TABLE 1
Inventory of draught animals and implements per
DAP-owning household by field site
|
Ghana |
Ethiopia |
Uganda |
United Republic of Tanzania |
Malawi |
Zambia |
|||||
|
Babatokuma
|
Habru Seftu |
Kokate Marachere |
Kacaboi |
Kapchesombe |
Mvomero |
Msingisi |
Lodjwa |
Mwansambo |
Nteme |
Simupande |
Animals |
· pair of bullocks |
· 1 pair of oxen only for ploughing; |
· 2 oxen |
· pair of oxen |
· pair of oxen |
· 1 - 2 pairs of oxen for ploughing and
transport |
· 1 - 3 pairs of oxen |
· oxen |
· oxen |
· minimum of 2 pairs of oxen; also donkeys |
· 2 pairs of oxen |
Plough |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
Ridger |
X |
- |
- |
- |
- |
X |
occasionally |
X |
X |
- |
occasionally |
Planter |
- |
- |
- |
- |
occasionally |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
occasionally |
Weeder or cultivator |
- |
- |
- |
- |
occasionally |
X |
- |
- |
- |
X |
occasionally |
Cart |
X |
- |
- |
- |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
Sledge |
- |
- |
- |
X |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
TABLE 2
Inventory of tractors and equipment per
tractor-owning household by field site
|
Babatokuma, Ghana |
Sanchitagi, Nigeria |
Kacaboi, Uganda |
Kapchesombe, Uganda |
Mvomero, United Republic of Tanzania |
Msingisi, United Republic of Tanzania |
Tractor ownership |
· 4 individuals |
· 5 operational owned by individuals |
· 2 individuals |
· 4 individuals |
· 7 owned by 4 individuals |
· 2 individuals |
|
|
· 5 operational owned by 3 cooperative groups (also own 3 unserviceable tractors) |
· 2 organizations |
|
|
|
Disc plough |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
Disc harrow |
X |
X |
X |
- |
X |
- |
Ridger |
- |
X |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Planter |
- |
- |
- |
- |
X |
- |
Cart/trailer |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
TABLE 3
Principal* users and owners of implements by
field site
|
Babatokuma, Ghana |
Gyangyanadze, Ghana |
Sanchitagi, Nigeria |
Ojo, Nigeria |
Habru Seftu, Ethiopia |
K Marachere, Ethiopia |
||||||||||||||
|
Use |
Own |
Use |
Own |
Use |
Own |
Use |
Own |
Use |
Use |
||||||||||
|
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
Hoe |
|
X |
|
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
X |
|
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
Axe |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
X |
X |
|
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
X |
X |
X |
Panga/machete |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cutlass |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
|
|
|
Sickle |
X |
|
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
X |
X |
Spraying equipment |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
|
|
|
|
X |
|
X |
|
|
|
|
Irrigation equipment |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Post-harvest equipment |
X |
|
|
X |
X |
|
|
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
X |
|
|
X |
|
X |
Percentage use/own |
43 |
71 |
29 |
86 |
50 |
83 |
33 |
100 |
60 |
100 |
40 |
100 |
67 |
83 |
67 |
83 |
25 |
100 |
75 |
100 |
|
Kacaboi, Uganda |
Kapchesombe, Uganda |
United Republic of Tanzania |
Mwansambo, Malawi |
Nteme, Zambia |
Simupande, Zambia |
||||||||||||||||||
|
Use |
Own |
Use |
Own |
Use |
Own |
Use |
Own |
Use |
Own |
Use |
Own |
||||||||||||
|
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
Hoe |
X |
X |
|
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
|
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
Axe |
|
X |
|
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
X |
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
Panga/machete |
X |
|
|
X |
X |
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
Cutlass |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sickle |
X |
|
X |
|
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
X |
|
Spraying equipment |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
X |
|
X |
|
|
|
|
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
X |
Irrigation equipment |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
X |
|
|
|
Post-harvest equipment |
No data |
No data |
X |
|
No data |
|
|
|
|
No data |
No data |
X |
|
X |
X |
No data |
No data |
|||||||
Percentage use/own |
75 |
50 |
25 |
75 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
100 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
80 |
50 |
75 |
50 |
75 |
67 |
67 |
50 |
100 |
83 |
67 |
50 |
67 |
Notes: Sickle in Kacaboi refers to knife.
Post-harvest equipment in Ethiopia refers only to threshing and winnowing.
* Principal user/owner focuses on the main person associated with a tool or implement; the other sex may also use/own to a limited extent.
F = female; M = male.
TABLE 4
Principal* users and owners of draught animals
and implements by field site
|
Babatokuma, Ghana |
Ethiopia |
Kacaboi, Uganda |
Kapchesombe, Uganda |
United Republic of Tanzania |
|||||||||||||
|
Use |
Own |
Use |
Use |
Own |
Use |
Own |
Use |
Own |
|||||||||
|
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
Draught animals |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
X |
|
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
Plough |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
X |
|
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
Cart |
X |
|
|
X |
|
|
|
X |
|
X |
X |
|
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
Vet services |
|
X |
|
|
|
|
|
X |
|
|
X |
|
|
|
|
X |
|
|
Spraying/dipping |
|
X |
|
|
|
|
|
X |
|
|
X |
|
|
|
|
X |
|
|
Training |
|
X |
|
|
|
|
X |
X |
|
|
X |
|
|
|
|
X |
|
|
R and M services |
|
X |
|
|
|
|
|
X |
|
|
X |
|
|
|
|
X |
|
|
Extension services |
|
X |
|
|
|
|
|
X |
|
|
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes:
* Principal user/owner focuses on the main person associated with a tool or implement; the other sex may also use/own to a limited extent. R and M = Repair and maintenance; F = female; M = male.
