Annexes

Annex 1 - Why City Managers Face Growing Food Supply and Distribution Problems
Annex 2 - Examples of Interventions at Regional Metropolitan, Urban and Local Level
Annex 3 - Needs of Food Supply and Distribution Agents
Annex 4 - Role of City and Local Authorities to Reduce Difficulties Faced by Food Supply and Distribution Agents
Annex 5 - Role of Urban Planners in Supporting Urban and Periurban Food Production
Annex 6 - Relation between Policy Goals and Objectives: An Example
Annex 7 - Urban Markets: Responsibility for Providing Infrastructure, Facilities and Services
Annex 8 - An “Urban” Programme and an “Urban Distribution” Subprogramme Arranged by Action Plans
Annex 9 - From Constraint Analysis to Policy Implementation and Monitoring
Annex 10 - Urban Food Supply and Distribution Policy: Management Structure
Annex 11 - Suggested Reading

If the challenge of feeding cities and the growing number of poor urban households is met adequately, the development of periurban and rural areas will also be promoted.

Annex 1 - Why City Managers Face Growing Food Supply and Distribution Problems

Insufficient concern and focus

Most city and local authorities believe that food supply and distribution issues are not their responsibility. Their emphasis is on public health, education, housing, environment, sanitation and traffic control. However, the most typical functions of city and local authorities affect food supply and distribution systems directly or indirectly. Food supply and distribution aspects are not successfully taken into account in planning at regional, metropolitan, urban and local level.

Fragmented boundaries

Jurisdiction over cities is often fragmented between a number of city and local authorities varying in size and legal status. This limits their capacity to regulate physical development of urban settlements and ensure provision of essential market infrastructure, facilities and services.

Fragmented responsibilities

Responsibility for providing market and transport infrastructure as well as facilities and services for food suppliers and distributors is often fragmented between a number of agencies controlled at various levels of government. Functions often overlap at the city level. Policy coordination and accountability are often weak.

Uninformed decision-makers

City and local authorities tend to see urban food producers and traders as a nuisance because of the negative implications of their activities for public health, environment and traffic. Decisions may also be taken on the basis of political considerations rather than sound planning principles.

Weak city and local authorities

City and local authorities lack legal authority and resources to perform their statutory functions. They are dependent on central government for legislative authority to raise revenue, acquire land and control development.

Inadequate resources and expertise

City and local authorities’ direct interventions are constrained by scarce financial resources, technical and managerial expertise and limited understanding of food supply and distribution systems.

Annex 2 - Examples of Interventions at Regional Metropolitan, Urban and Local Level

Regional level Food supply to cities Promote and regulate rural food production. Rehabilitate, locate and construct rural assembly markets. Improve rural-urban transport infrastructure and services. Develop market information and marketing extension services. Facilitate access to credit for farmers, traders and transporters. Health and environment Assistance in correctly using fertilizers and pesticides.

Metropolitan level Food supply to cities Promote and regulate periurban food production. Improve food transport flow to the city. Facilitate access to credit for farmers, traders and transporters. Rehabilitate, locate and construct slaughterhouses. Urban food distribution Rehabilitate, locate, construct, maintain and manage wholesale markets. Health and environment Locate and regulate market and slaughterhouse waste disposal. Provide appropriate water and sanitation infrastructure.

Urban level Food supply to cities Promote and regulate urban food production. Urban food distribution Rehabilitate, relocate and construct, maintain and manage retail markets. Relocate and develop shopping centres. Facilitate access by vehicles to parking facilities around markets. Provide and improve facilities and services for informal retail activities. Improve intra-urban transport facilities. Health and environment Design adequate waste collection and management systems and infrastructure. Provide appropriate water, sanitation and infrastructure.

Local level Food supply to cities Promote and regulate urban food production. Urban food distribution Encourage improvement of food shops and sales from homes. Improve facilities and services for informal retail activities. Health and environment Support informal/private waste collection systems. Provide appropriate water, sanitation and basic infrastructure.

Source: Balbo, M., Visser, C. and Argenti, O., 2000.

Annex 3 - Needs of Food Supply and Distribution Agents

Producers

• Land tenure security.
• Advice on the proper use of improved seeds and chemical products.
• Safe water for irrigation.
• Facilities for disposing of environmentally hazardous farm waste.
• Information about the appropriate use of city waste as fertilizer.
• Appropriate skills for handling, packing, transporting, etc.
• Credit for farm investments, production and marketing campaigns.
• Assembly markets.
• Transport facilities.
• Direct sales to consumers.
• Opportunities to supply supermarkets direct on contract.

