Chapter 10. Status of soil pollution in Near East and North Africa

References

Abdul-Wahab, S.A. 2005. Monitoring of Air Pollution in the Atmosphere Around Oman Liquid Natural Gas (OLNG) Plant. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 40(3): 559–570. https://doi.org/10.1081/ESE-200046575

Abu-Rukah, Y. & Samawi, H.M. 2000. A study of contamination of the northern Jordan valley agricultural fields by various metal ions using regression analysis. Qatar Univ. Sci. J.(20): 155–165. (also available at http://qspace.qu.edu.qa/bitstream/handle/10576/10284/070020-0021-fulltext.pdf?sequence=10.).

Adelphi. 2007. Implementation and enforcement of environmental law in Morocco. In: adelphi [online]. [Cited 27 January 2020]. https://www.adelphi.de/en/project/implementation-and-enforcement-environmental-law-morocco

Adham, K.G., Al-Eisa, N.A. & Farhood, M.H. 2011. Risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in soil and wild Libyan jird Meriones libycus in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Journal of environmental biology, 32(6): 813.

Ahmed, A.F.M., Singh, R.P. & Elmubarak, A.H. 1990. Chemistry of atmospheric precipitation at the Western Arabian Gulf Coast. Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics, 24(12): 2927–2934. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(90)90473-Z

Ahmed, R. 2018. Environmental Legislations in Bahrain. DT News 6, Thinking Green, 3 February 2018. (also available at https://www.newsofbahrain.com/epaper/03-02-2018/single/page-06.pdf).

Aishah, R.M. & Elssaidi, M.A. 2019. Using Pollution Indices to Assess Heavy Metals Contaminated Soil in some Libyan Regions

Al Naggar, Y., Naiem, E., Mona, M., Giesy, J.P. & Seif, A. 2014. Metals in agricultural soils and plants in Egypt. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 96(5): 730–742. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2014.984496

Alfarra, A. & Hamada, M. 2019. The Effect of Pesticide Residues and Heavy Metals on the Water Quality in Gaza Strip and Their Impacts on Health. Academia.org: 17. (also available at https://www.academia.edu/27336694/The_Effect_of_Pesticide_Residues_and_Heavy_Metals_on_the_Water_Quality_in_Gaza_Strip_and_Their_Impacts_on_Health).

Alghamdi, M.A., Hassan, S.K., Alzahrani, N.A., Almehmadi, F.M. & Khoder, M.I. 2019. Risk Assessment and Implications of Schoolchildren Exposure to Classroom Heavy Metals Particles in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24): 5017. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245017

Ali, I.H. & Ateeg, A.A. 2015. Study of Soil Pollutants in Omdurman Industrial Area, Sudan, Using X-ray Fluorescence Technique. Int. J. Environ. Res, 9(1): 291–294. (also available at https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_899_895236f97b85e77ecb7590c279189b62.pdf.).

Aljaradin, M. & Persson, K.M. 2010. Municipal Solid Waste Landfills in Jordan-Current Conditions and Prospective Future. 1st International Conference on Final Sinks. pp. 71–72. Paper presented at, 2010. (also available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311788641_Municipal_Solid_Waste_Landfills_in_Jordan-Current_Conditions_and_Prospective_Future).

Almasri, M.N., Kaluarachchi, J.J., Ghabayen, S., Jarrar, A., McKee, M., Jayyousi, A. & Aliewi, A. 2005. Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability to Nitrate Contamination in Gaza Strip, Palestine. Impacts of Global Climate Change. pp. 1–12. Paper presented at World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2005, July 2005, Anchorage, Alaska, United States. (also available at http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/40792%28173%29100).

