this marketing channel producers can sell their milk to:

· Consumers in the rural or urban market.
· Consumers in roadside markets.
· Vendors who in turn sell to consumers. Most vendors assemble and conduct their business near residential area such as corporate housing estates, densely populated areas of a town or village.
· Peddlers or hawkers who deliver milk to customers residence.

The disadvantage of this method is price and market uncertainty to farmers.

5.2. Producer-Customer Informal Contracts

This involves an informal contract where a farmer delivers milk to a customer on daily basis and payments are normally done at the end of the month. Such arrangements are common where a producer and the customer resides in a neighbourhood. The advantage of this method is that a farmer is assured of his or her income. However, a farmer may fail to raise the price of milk before the expiry of the contract even if the overall milk price in the market has increased.

5.3. Commercial Centres

Under this channel farmers sell their milk to hotels, restaurants, etc. Sometimes farmers make contracts with their customers.

5.4. Institutions

Some farmers sell their milk to institutions such as schools including nurseries, colleges, hospitals and industrial or other corporate canteens. This marketing channel is common for large scale milk producers.

5.5. Processors

Milk processors purchase milk from farmers to produce ice cream, yoghurt, skimmed milk and other products.

5.5. Cooperatives

Tanzania Dairies Limited (TDL) which is a parastatal, has been a major buyer of milk from farmers cooperatives. In addition to locally produced milk, TDL has been reconstituting powdered milk donated by then European Economic Community (EEC) and World Food Program (WFP) in order to satisfy country's demand for milk. Under the agreement between Government of Tanzania, EEC and WFP, funds generated from the sale proceeds of the reconstituted milk is to be used to develop the local dairy industry. To protect local producers, imported product must be charged out to TDL at a price not more or less than the factory door producer price of fresh milk. However, TDL purchases from local producers has been declining due to overall decrease in its factory production. For example in 1977 TDL purchases of locally produced milk amounted 11.3 mil. litres but decreases to 4.1 mil. litres in 1992. Milk cooperatives are mostly found in areas around TDL plants in Arusha, Moshi, Musoma, Dar es salaam, Tanga, Tabora and Mbeya.

6. Temporal and spatial analysis of milk price in Tanzania

Analysis of price changes over time (Temporal analysis) is important in forecasting future prices. Seasonal price difference can influence quantity of commodities stocked for the future. Storage cost is an important component in temporal analysis of price. Perishability of milk limit its storage to enable farmers to take advantage of seasonal price difference. However, understanding of seasonal price difference can enable farmers to plan calving months of their dairy cows so that peak production periods coincides with high milk price. However, success of this plan depends in other factors such as availability of animal feeds.

Also, understanding of price difference for agricultural commodities between regions is important because it helps to speculate the direction of movement for commodities. Transport cost is an important component in spatial analysis of price. Normally, commodities are moved towards regions with higher prices. Lack of refrigerated facilities by Tanzania smallholder farmers, limit transport of milk to take advantage of regional price difference. However, the information is important in making decisions such as where to establish dairy farms, heifer farms or related projects. Also, milk prices can indirectly have a significant effect in determining the direction of movement of diary farm inputs such as animal feeds, veterinary drugs and heifers. Processing of milk into less perishable forms such as powdered milk, cheese, butter etc., improves both transportability and keeping quality of milk so as to take advantage of regional and seasonal price differences, respectively.

Table 5 provides average prices of milk for the years 1986 to 1994. Results indicate that in the last nine years price of milk has been increasing steadily. On average, between January 1986 and December 1994, milk price in Tanzania increased by 660 % which suggest unproportional fast growth of milk demand relative to supply. Inflation could be another factor as it leads to increase in both production costs and commodity prices. When milk price is deflated by using Consumers price index (to eliminate inflation effect), the real change in price between 1986 and 1993 is 35.4 % which is also high (Table 5). In the same period real minimum wages increased by only 7.35% thus suggesting that the increase in milk price favoured producers while consumers were disadvantaged.

The highest increase in milk price occurred in the Southern coast (958%) followed by Northern Coast (883%). Small number of livestock in the Southern Coast due to tsetse infestation could be contributing to milk shortage. Rapid urbanization of Northern Coast cities of Dar es salaam and Tanga is likely to have increases milk demand. The Northern and Southern Coasts accounts for 26.82% of Tanzanian human population but cattle number is only 7.69% of the country population (Table 2). Smallest milk price changes are observed in Lake Victoria zone where a third of country's cattle population is found.