Transporters

• Improved state of roads decreasing the need to repair vehicles.
• Affordable and reliable vehicle spare parts.
• Credit to buy and/or maintain vehicles in satisfactory condition.
• Adequate space and facilities for parking and produce (un)loading, allowing flow of produce into and out of markets to decrease the cost of using trucks.
• Simplified document requirements and procedures.
• Lower burden of local taxes imposed along transport routes.
• Well-managed markets.
• No harassment by police and other security agencies causing costly delays and payment of bribes at official and unofficial road checkpoints.
• Proper sleeping and eating facilities.
• Clean toilets.
• Adequate water.
• Pertinent market regulations.
• Garbage disposal facilities.
• Ample lighting.
• Security for vehicles and cargo.
• First-aid, post offices, telephones, faxes and loudspeakers.
• Suitable skills for handling, packing, transporting, management, etc.

Transport costs often represent the bulk of marketing costs. Food transporters need roads, parking, loading, unloading, resting facilities, vehicle and cargo security.

Traders and Shopkeepers

• Financial resources to widen the scale of their operations, thus reducing average operating costs.
• Sufficient parking facilities allowing easy flow of produce into and out of market.
• Clean and dry trading surroundings.
• Waste disposal facilities.
• Clean toilets.
• Adequate water supply.
• In-market storage facilities (including cold stores for butchers and fishmongers) and sorting facilities.
• Easy access to banks for deposits.
• Market information.
• Protection from, heat, moisture, dust and other pollutants.
• Appropriate skills for packing, handling, transporting, management, etc.
• Responsive and efficient market management.
• Appropriate market regulations and simplified document procedures and requirements.
• Fences and security for persons and property.
• Child day-care facilities.
• First-aid, post offices, e-mail, telephones, faxes.
• No police harassment.

Market Managers

• Clear objectives and stable mandate.
• Thorough understanding of food market and marketing realities.
• An effective dialogue with all market users.
• Satisfactory information and skills.
• Authority to enforce market regulations.
• Enough funds to maintain market facilities and services and keep markets clean.
• Simplified document requirements and procedures.
• Qualified staff, equipment and resources.
• Ample lighting and electrical systems.
• First-aid, post offices, e-mail, telephones, faxes and loudspeakers.
• Cold store facilities for butchers and fishmongers.

Consumers

• A variety of good quality food at reasonable prices.
• Clean, dry and hygienic market environment.
• Well-managed markets.
• Personal security when visiting markets.
• Fair trading practices and concrete action against fraud.
• Garbage disposal facilities.
• Telephone facilities.
• Parking facilities.
• Clean toilets.

When there are no toilets, market traders have no choice. Will they wash their hands if water is not available?

Annex 4 - Role of City and Local Authorities to Reduce Difficulties Faced by Food Supply and Distribution Agents

Constraints	Instruments	Collaboration with:
Lack of trade finance.	Support initiatives to improve supply of finance to micro-entrepreneurs. Encourage secure and transferable ownership of stocks.	Private financial intermediaries, government institutions and non governmental organizations.
Transport:
Poor rural-urban transport facilities.	Ensure, through policy dialogue, that rural-urban road, water transport and rail infrastructure development plans take account of the needs of food trade.	Trader and transporter associations and central government agencies involved in urban planning, transport and communications.
Lack of parking and handling facilities at urban markets and slaughterhouses.	Locate markets and slaughterhouses at sites with adequate parking space. Invest in off-loading and sorting facilities at markets.	Trader and transporter associations and central government agencies involved in urban planning.
Tax burden on traders (especially collectors) and transporters.	Rationalize policy on taxes and levies imposed on food products in transit to cities.	City and local authorities on food supply routes and ministries of local government and finance.
Bribes and delays at security checkpoints.	Encourage, through policy dialogue, reduction in number of checkpoints and improved standards of discipline among security personnel.	Trader and transporter associations; Ministry of the Interior and security agencies.
Lack of warehouse and storage facilities.	Promote private investment in warehouse and storage facilities through providing serviced sites and transport facilities. Promote warehouse-management training.	Trader associations, Ministry of Finance, investment promotion centers and training institutions.
Food traders have inadequate trading, financial and management skills.	Training programmes and information campaigns.	Trader associations, media and training institutions.
Health, environment and security:
Lack of effective food quality control.	Ensure, through dialogue with relevant agencies, revision and strict enforcement of laws on food quality and consumer protection. Educate traders(especially street food sellers) and consumers through training and public information campaigns.	Trade and consumer associations, legislators, food standards body, law enforcement agencies, media and training institutions.
Unhygienic conditions at markets and slaughterhouses.	Provide basic shelter, drainage, sanitation, waste disposal facilities. Revise and enforce bylaws and educate traders on hygiene standards at markets. Educate consumers on food hygiene.	Trade and consumer associations, legislators, food standards body, law enforcement agencies, media and training institutions.
Lack of security at markets.	Provide fences and the presence of police or private guardians.	Trade, transporter and consumer associations; Ministry of the Interior and security agencies.