Alrawashdeh, R. & Thyabat, S.A. 2012. Mining in Jordan: challenges and prospects. International Journal of Mining and Mineral Engineering, 4(2): 116. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMME.2012.052437

Al-Sa‵ed, R., Ramlawi, A. & Salah, A. 2011. A national survey on the use of agricultural pesticides in Palestine. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 68(4): 519–529. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2011.608502

Al-Shaweesh, M.A., Al-Hwaiti, M.S., Al-Khashman, O.A., Abu-Jrai, A.M. & Almuhtaseb, A.H. 2019. Health risk assessment trough exposure to heavy metals in urban and suburban dust emitted from workplace in Aqaba industrial estate, Jordan. International Journal of Geotechnique, Construction Materials and Environment, 17(64): 292–306. https://doi.org/10.21660/2019.64.22768

Al-Taani, A.A., Nazzal, Y. & Howari, F.M. 2019. Assessment of heavy metals in roadside dust along the Abu Dhabi–Al Ain National Highway, UAE. Environmental Earth Sciences, 78(14): 411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8406-x

Al-Wotaify, A.S.S. 2019. Study of some heavy metals pollution indicators for mineral configuration of soil and plant by wastes of Alexandria city-Babylon Governorate. Research on Crops, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.31830/2348-7542.2019.009

Amra, Z. 1998. The Development of Palestinian Environmental Law and Legal Advocacy. Palestine-Israel Journal, 5(1). (also available at https://www.pij.org/journal/41).

Anjum, M., Miandad, R., Waqas, M., Ahmad, I., Alafif, Z.O.A., Aburiazaiza, A.S., Barakst, M.A.E. & Akhtar, T. 2016. Solid Waste Management in Saudi Arabia. Appl. Agric. Biotechnol, 1: 13–26.

Atafar, Z., Mesdaghinia, A., Nouri, J., Homaee, M., Yunesian, M., Ahmadimoghaddam, M. & Mahvi, A.H. 2010. Effect of fertilizer application on soil heavy metal concentration. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 160(1–4): 83–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0659-x

Attia, R., Ben daya, L., Bouhlel, S., Hachicha, M., Sakhi, I. & Othmani, M. 2018a. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in the cultivated area around mining. Tunisia case study Medjredah Watershed. Proceedings of the Global Symposium on Soil Pollution. pp. 449–452. Paper presented at Global Symposium on Soil Pollution, May 2018, Rome, Italy. (also available at http://www.fao.org/3/CA1087EN/ca1087en.pdf).

Attia, R., Charef, A., Bouhlel, S. & Hachicha, M. 2018b. Study of the spatial and temporal dynamics of heavy metals under the effect of hydrological erosion, wind and soil properties. Proceedings of the Global Symposium on Soil Pollution. pp. 289–292. Paper presented at Global Symposium on Soil Pollution, May 2018, Rome, Italy. (also available at http://www.fao.org/3/CA1087EN/ca1087en.pdf).

Awadallah, M. & Arafah, DE.A. 2006. Transfer of natural and artificial radionuclides to selected plants in Jordan., 15(2): 207–223. (also available at https://www.academia.edu/3344032/Transfer_of_Natural_and_Artificial_Radionuclides_to_Selected_Plants_in_Jordanian_Soils).

Azzi, V., Kazpard, V., Lartiges, B., Kobeissi, A., Kanso, A. & El Samrani, A.G. 2017. Trace Metals in Phosphate Fertilizers Used in Eastern Mediterranean Countries: Soil. CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water, 45(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201500988

Badawy, W., Chepurchenko, O. Ye., El Samman, H. & Frontasyeva, M.V. 2016. Assessment of industrial contamination of agricultural soil adjacent to Sadat City, Egypt. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S, 23(2): 297–310. https://doi.org/10.1515/eces-2016-0021

Badawy, W.M., Ghanim, E.H., Duliu, O.G., El Samman, H. & Frontasyeva, M.V. 2017. Major and trace element distribution in soil and sediments from the Egyptian central Nile Valley. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 131: 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.03.029

Banana, A.A., Al-Gheethi, A.A., Noman, E.A. & Rmsr, M. 2017. Assessment of soil pollution by toxic metals and petrochemical compounds in western Libya. DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 83: 272–276. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.20781

Basel Convention. 2021. Parties to the Basel Convention [online]. [Cited 26 January 2020]. http://www.basel.int/Countries/StatusofRatifications/PartiesSignatories/tabid/4499/Default.aspx

Bashour, I.I., Dagher, S.M., Chammas, G.I., Lteif, A.E. & Kawar, N.S. 2004. DDT Residues in Lebanese Soils. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 39(2): 273–283. https://doi.org/10.1081/PFC-120030241