Table 5. Tanzania: Mean Annual Milk Prices (in Sh./Litre)

Year	Northern Zone	Northern Coast	Lake Victoria	Western Zone	Central Zone	Southern Highlands	Southern Coast	Tanzania Mean
1986	18.7	15.3	14.2	29.2	15.0	13.9	11.8	14.9
1987	26.0	23.9	20.6	37.4	20.3	22.2	22.8	24.7
1988	37.0	34.5	27.8	44.8	30.4	26.9	31.6	33.3
1989	52.8	50.2	37.5	61.2	41.8	42.0	42.8	46.9
1990	72.6	73.5	52.1	79.6	64.1	58.6	67.6	66.9
1991	91.6	95.0	62.8	100.5	79.5	82.3	97.4	87.0
1992	94.0	123.6	67.3	127.3	74.4	77.9	84.8	92.8
1993	89.4	144.3	66.0	115.2	76.1	88.3	89.2	95.5
1994	98.8	150.4	67.1	139.3	104.0	107.9	124.8	113.2
Zone Mean	70.5	94.14	50.8	91.60	71.38	65.9	79.6	82.17
86-94% change	428	883	372	377	593	676	958	660

Table 6. Tanzania: Milk prices and minimum wages

Year	Consumers price index (1977=100)	Nominal Milk Price (Sh./L)	Real Milk Price (Sh./L)	Nominal Minimum Wage (Sh.)	Real Minimum Wage (Sh.)
1986	775.4	14.9	1.92	775.4	136
1987	1007.4	24.7	2.45	1007.4	136
1988	1321.6	33.3	2.52	1321.6	125
1989	1663.2	46.9	2.82	1663.2	125
1990	1990.8	66.9	3.36	1990.8	176
1991	2434.8	87.0	3.57	2434.8	205
1992	2972.2	92.8	3.12	2972.2	168
1993	3669.7	95.5	2.60	3669.7	146
1994		113.2		10000

Table 7 shows average prices of milk in 12 months of the year. In general milk prices are higher in the second half of the year than the first half. The observed price patterns correspond nicely to the intuitive expectation that seasonal (monthly) price movements follow availability of pastures which in turn is determined by rainfall and other climatic conditions. The second half of the year is normally drier than the first half and pastures are scanty and of low quality thus leading to low production of milk which in turn leads to high milk price.

Seasonably of milk price is most remarkable in the semi-arid central zone where price change between minimum and maximum months is 49.56%. Other zones with large seasonal price fluctuations are the Lake Victoria Southern coast. The northern zone and temperate Southern Highlands have the most stable prices. These two zones normally do not experience extreme climatical conditions.

Table 7. Tanzania: Mean Monthly Milk Prices (in Sh./Litre), 1986-1994

Month	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
Jan	40.1	67.6	27.6	57.2	36.3	49.5	36.4	43.8
Feb	48.8	67.4	37.2	52.5	43.4	45.7	40.2	47.3
Mar	42.7	63.7	34.0	65.0	40.4	49.6	41.7	46.2
Apr	53.7	67.3	36.0	73.0	35.9	49.1	42.1	48.5
May	53.3	65.4	37.5	64.4	35.9	48.3	40.9	47.6
Jun	53.5	74.2	33.9	76.1	34.1	48.0	32.5	47.3
Jul	54.1	70.3	38.5	62.3	40.0	46.3	40.5	48.9
Aug	53.7	69.8	28.0	50.6	40.3	46.5	42.8	47.5
Sep	43.4	67.0	34.5	60.5	45.2	52.8	49.2	49.4
Oct	43.9	69.9	37.6	78.8	41.0	53.1	50.5	50.6
Nov	51.6	71.9	38.4	55.8	51.0	44.5	38.4	50.2
Dec	50.4	64.8	35.1	62.7	40.6	47.0	44.4	47.9
Range	14.0	10.5	10.9	18.3	16.9	8.6	14.4	6.8
Change Min-Max- (%)	34.91	16.5	39.5	30.2	49.6	19.3	39.6	15.5

1. Northern Zone
2. Northern Coast
3. Lake Victoria.
4. Western Zone
5. Central zone
6. Southern Highlands
7. Southern Coast.
8. Average for Tanzania.

