NUTRITION OF FISH AND CRUSTACEANS A LABORATORY MANUAL
|
NUTRITION OF FISH AND CRUSTACEANS A LABORATORY MANUAL |
| GOVERNMENTAL COOPERATIVE PROGRAMME FAO-ITALIA | ||
| GCP/RLA/102/ITA | AQUILA II PROJECT | FIELD DOCUMENT No19 |
By:
Miguel Angel Olvera-Novoa
Carlos A. Martínez-Palacios
Elizabeth Real de León
DOCUMENT PREPARED BY GCP/RLA/102/ITA PROJECT
“SUPPORT TO REGIONAL AQUACULTURE ACTIVITIES
IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN” — AQUILA II
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS - FAO
Mexico City, June
© FAO 1994
Hyperlinks to non-FAO Internet sites do not imply any official endorsement of or responsibility for the opinions, ideas, data or products presented at these locations, or guarantee the validity of the information provided. The sole purpose of links to non-FAO sites is to indicate further information available on related topics.
This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software. FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version.
2. PREPARING SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS
3.2.1 Simple method proposed by Chow et al. (1980)
3.2.2 Standard MAFF (1982) method for determining proteins in feedstuffs and feed ingredients.
3.6. Nitrogen-free extract (NFE)
4.1. Determination of fibre by acid detergent
4.2. Determination of fibre by neutral detergent
4.3. Ash insoluble in chlorhydric acid
4.4. Total available carbohydrates (Clegg-Anthrone)
4.5. Protein and non-protein nitrogen
4.6. Determination of proteins by Lowry's method
4.9. Ash soluble and insoluble in acid
4.11. Determination of phosphorus
4.12. Determination of sodium chloride
4.13. Determination of potassium
4.14. Quantification of chromic oxide in faeces and feeds (Furukawa and Tsukahara, 1966)
4.15. Carpenter's method for determining available lysine (Tejada, 1985)
5. ANTI-METABOLITES AND TOXINS IN FEEDSTUFFS
5.1. Rapid potenciometric method to measure urease activity in soyabean meal
5.2. Free gossypol in cottonseed meal
5.3. Determination of thioglucides
5.5. A rapid colorimetric method for the determination of mimosine (Matsumoto and Sherman, 1951)
5.6. Colorimetric method of determining canavanine (ARCHIBALD, 1946)
5.7. Determination of chlorhydric acid
5.8. Tannins in plants and fodders
5.9. Simple method for determining phytic acid (Wheeler and Ferrel, 1979)
5.10. Determination of saponins in plants and feeds (Fenwick and Oakenfull, 1983)
ANNEX 1. FEED CLASSES BY COMPOSITION AND USE
ANNEX 2. RECOMMENDED LIMITS FOR SOME UNDESIRABLE SUBSTANCES IN FEED INGREDIENTS
ANNEX 3. SOME ANTI-NUTRIENT FACTORS IDENTIFIED IN DIFFERENT FEED INGREDIENTS
Figure 1. Determination of humidity content in feed ingredients
Figure 2. Determination of crude protein by Kjeldahl's method
Figure 3. Standard MAFF method for determination of crude protein
Figure 4. Determination of lipids by Soxhlet's method
Figure 5. Determination of crude fiber
Figure 6. Determination of ash content in feed ingredients
Figure 7. Determination of fiber content by the acid detergent method
Figure 8. Determination of fiber content by the neutral detergent method
Figure 9. Determination of ash insoluble in chlorhydric acid - Method A
Figure 10. Determination of ash insoluble in chlorhydric acid - Method B
Figure 11. Determination of total carbohydrates available in feed
Figure 12. Determination of protein and non-protein nitrogen in feed
Figure 13. Determination of protein in feed by Lowry's method
Figure 14. Determination of urea contents in feed ingredients
Figure 15. Determination of uric acid in chicken manure and feed ingredients
Figure 16. Determination of ash soluble and insoluble in chlorhydric acid
Figure 17. Determination of calcium in feed and feed ingredients
Figure 18. Determination of phosphorus in diets and feed ingredients
Figure 19. Determination of sodium chloride in fish meal and other ingredients
Figure 20. Determination of potassium content in feed ingredients
Figure 21. Determination of chromic oxide in faeces and feeds
Figure 22. Determination of lysine available in feed ingredients
Figure 23. Determination of total available sugars in molasses
Figure 24. Determination of urease activity in soyabean meal and its derivatives
Figure 25. Determination of free gossypol in cottonseed meal
Figure 26. Determination of thioglucides in feed ingredients
Figure 27. Chromatographic determination of aflatoxins in feed ingredients
Figure 28. Colorimetric determination of mimosine in feed ingredients