Belaid, N., Feki, S., Cheknane, B., Frank-Neel, C. & Baudu, M. 2019. Impacts of irrigation systems on vertical and lateral metals distribution in soils irrigated with treated wastewater: Case study of Elhajeb-Sfax. Agricultural Water Management, 225: 105739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.105739

Curtis, Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle LLP. 2017. Environmental Law in Oman. In: Oman Law Blog [online]. [Cited 27 January 2020]. https://omanlawblog.curtis.com/2017/02/environmental-law-in-oman.html

Dahchour, A. & Hajjaji, S.E. 2020a. Management of Solid Waste in Morocco. In A.M. Negm & N. Shareef, eds. Waste Management in MENA Regions, pp. 13–33. Cham, Springer International Publishing. (also available at http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-18350-9_2).

Dahchour, A. & Hajjaji, S.E. 2020b. Management of Solid Waste in Morocco. In A.M. Negm & N. Shareef, eds. Waste Management in MENA Regions, pp. 13–33. Cham, Springer International Publishing. (also available at http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-18350-9_2).

Darwish, T. 2012. Country Study on Status of Land Tenure, Planning and Management in Oriental Near East Countries Case of Lebanon. In El-Kholei, Ahmed O., Faycel Chenini and Moujahed Achouri. “., p. 166. Cairo, Egypt, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (also available at https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Country-study-on-status-of-land-tenure%2C-planning-in-El-Kholei-Chenini/87106cb8b336b481fe6deb6554fe9eeea5d9802e).

Darwish, T., Atallah, T. & Fadel, A. 2018. Challenges of soil carbon sequestration in the NENA region. SOIL, 4(3): 225–235. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-4-225-2018

Darwish, T., Atallah, T., Francis, R., Saab, C., Jomaa, I., Shaaban, A., Sakka, H. & Zdruli, P. 2011a. Observations on soil and groundwater contamination with nitrate: A case study from Lebanon-East Mediterranean. Agricultural Water Management, 99(1): 74–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2011.07.016

Darwish, T., Awad, M., Katlan, B., Krone, F., Mueller, H.W. & Sukarieh, W. 2000. Soil and groundwater vulnerability to pollution in the central Beqaa Plain – Lebanon, Regional Project on Integrated Management, Protection and Sustainable Use of Ground Water and Soil Resources. Phase I. BGR, ACSDA, CNRS-L. BGR. [Cited 20 January 2018]. https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Boden/Projekte/Ressourcenbewertung_und_management_abgeschlossen/ACSAD_Management/ACSAD_management_schutz_en.html

Darwish, T., Khater, C., Jomaa, I., Stehouwer, R., Shaban, A. & Hamzé, M. 2011b. Environmental impact of quarries on natural resources in Lebanon. Land Degradation & Development, 22(3): 345–358. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.1011

Donovan, T.W. 2010. Emergence of environmental jurisprudence in Iraq. [Cited 3 December 2019]. https://www.internationallawoffice.com/Newsletters/Environment-Climate-Change/Iraq/Iraq-Law-Alliance-PLLC/Emergence-of-environmental-jurisprudence-in-Iraq

Dweik, H.S., Abu-Lafi, S.A. & Odeh, I.M.A. 2005. Detection of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans in Some Environmental Samples from the Palestinian Territories. Dirasat, Pure Sci,, 32(1): 1–6. (also available at https://journals.ju.edu.jo/DirasatSci/article/download/1631/4978).

EC. 2000. Analysis of national reports on the implementation of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) - Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria., p. 16. Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Eikmann, T. & Kloke, A. 1991. Nutzungs-und schutzgutbezogene Orientierungswerte für (Schad-) stoffe in Böden. VDLUFA, 1: 19–26.

Eikmann, T., Kloke, A. & Eikmann, S. 1993. Environmental Medical and Toxicological Assessment of Soil Contamination. In F. Arendt, G.J. Annokkée, R. Bosman & W.J. Brink, eds. Contaminated Soil’93, pp. 327–336. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands. (also available at http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-011-2018-0_49).