Congested urban markets cannot accommodate increasing quantities of food. Thus spontaneous markets are generated.

Consumers need concrete action against possible fraud in food markets

Annex 5 - Role of Urban Planners in Supporting Urban and Periurban Food Production

Scale of Intervention	Action	Role of Planner
Regional, metropolitan and urban.	Stop destroying food crops and evicting food producers from public lands under cultivation.	Contribute to the formulation and adoption of policies which recognize the role of urban and periurban food production.
National legislation; urban and local land regulations.	Revise land-use and ownership legislation and regulations and improve their applicability.	Identify norms, regulations and documents to be modified.
Regional, metropolitan and urban.	Adopt simple “zoning regulations” to support urban and periurban food production and livestock activities.	Prepare “zoning regulations”.
Urban and local.	Define criteria for land allocation.	Preparation of public-private leasehold contracts.
Regional, metropolitan and urban.	Constitute land reservoirs for urban and periurban food production in future urbanized areas.	Elaborate strategic planning documents identifying areas to be assigned to urban and periurban food production.
Urban and local.	Provide safe water for irrigation and safe fertilizers using city waste.	Prepare plans for safe water facilities and for processing city waste into safe fertilizers. Information campaigns on health and environment consequences of unsatisfactory use of water and city waste.

Source: Balbo, M., Visser, C. and Argenti, O., 2000.

Annex 6 - Relation between Policy Goals and Objectives: An Example

Policy Goal “Improved access, within ten years, by urban low-income households, to stable supplies of low-cost good quality food, through more efficient, hygienic and environmentally sound food supply and distribution systems.”
Objective 1 INCREASED CONSUMER, TRADER AND TRANSPORTER SATISFACTION WITH THE CONDITIONS OF URBAN FOOD MARKETS WITHIN THREE YEARS	Objective 2 PROGRESSIVE REDUCTION, THROUGH CLEANER URBAN MARKETS, IN FOOD CONTAMINATION AS REPORTED BY ROUTINE MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE
Possible concerned units: Municipality: Market Infrastructure, Transport, Municipal Police and Health Departments; Ministries of Commerce, Agriculture, Transport and Health; Interior(Police Department); Chambers of Commerce and Agriculture; Transporter, Trader and Consumer Associations.	Possible concerned units: Municipality: Market Infrastructure, Health and City Garbage Collection Departments; Ministries of Health, Commerce and Transport; Market Trader and Consumer Associations.

Traders and shopkeepers need to follow good hygiene practices in handling and processing fish as well as keeping clean trading surroundings. Fish markets and shops need adequate facilities including water, ice, waste bins and cold stores.

Annex 7 - Urban Markets: Responsibility for Providing Infrastructure, Facilities and Services

Infrastructure, Facilities and Services	Characteristics and Form of Provision	Provider and Responsibilities
Basic trading infrastructure located in major business districts: market stalls, shops and warehouses.	Feasible to charge economic user fees because of private good characteristics. Therefore commercial provision (by private or public-private mix) is possible.	Planning and design: city and local authorities (CLAs). Investment: mix of CLAs and private capital (including prefinance by traders). Management: autonomous, arms-length agency with clear commercial mandate or private.
Basic trading infrastructure located in poor suburbs/slums: market stalls and shops.	Private investment in open markets may be inadequate by possible limited returns. Charging economic user-fees is feasible but exclusion of non payers may have wider health and environmental effects. Possibility of mixed provision. Private food shops and sales from homes need to be encouraged.	Planning and design: CLAs. Investment: mix of CLA, community and trader associations and community labour. Management: community or trader associations.
Cold storage facilities, slaughterhouses, on-site processing plants and transport.	Commercial provision. Those provided by governments tend to suffer from poor management and maintenance.	Planning guidelines and regulation: CLAs. Design, investment and management: private.
Parking space and child day-care facilities.	Charging economic user-fees is feasible but exclusion of non-payers may have wider social and environmental effects.	Planning, design and investment in infrastructure: CLAs (private only in major business districts). Management: private.
Roads, public drains and sanitation facilities.	Difficult to exclude non payers and negative effects of non- provision on others. Public provision necessary.	Planning and design: CLAs and Department of Urban Planning. Investment: central government(Ministry of Finance).
Regulations and policing including food import controls, quality control, health and food safety standards.	Typical example of public good.	Drafting bylaws and legislative instruments on standards: CLAs, food standards agency. Gazette regulations: central government (legislature). Enforcement: police and judiciary.