Figure 29. Colorimetric determination of canavanine in feed ingredients
Figure 30. Determination of chlorhydric acid in feed ingredients
Figure 31. Determination of tannins in feed ingredients
Figure 32. Determination of phytic acid in feed ingredients
Figure 33. Determination of saponine in feed ingredients
| Claudio Gregorio | Project Director |
| Enrico Varsi | Aquaculture Expert |
| Juan Carlos de Wit | Associate Professional Officer |
| PROJECT HEADQUARTERS |
| FAO/AQUILAII - GCP/RLA/102/ITA c/o Dirección General de Acuacultura de SEPESCA Privada de Trini no10 Colonia San Jerónimo Lídice 10200 Mexico City, Mexico Tel.: (+52 5) 681–7866 (+52 5) 683–7022 ext. 102 Fax: (+52 5) 681–7866 (+52 5) 520–5755 Tlx.: 1772151 FAOMME |
Field Documents:
| No1 (19) | Manejo y explotación acuícola de embalses de agua dulce en América Latina |
| No2 (17) | Evaluación y aprovechamiento de la Cachama (Colossoma macropomum) cultivada, como fuente de alimentos |
| No3 (23) | Estudio socioeconómico del cultivo del camarón practicado por Sociedades Cooperativas en México |
| No4 (13, 14 & 15) | Nutrición y alimentación de peces y camarones cultivados — Manual de capacitación: Parte 1. Nutrientes esenciales Parte 2. Recursos de nutrientes y su composición Parte 3. Métodos de alimentación |
| No5(28) | Avances en el cultivo de peces del género Colossoma |
| No6 | Status Report on Caribbean Aquaculture |
| No7 | Manual de técnicas para laboratorio de nutrición de peces y crustáceos |
| No8 | Avances en el manejo y aprovechamiento acuícola de embalses en América Latina y el Caribe |
| No9 | La nutrición y alimentación en la acuicultura de América Latina y el Caribe. |
| No10 | Manejo y aprovechamiento acuícola de lagunas costeras en América Latina y el Caribe |
| No11 | Diagnóstico sobre el estado de la acuicultura en América Latina y el Caribe— Síntesis Regional |
| No12 | La enseñanza de la acuicultura profesional en América Latina y el Caribe con énfasis en la licenciatura |
| No13 | Situación actual del cultivo de algas agarofitas en América Latina y el Caribe en América Latina y el Caribe |
| No14 | Diagnóstico y control de enfermedades bacterianas en camarones de cultivo |
| No15 | Parásitos de peces cultivados en aguas interiores - Claves para su diagnóstico diferencial |
| No16 | Control de calidad de insumos y dietas acuícolas |
| No17 | SIPAL — Diseño Conceptual/Conceptual Design (Spanish/English edition) |
| No18 | Capacitación en planificación y gerencia en acuicultura — Manual-guía |
| No19 | Nutrition of Fish and Crustaceans (English edition of Field Document no7) |
Memorias del III Curso Básico Regional de Capacitación en Planificación y Gerencia en Acuicultura (Caracas, 5/10–20/11/1992)
Reports on the Project's Activities:
| Note |
| The figure in brackets refers to the Field Document numbers assigned by AQUILA I. As a matter of fact, these documents, subsequently revised and edited by AQUILA II, were prepared in the last months of the previous phase, but remained unpublished due to the unexpected interruption of the Project's operations. |
The authors would like to thank Dr. Albert Tacon for his help and encouragement in activities related to the nutrition of fish and crustaceans, as well as the Aquila II Project regional staff.
This document has been produced as part of the activities under the FAO/Italy Project GCP/RLA/ 102/ITA “Support for Regional Aquaculture Activities in Latin America and the Caribbean” (AQUILA II). The main objective of this Project is to help member countries increase food production through aquaculture, on the premise that the promotion of training, research and information sharing will strengthen the growth of the activity in accordance with the different conditions in each country.
This work is a collection of the most common methods of chemical analysis used to evaluate the quality of feed ingredients and prepared diets so as to make this information available to most technicians and staff involved with fish and crustacean nutrition. It also includes some recommendations for handling samples so that the results obtained will be properly representative. The techniques selected are divided into three groups: those for proximate analysis, a section on techniques for more accurate determination of certain important nutrients such as minerals, carbohydrates and true protein, and a third part on analytical methods for some of the toxic and anti-nutritional factors most commonly present in feed.