El Assouli, S., Al Qahtani, M. & Milaat, W. 2007. Genotoxicity of Air Borne Particulates Assessed by Comet and the Salmonella Mutagenicity Test in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 4(3): 216–223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph2007030004

El Jor, N. 2000. Policy and institutional assessment of solid waste management in five countries: Cyprus, EGYPT, Lebanon, Syria, Tunisia: regional synthesis

El Samad, O., Aoun, M., Nsouli, B., Khalaf, G. & Hamze, M. 2014. Investigation of the radiological impact on the coastal environment surrounding a fertilizer plant. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 133: 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.05.009

El Samad, O., Baydoun, R. & Abdallah, M. 2018. Radioactive map of soil at Mount Lebanon province and external dose assessment. Environmental Earth Sciences, 77(4): 114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7302-0

El Samad, O., Baydoun, R., Aoun, M., Zaidan, W. & El Jeaid, H. 2017. Public exposure to radioactivity levels in the Lebanese environment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(2): 2010–2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7911-7

El Zrelli, R., Courjault-Radé, P., Rabaoui, L., Castet, S., Michel, S. & Bejaoui, N. 2015. Heavy metal contamination and ecological risk assessment in the surface sediments of the coastal area surrounding the industrial complex of Gabes city, Gulf of Gabes, SE Tunisia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 101(2): 922–929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.10.047

Elbasiouny, H., Elbanna, B.A., Al-Najoli, E., Alsherief, A., Negm, S., Abou El-Nour, E., Nofal, A. & Sharabash, S. 2020. Agricultural Waste Management for Climate Change Mitigation: Some Implications to Egypt. In A.M. Negm & N. Shareef, eds. Waste Management in MENA Regions, pp. 149–169. Cham, Springer International Publishing. (also available at http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-18350-9_8).

Elhamdouni, D., Arioua, A., Karaoui, I., Baaddi, A. & Ouhamchich, K.A. 2019. Household solid waste sustainable management in the Khenifra region, Morocco. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 12(23): 744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-019-4960-5

El-Nahhal, Y. 2004. Contamination and safety status of plant food in Arab countries. Contamination and safety status of plant food in Arab countries, 4(3).

El-Nahhal, Y. 2016. Biochemical Changes Associated with Long Term Exposure to Pesticide among Farmers in the Gaza Strip. Occupational Diseases and Environmental Medicine, 04(03): 72–82. https://doi.org/10.4236/odem.2016.43009

El-Nahhal, Y. 2018. Nitrate Residues in Fruits, Vegetables and Bread Samples and Their Health Consequences. Health, 10(04): 487–501. https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2018.104039

El-Shobokshy, M.S. & Al-Saedi, Y.G. 1993. The impact of the gulf war on the Arabian environment—I. Particulate pollution and reduction of solar irradiance. Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics, 27(1): 95–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(93)90074-9

El-Taher, A. & Althoyaib, S.S. 2012. Natural radioactivity levels and heavy metals in chemical and organic fertilizers used in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 70(1): 290–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.08.010

Elwakil, M.A., Abo-Hashem, E.M., Shabana, Y.M., El-Metwall, M.A., El-Kannish, G., El-Adl, A.M., Anwar, R., Fawzy, E., Saied, N. & El-Zayat, M.M. 2017. Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Populations Consuming HeavyMetals Contaminated Plants in North Delta, Egypt. Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology, 11(2): 55–61. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjet.2017.55.61

FAO. 2007. Digital Soil Map of the World. In: GeoNetwork [online]. [Cited 20 March 2020]. http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/en/metadata.show?id=14116

FAO. 2020. Obsolete Pesticides: Near East [online]. [Cited 17 January 2020]. http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/obsolete-pesticides/where-stocks/ne-stocks/en/

FAO. 2021. Regional partnerships of the Global Soil Partnership. In: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [online]. [Cited 24 May 2021]. http://www.fao.org/global-soil-partnership/regional-partnerships/en/

FAO & ITPS. 2015. Status of the world’s soil resources: main report. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

FAO & WHO. 2016. The international code of conduct on pesticide management: guidelines on highly hazardous pesticides. Rome, Italy, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization. 37 pp. (also available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/205561/1/9789241510417_eng.pdf).