TABLE 5
Replacement rates (years) of tools and equipment
by field site
Tools and equipment |
Babatokuma, Ghana |
Gyangyanadze, Ghana |
Sanchitagi, Nigeria |
Ojo, Nigeria |
Mvomero, United Republic of Tanzania |
Msingisi, United Republic of Tanzania |
Lodjwa, Malawi |
Mwansambo, Malawi |
Nteme, Zambia |
Simupande, Zambia |
Hand tools |
||||||||||
Hoe |
1 |
2 |
2 - 4 |
1 - 2 |
3 |
2 |
1.5 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
Axe |
2 |
2 |
2 - 3 |
3 - 4 |
3 |
15 |
5 - 10 |
15 |
5 |
5 - 6 |
Panga/machete |
0.5 |
1 |
- |
- |
4 |
15 |
5 |
5 |
3 |
3 |
Cutlass |
0.5 |
0.5 |
5 - 10 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Sickle |
1 |
- |
2 - 6 |
4 - 5 |
1 |
2 |
1 - 3 |
5 |
3 |
10 - 20 |
Spraying equipment |
8 |
6 |
- |
6 |
10 |
10 |
8 |
10 |
10 |
6 |
Treadle pump |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
Maize mill/hand grinder |
10 |
10 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
10 - 15 |
- |
Processing drum |
- |
- |
10 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Draught animals and implements |
||||||||||
Draught animals |
9 |
- |
- |
- |
5 - 6 |
5 - 6 |
10 |
10 |
5 - 8 |
5 - 10 |
Plough |
5 - 6 |
- |
- |
- |
3 |
8 |
1 - life |
30 |
2 - 3 |
permanent |
Cart |
4 |
- |
- |
- |
3 - 5 |
3 - 5 |
15 - 20 |
20 |
5 - 10 |
15 - 30 |
Plough shares |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
1 - 2 |
1 - 2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Tractors and implements |
||||||||||
Tractor |
10 - 15 |
- |
15 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Implements |
6 |
- |
3 - 6 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Frames for implements |
- |
- |
20 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
TABLE 6
Responsibility for expenditure on tools,
implements and farm-power hire services by field site
|
Babatokuma, Ghana |
Gyangyanadze, Ghana |
Sanchitagi, Nigeria |
Ojo, Nigeria |
Habru Seftu, Ethiopia |
Kacaboi, Uganda |
Kapchscombe, Uganda |
|||||||
|
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
Hand tools |
|
X |
|
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
X |
X |
X |
|
X |
Draught animals |
|
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
X |
|
|
|
|
DAP implements |
|
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
X |
|
|
|
X |
Tractors |
|
X |
|
|
|
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tractors R and M |
|
X |
|
|
|
X |
|
|
|
|
|
X |
|
|
Hire services |
||||||||||||||
Labour |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
X |
X |
X |
|
X |
DAP |
X |
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
X |
X |
Tractors |
X |
X |
|
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lodjwa, Malawi |
Mvomero, United Republic of Tanzania |
Msingisi, United Republic of Tanzania |
Nteme, Zambia |
Simupande, Zambia |
|||||
|
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
Hand tools |
|
|
|
X |
|
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
Draught animals |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
DAP implements |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
|
X |
Tractors |
|
|
|
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tractor R and M |
|
|
|
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hire services |
||||||||||
Labour X |
|
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
DAP X |
|
X |
|
|
|
|
|
X |
|
|
Tractors |
|
|
|
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes:
R and M = Repair and maintenance; F = female; M = male.
TABLE 7
Distance travelled to purchase tools and
implements by field site
|
Hand tools |
Draught animals and implements |
Tractors and implements |
|||
|
Minimum |
Maximum |
Minimum |
Maximum |
Minimum |
Maximum |
|
(km) |
|||||
Babatokuma, Ghana |
16 |
200 |
16 |
80 |
200 |
410 |
Gyangyanadze, Ghana |
15 |
40 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Sanchitagi, Nigeria |
locally |
- |
- |
- |
50 |
150 |
Ojo, Nigeria |
locally |
10 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Habru Seftu, Ethiopia |
7 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
- |
- |
K Marachere, Ethiopia |
locally |
7 |
locally |
7 |
- |
- |
Kacaboi, Uganda |
5 |
10 |
5 |
20 |
15 |
300 |
Kapchesombe, Uganda |
locally |
30 |
10 |
50 |
20 |
300 |
Mvomero, United Republic of Tanzania |
locally |
- |
locally |
- |
75 |
275 |
Msingisi, United Republic of Tanzania |
locally |
5 |
5 |
150 |
150 |
350 |
Lodjwa, Malawi |
2 |
50 |
2 |
80 |
- |
- |
Mwansambo, Malawi |
5 |
70 |
70 |
120 |
- |
- |
Nteme, Zambia |
locally |
20 |
locally |
20 |
- |
- |
Simupande, Zambia |
locally |
30 |
locally |
100 |
- |
- |
Average (to nearest 5 km) |
5 |
35 |
10 |
60 |
85 |
300 |
Note: When calculating the average distance travelled, "locally" was assumed to be 5 km.