NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT |
Tallinn, Estonia
July, 1997
Draft
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I. The Purposes and Nature of The Estonian National Agricultural Strategy
A The Purposes of the Strategy
II National Objectives for Agricultural Development
A Objectives and Means for Achieving ThemSome Basic Principles
B Objectives for the Agricultural Strategy
III Principles That Guide the Strategy
IV Summaries of the Contents of the Strategy
Chapter 2: Price and Trade Policies
Chapter 3: The Structure of Agriculture
Chapter 4: The Structure of Agroindustry
Chapter 5: Agricultural and Rural Finance
Chapter 6: Services, Support Systems an Infrastructure
Chapter 7: Agriculture and the Environment
Chapter 8: Rural Social Policy
Chapter 10: Forest and Water Management
Chapter 2 PRICE AND TRADE POLICIES
I. Introduction: Recent Economic Trends in the Sector
A. Agricultural Production and Income
D. The Conditions of International Trade
III. Issues and Constraints for Agriculture in the Area of Prices and Trade
B. Constraints in the Area of Prices and Trade
IV. Macro Policy Objectives for the Agricultural Sector
V. Analysis of Price and Trade Policies for Agriculture
A. Estonia's Agricultural Comparative Advantage
B. The Macroeconomic Framework and Options
C. Analysis of Policy Scenarios
Chapter 3 THE STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURE
B. A Long-Term Perspective on Agricultural Land Tenure in Estonia
C. The Present Situation of Agricultural Land Use
A. Land Policy in Estonia, 1919 –1939
2. The Formation of State Manors
3. The Formation of Settlement Farms
B. Land Policy in Estonia 1940–1989
C. Land Policy in Estonia, 1989 – Present
1. The Legislative Framework of Land Reform and Agricultural Reform
2. The Privatisation of Agro-Industrial Enterprises
III. Issues Concerning the Land Reform
A. Elements of a Complete Land Policy
B. Limits to the Applicability of Restitution as a Means of Land Reform
C. Principal Issues in regard to the Structure of the Land Reform
D. Procedural Problems in the Land Reform
E. Non-Contiguous Farm Properties
IV. Policy Objectives for the Structure of Agriculture
A. Major Accomplishments to Date
B. The Present-Situation of Agricultural Enterprises and Family Farms
C. Economic and Legal Considerations Relevant to Potential Solutions for Land Reform
D. The Role of State Farms in Agriculture
A. Overall Orientations for a New Land Reform Policy
B. Suggestions for a Revised Land Reform
2. Institutional Aspects of the Land Capital Question
3. Financial Considerations for the Land Capital Fund
Annex. Economic Farm Sizes for Different Outputs
Chapter 4 THE STRUCTURE OF AGRO-INDUSTRY
I. Basic Characteristics of Agro-industry and the Forest Industry
1. Equipment Supplies and Services
5. The Production of Malt, Beer and Spirits
8. The Processing and Selling of Oil-Bearing Crops
9. The Processing of Fruit and Vegetables
3. The Production of Sawn Timber
4. The Production of Timber-Based Boards and Glued Boards
II. Issues and Constraints Affecting the Sector
A. The Dairy Industry and International Trade
B. Issues for Alcoholic Beverages
D. Problems in the Supply of Timber
E. The Nature of the Privatisation of Agro-industry
F. Formation of Oligopolies and Monopolies
G. Industry's Position in regard to Policy
H. Exports and Imports of Agricultural Products
I. Investment and Financing for the Reconstruction of Agro-industry
III. Policy Objectives for Agro-Industry
IV. Policy Analysis and Recommendations
B. Macroeconomic and Tariff Policy
C. Requirements for Capital Investments
E. Promoting Recovery of the Dairy Industry
F. The Development Potential of the Forest Industry
Chapter 5 AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL FINANCE
1. Laws Concerning Rural Life and Management
2. Law on the Organisation of the Agricultural Product Markets
3. Law on the State Support of Enterprises
B. Financing of Agriculture and Rural Life by the Republic of Estonia
1. Government Expenditure in Agriculture 5-
2. The Agriculture and Rural Life Credit Fund (PMKF)
3. The Small Enterprise Credit Fund
4. The Estonian State Export Credit Fund