7. Conclusions

Liberalization of markets, a large increase in price of milk over the past 9 years, consumers special preference for fresh milk and the decrease in human population mean age, all speculate expanding demand for fresh milk. However, the market share of smallholder farmers, especially those who depend in urban markets is likely to diminish due to large quantities of high quality milk produced by urban and peri-urban medium and large farmers. Smallholder can still compete well in the market if they can increase the quality of milk they produce through better feeding of their cattle and handling of milk in a more hygienical way. Formation of cooperatives where they do not exist to increase milk volume would increase their competitiveness.

References

Bukuku, E.S. (1993). The Tanzania Economy: Income Distribution and Economic Growth. Westport Connecticut.

Mayeye P.C.T., (1995) "Has consumer behaviour changed on food in the consumer price index basket since 1969?". Paper presented in a consumer price index workshop held in Tanga, 6th-8th February 1995.

Marketing Development Bureau, MDB (1993), A Review of Ruminant Livestock Industry. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Dar es salaam, December 1993.

Mkai, C.P.B., (1995) "The relationship between a household budget survey and consumer price index". Paper presented in a consumer price index workshop held in Tanga, 6th-8th February 1995.

Mrema, M. (1994). " Milk marketing in Morogoro District". A special project submitted to Sokoine University of Agriculture in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of bachelor of science in agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.

Mvena, Z.K.S., (1991). "Urban agriculture in Tanzania: A study of six towns". Draft report submitted to IDRC. Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.

Nyange, D.A. et al., (1994) "Urban horticulture in Tanzania: A study on production, marketing and consumption". Draft report submitted to GTZ Urban Vegetable Promotion Project., Arusha, Tanzania.

DISCUSSION:

Q. Mr. Boki, KJ.

It is mentioned in the paper that TDL is the major buyer of milk. Did it mean processing or buying? Because out of 590,000,000 litres of milk produced TDL buys a little. Please should comment.

Response: Nyange

It meant TDL is the major buyer of milk from Corporation.

Q. Dr. Mwakatundu

Observations:

i) In the paper it said livestock census of 1984 cattle population was 12.5 m, the present number is 13 million
ii) Agric. contribution in GDP is 50%

Response.

The data in the paper are outdated hence the observation from Dr. Mwakatundu are latest and valid.

Q. Dr. Mwakatundu, G.

It has been stated that consumers prefer fresh milk compared to reconstituted milk. What is the price differential between the two.

Response:

From the household budget survey it is indicated that out of Tshs. 100, urban consumers spend Tshs.93.69 for fresh milk. Rural consumers spend the Tshs. 100 for fresh milk. The study did not look at price differentials between fresh and reconstituted milk.

Appendix I. Tanzania: Cattle Populations

Region	Human Population 1988	Cattle Owners	Indigenous Cattle	Beef Cattle	Dairy Cattle	Total No. of Cattle
Arusha	1351675	31254	1825034	16823	33033	1874890
Coast	638015	1336	80464	5805	2754	89023
DSM	1360850	NA	4306	118	2186	6610
Dodoma	1237819	30013	1006971	11828	2700	1021490
Iringa	1208914	29371	472909	2526	10184	485619
Kagera	1326183	24379	351509	11553	14915	341977
Kigoma	854817	10718	62342	0	482	62824
K'njaro	1108699	82431	341079	8503	18494	368074
Lindi	646550	372	5009	533	885	6427
Mara	.970942	37306	969930	3476	3934	977340
Mbeya	1476199	50414	902409	138	5537	908084
Morogoro	1222737	3487	317214	12274	5373	334861
Mtwara	889494	1497	13393	124	1267	14784
Mwanza	1878271	67127	1362495	165	3472	1366132
Rukwa	694974	14043	392692	110	1449	394251
Ruvuma	783327	7161	37227	674	1718	39619
Shinyanga	1772549	72902	1900548	203	3299	1904050
Singida	791814	46313	945154	655	727	94&536
Tabora	1036293	27049	931793	2083	379	934255
Tanga	1283636	27655	425073	22374	6231	453678
Tanzania	22533758	564828	12347551	99965	119019	12530530

Source: 1984 Livestock census; 1988 Human population census