FAOLEX. 2019. FAOLEX Database | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [online]. [Cited 27 December 2019]. http://www.fao.org/faolex/en/

FAOSTAT. 2019a. Rural and Urban population in Near East and North Africa [online]. [Cited 23 December 2019]. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RA

FAOSTAT. 2019b. Pesticides indicators [online]. [Cited 17 January 2020]. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EP/visualize

Farahat, A. 2016. Air pollution in the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and Oman): causes, effects, and aerosol categorization. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9(3): 196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-015-2203-y

Forest,Range and Watershed Management Organization. 2005. The National Action Programme to Combat Desertification and Mitigate The Effects of Drought., p. 48. Teheran, Iran. (also available at https://knowledge.unccd.int/sites/default/files/naps/2017-08/iran-eng2004.pdf).

Ghanem, M. 2005. Qualitative water demand management for rural communities in the West Bank. Food security under water scarcity in the Middle East: Problems and solutions, edited by: Hamdy, A. and Monti, R., Options Méditerranéennes: Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens CIHEAM-IAMB, Valenzano, Italy, Bari: 385–390.

Ghanem, M., Samhan, S., Carlier, E. & Ali, W. 2011. Groundwater Pollution Due to Pesticides and Heavy Metals in North West Bank. Journal of Environmental Protection, 02(04): 429–434. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2011.24049

Gholampour, A., Nabizadeh, R., Hassanvand, M.S., Nazmara, S. & Mahvi, A.H. 2017. Elemental composition of particulate matters around Urmia Lake, Iran. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 99(1): 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2016.1166226

Gholizadeh, A., Saberioon, M., Ben-Dor, E. & Borůvka, L. 2018. Monitoring of selected soil contaminants using proximal and remote sensing techniques: Background, state-of-the-art and future perspectives. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 48(3): 243–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2018.1447717

Gibson, J.M. & Farah, Z.S. 2012. Environmental Risks to Public Health in the United Arab Emirates: A Quantitative Assessment and Strategic Plan. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120(5): 681–686. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104064

GIZ. 2015. Environmental Programme Morocco (PGPE). German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). (also available at https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/20169.html).

Gupta, V. 2020. Vehicle-Generated Heavy Metal Pollution in an Urban Environment and Its Distribution into Various Environmental Components. In V. Shukla & N. Kumar, eds. Environmental Concerns and Sustainable Development, pp. 113–127. Singapore, Springer Singapore. (also available at http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-13-5889-0_5).

Haeba, M., Kuta, J., Arhouma, Z.K. & Elwerfalli, H.M.A. 2013. Earthworm as Bioindicator of Soil Pollution Around Benghazi City, Libya. Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology, 03(06): 189. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000189

Hajizadeh, Y., Namati, S., Aghapour, A.A., Abdolahnejad, A., Mohammadi, A., Panahi, H., Moghanjooghi, S.M. & Niloonahad, A. 2017. Influence of air pollution on chemical quality of wet atmospheric deposition: A case study in Urmia, Iran. Iranian Journal of Health, Safety and Environment, 5(1): 904–910.

Halil, M., Ghanavati, N. & Nazarpour, A. 2019. Assessment of the Environmental Pollution of some Heavy Metals in Abadan City Street Dust using Geographic Information System (GIS). JWSS-Isfahan University of Technology, 23(1): 209–221.

Halwani, J., Halwani, B., Amine, H. & Kabbara, M.B. 2020. Waste Management in Lebanon—Tripoli Case Study. In A.M. Negm & N. Shareef, eds. Waste Management in MENA Regions, pp. 223–239. Cham, Springer International Publishing. (also available at http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-18350-9_11).