Annex 8 - An “Urban” Programme and an “Urban Distribution” Subprogramme Arranged by Action Plans

Urban Market Improvement - Action Plan

Expected results in six years:

1. Infrastructure improved in five urban markets.
2. Hygiene and safety standards defined and enforced.
3. Effective market management.

Food Retail Outlets in Low-Income Districts - Action Plan

Expected results in four years:

1. Four new open retail markets established.
2. Food traders and street vendors trained.
3. Appropriate regulations approved and enforced.
4. Consumers informed about fair trading practices and food hygiene.

Institution Strengthening - Action Plan

Expected results in two years:

1. Training programmes and material prepared on food supply and distribution.
2. Municipal technical staff trained.
3. Decision-makers sensitized.

Annex 9 - From Constraint Analysis to Policy Implementation and Monitoring

FSD	Food supply and distribution
FSDS	Food supply and distribution system

Annex 10 - Urban Food Supply and Distribution Policy: Management Structure

FSD	Food supply and distribution

Source: adapted from Onumah, E. G. and Hubbard, M., 1999.

Annex 11 - Suggested Reading

General reading

Aho, G., Larivière, S. and Martin, F. 1998. Poverty Analysis Manual. With Applications in Benin. Laval. Université Laval and UNDP.

Argenti, O. 1999. Urban Food Security and Food Marketing. A Challenge to Cities and Local Authorities. “Food into Cities” Collection, DT/40-99E. Rome, FAO.

Argenti, O. (ed.). 1999. Food into Cities: Selected Papers. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin No. 132. Rome, FAO.

FAO. 1998. Feeding the Cities. In: The State of Food and Agriculture 1998. “Food into Cities” Collection, DT/39-98E.Rome.

Garrett, J. L. and Ruel, M. T. (ed.). 2000. Achieving Urban Food and Nutrition Security in the Developing World. 2020 Vision Focus 3, August 2000. Washington, D.C., IFPRI.

Wilhelm, L. 1997. Food Supply and Distribution to Francophone African Cities. Synthesis of the papers presented to the FAO-ISRA Sub-Regional Seminar, Dakar, 14-17 April 1997. “Food into Cities” Collection, DT/31-99E. Rome, FAO.

FSDS analysis, policies and programmes

Aragrande, M. and Argenti, O. 1999. Studying Food Supply and Distribution Systems to Cities in Developing Countries. Methodological and Operational Guide. “Food into Cities” Collection, DT/36-01E. Rome, FAO.

Balbo, M., Visser, C. and Argenti, O. 2000. Food Supply and Distribution to Cities in Developing Countries. A Guide for Urban Planners and Managers. “Food into Cities” Collection, DT/44-00E. Rome, FAO.

Cullinan, C. 1997. Legal Aspects of Urban Food Marketing Supply and Distribution. “Food into Cities” Collection, DT/14-97E. Rome, FAO.

Cullinan, C. 2000. Law and Markets. Improving the Legal Environment for Agricultural Marketing. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin No. 139. Rome, FAO.

FAO. 1999. Food into Cities. North-South Partnerships and Technical Cooperation between city and local authorities. “Food into Cities” Collection, DIG/11-99E. Rome.

Hugon, Ph. et Kervarek, F. Politiques municipales d’appui au secteur alimentaire informel. “Food into Cities” Collection, DT/45-01F. Rome,FAO.

Onumah, G.E. and Hubbard, M. 1999. Urban Food Supply and Distribution: a Policy Approach to Urban Poverty Alleviation. “Food into Cities” Collection, DT/41-99E. Rome, FAO.

Tracey-White, J. 2000. Market Infrastructure Planning. AGuide for Decision Makers. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin No. 141. Rome, FAO.

Urban and periurban food production

FAO. 2000. APolicy Framework for Municipal Authorities on Growing Cities, Growing Food. Rome.

Quon, S. 1999. Planning for Urban Agriculture. A Review of Tools and Strategies for Urban Planners. Cities Feeding People Series, Report No. 28. Ottawa, IDRC.

Health and environment

- 1999. Urban Challenges to Food and Nutrition Security in the Developing World. World Development, Volume 27(11). Oxford, UK, Elsevier Science Ltd.

Atkinson, A. and Allen, A. 1998. The Urban Environment in Development Cooperation. An Overview. Brussels, European Commission.

FAO. 1999. Urban and Periurban Forestry. Case Studies in Developing Countries. Rome.

Workshop reports and case studies

These documents may be freely downloaded from the SADA Web site:

• reports of workshops and seminars (AC);
• case studies (EC).