5. Foreign Aid and Foreign Loan Fund Resources.
6. State Programmes and Development Plans
7. Regional Policy Loan Scheme.
D. Equity as a Financing Source.
E. Liabilities as Financing Sources.
III. Issues, Constraints and Potentials :
A. Investment Levels and Requirements .
B. Savings and Loan Cooperatives.
D. Branches or Subdivions of Foreign Credit Institutions.
E. Microcredit and Unofficial Credit
G. Factors Creating a Need for Loans and Factors Impeding Them
IV. Policy Objectives for Agricultural and Rural Finance
A. Toward Integration with the European Union
B. Objectives for the Rural Financial Sector
A. The European Union System for Support to Agriculture and Rural Life
2. The Types of Structural Funds
B. Possibilities for Implementing the EU System of Support for Agriculture and Rural Life2
C. Recommendations from the Governmental Commission of the Republic of Estonia on Supporting Agriculture
3. Supporting Dairy Cattle Breeding
VI. Recommendations and Their Technical Justification
A Recommended Principles for Rural Financial Policy.
B. Savings and Loan Cooperatives
C. The Rural Life Loan Guarantee Foundation
E. Direct Support to Producers
F. The Capitalisation of Direct Payments.
G. A Mortgage Institution for Land Reform
H. Financial Control and Agricultural Statistics
1. Capital Support and Large Agricultural Enterprises.
2. The Rural Policy Loan Scheme.
Chapter 6 SERVICES, SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND INFRASTRUCTURE FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AREAS
I. Introduction: Why A Strategy for Farm and Rural Support Systems?
II. The Nature of Support Services for Farms and Rural Areas
A. Infrastructure of Rural Areas
1. Types of General Infrastructural Services
2. Availability, Quality and Need for Services
B. Infrastructure and Services Required for Agricultural Production
D. Agricultural Extension (Advice)
1. The Role of Advisory Services
2. Target Groups for Advisory Services
3. The Benefits of Agricultural Advice
4. Advice as the Everyday Job of an Advisor
5. Sources of Information for Advisors
6. Supporting Services Required for Advisors
7. OrganisationofAdvisoryActivities
III. Support Services in the Past
A. Period of Socialist Agriculture 1949–1990
B. Period of Fast Changes and Reforms 1991–1993
C. Stabilisation Period Following Reforms, 1994 onward
D. Past and Current Policies regarding Roads
IV. Issues Regarding Support Services
A. The General Problem of Access to Services and Their Financing
B. General Issues Concerning Rural Services
D. Problems Faced by Agricultural Research
E. Principal Issues Concerning the Agricultural Advisory System
F. Issues Concerning Forestry Services for Agriculture
V. Objectives and Principles for Developing Agricultural and Rural Support Services and Infrastructure
4. Other Agricultural Services
5. Nonagricultural Rural Services
C. Basic Approaches to Agricultural Advisory Services
D. Policy Objectives for Agricultural Research
VI. Policy Analysis and Recommendations
A. Principles Governing Institutional Forms and Financing
B. Rural Social Services and Infrastructure
C. Policies and Programmes Required for Roads
D. Changes Required in Organisation of Agricultural Research
1. Organisation of Effective Communication between Agricultural Research and Production
2. Application of Market Pull Model for Agricultural Innovation
3. International Cooperation and Task Division in Agricultural Research
E. Cooperation as a Means for Organising and Obtaining Agricultural Services
1. Examples Of Areas Where Agricultural Producers Could Make Effective Use Of Cooperation
F. A Transition Fund for Agricultural Services
G. Strengthening the Agricultural Advisory Service
2. Priorities by Production Area for the Advisory Services in Estonia
3. Specific Needs of the Advisory Services
4. Summary of Key Recommendations for the Advisory Service
H. Forestry Services for Agriculture
Chapter 7 AGRICULTURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT
A. General Environmental Principles of the Estonian Republic
B. The Impact of Agriculture on Environment: A Survey
1. The Use of Mineral and Organic Fertilisers
3. Livestock Farms and Manure Management
4. Soil Contamination and Residual Pollution
C. Land Improvement (Amelioration)
E. Fish Stocks and the Quality of Sea Water
G. Biodiversity and Agricultural Landscapes
H. Genetic Diversity in Agriculture
II. Past and Current Policies in the Field of Environment
B. Quality Requirements and Environmental Standards
III. Issues, Constraints and Potential Problems of Environmental Policy in Agriculture
A. Nonpoint and Point Pollution
C. Land Amelioration, Soil Management
1. Biodiversity and the Agricultural Landscape
IV. Policy Objectives for Agriculture and the Environment
V. Analytic Considerations for Policy
VI. Recommendations and Their Technical Justification
A. Recommendations for Specific Environmental Issues
1. Point and Diffuse Pollution
2. Soil Contamination and Residual Pollution
3. Land Use and Cultivation Practices
B. Recommendations of an Institutional, Legislative and Economic Nature
1. Employment of Environmental-Friendly Technology
2. Legislation in the Field of Environment
4. Land Use Planning and Zoning
5. Environmental Impact Assessment and Auditing
7. Environmental Utilisation Permits
8. Environmental Awareness and Information:
9. Improvement of Environmental Education and Capacities for Evaluation
10. Public Awareness and Participation
11. Databases and Their Accessibility
I. Basic Characteristics of the Rural Social Situation
A. Demographic Trends and Employment
1. Basic Education and Childcare
4. High School/Gymnasium Education
5. Vocational Education and Training
F. Assessments of Rural Social Services
1. Institutional Responsibilities
2. Public Opinion about Social Services
II. Issues, Constraints and Possibilities
C. Living Conditions and Security
1. Basic and General Education
2. Vocational Education and Training
III. Objectives of Rural Social Policy
IV. Recommendations for Improving Rural Social Policy
1. A Programme of Regional Growth Poles
3. Unemployment Benefits and Other Social Compensation
2. The Handicapped and Policies for Providing Care
2. Technical Vocational Education and Training
Appendix A. Tables of Basic Data
Table 8-A2 Distribution of Population by Nationalities and 8–48 Places of Residence, Jan. 1, 1995
Table 8-A3 Number of Employed Persons in the Rural Population
Table 8-A4 Structure of Employment by Fields of Activity at the End of the Year
Table 8-A5 Number of Employees with Higher Education in 1989 by Field of Activity and Place of Residence .
Table 8-A6 Average Characteristics of Rural Communities (1995)
Table 8-A7 Distribution of the Rural Employed, 1995
Table 8-A8 Employment Characteristics of Rural Pensioners in Selected Counties (1995)
Table 8-A9 Measures of Unemployment in 1995 (by quarters, in percentages)
Table 8-A10 Characteristics of the Rural Labour Force and the Rural Unemployed, 1995
Table 8-A11 Opinions about Activities and Policies for the Development of Rural Life
Appendix B. Income Potential of Communities
Appendix C. Methods of Developing the Strategy
I. Present Situation of the Fisheries Sector
1. Fish Resources and Fisheries in Estonian Lakes
2. Status of Fish Stocks in Estonian Waters of the Baltic
C. The Socio-economic Situation of Coastal Villages
D. Technical Condition of the Fishing Gear and Ships
E. The Fish-Processing Industry
2. Amount, Size and Geographical Location of Fish-processing Industries
4. Exports of the Fish-processing Industry
5. Financial Indicators of Fish-processing Industry
1. Fisheries Department of the Estonian Ministry of Environment
H. Associations and Property Forms
K. International Fisheries Cooperation
1. Fisheries and Marine Science related Conventions
2. International Organisations
III. Issues and Constraints Affecting the Sector
1. Capacity, Quotas and Sustainability
B. The Competitiveness of the Fisheries Sector
C. The Fish-Processing Industry
IV. Policy Objectives for the Fisheries Sector
2. Fishing Capacity, Quotas and Sustainability
B. The Competitiveness of the Fisheries Sector
C. The Fish-Processing Industry
Chapter 10 FOREST AND WATER MANAGEMENT
1. Analysis of Firewood on Land Not Used for Agricultural Production
2. Considerations for Afforestation
3. Problems Requiring Solutions