Hamdan, N.M., Alawadhi, H. & Jisrawi, N. 2015. Elemental and Chemical Analysis of PM10 and PM2.5 Indoor and Outdoor Pollutants in the UAE. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 6(8): 566–570. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJESD.2015.V6.658

Hassanvand, M.S., Naddafi, K., Nabizadeh, R., Momeniha, F., Mesdaghinia, A. & Yaghmaeian, K. 2011. Hazardous waste management in educational and research centers: a case study. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 93(8): 1636–1642. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2011.602683

HEI & IHME. 2019. State of the Global Air Report. Health Effect Institute and The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. https://www.stateofglobalair.org/

HRW. 2019. Human Rights Watch Lebanon: Beirut Landfill Near Capacity. Human Rights Watch [online]. [Cited 13 December 2019]. https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/06/25/lebanon-beirut-landfill-near-capacity

Hurrell, S. 2018. Libya’s environment: an insider’s view. In: BirdLife International [online]. [Cited 27 January 2020]. https://www.birdlife.org/africa/news/libya’s-environment-insiders-view

Husein, H.H.M., Kalkha, M., Jrdi, A.A. & Bäumler, R. 2019. Urban Soil Pollution with Heavy Metals in Hama Floodplain, Syria. Natural Resources, 10(06): 187–201. https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2019.106013

Ibrahim, B., Yakoub, A., Abu Watfah, S., & Haddad, M. 2017. Effect of 15year application of municipal solid waste composts on the heavy metals accumulation in soi. The Arab J for Arid Environ, 10(1–2).

Ibrahim, M.S. 2015. Artisanal Mining in Sudan: Opportunities, Challenges and Impacts. Presentation, UNCTAD, 17th Africa OILGASMINE, Khartoum: 23–26.

IPR. 1999. IPR Country Guide: Tunisia Legal Information. In: Info-Prod Research [online]. [Cited 27 January 2020]. http://www.infoprod.co.il/country/tunis2i.htm

Jebreen, H. & Ghanem, M. 2015. Spring Water Qualitative Assessment in Mountainous Areas, Case Study: Soreq Catchment/Ramallah/West Bank. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 07(11): 851–859. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2015.711069

Jeder, H., Laarif, A., Chaieb, I., Ksouri, F. & Donwload, P.D.F. 2018. Farmers’ risk perceptions of pesticides used for greenhouses vegetables production in Tunisian Center-East. New medit: Mediterranean journal of economics, agriculture and environment-Revue méditerranéenne d’economie, agriculture et environment, 17(4): 45–55.

Jezdani, O., Abdeljawad, G., Arslan, A., Alzoubi, M.M., Pigon, N. & Tabbaa, M. 2009. The Effect of Adding Sewage Sludge on the Productivity of Cotton, Wheat, and Corn and the Accumulation of some Heavy Metals in Studied Soil and Crops. The Arab J for Arid Environ, 2(2): 86–100. (also available at https://acsad.org/?p=4627).

Kaydan, Z., Nazarpour, A. & Ghanavati, N. 2019. Evaluation of Soil Pollution with Heavy Metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni and V) in Ahvaz Parks (2016). Journal of Health, 10(2): 228–239.

Keshavarzi, B., Tazarvi, Z., Rajabzadeh, M.A. & Najmeddin, A. 2015. Chemical speciation, human health risk assessment and pollution level of selected heavy metals in urban street dust of Shiraz, Iran. Atmospheric Environment, 119: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.08.001

Khalifa, M. & Gad, A. 2018. Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination in Agricultural Soil of Southwestern Nile Delta, Egypt. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 27(7): 619–642. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2018.1498445

Khater, C. & Martin, A. 2007. Application of restoration ecology principles to the practice of limestone quarry rehabilitation in Lebanon

Korfali, S.I. & Davies, B.D. 2004. The relationships of metals in river sediments (Nahr-Ibrahim, Lebanon) and adjacent floodplain soils. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal.

Korfali, S.I. & Davies, B.E. 2005. Seasonal Variations of Trace Metal Chemical Forms in Bed Sediments of a Karstic River in Lebanon: Implications for Self-purification. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 27(5–6): 385–395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-004-7096-8

Kowalska, J.B., Mazurek, R., Gąsiorek, M. & Zaleski, T. 2018. Pollution indices as useful tools for the comprehensive evaluation of the degree of soil contamination–A review. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 40(6): 2395–2420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0106-z

Laghlimi, M., Baghdad, B., Elouadihi, N., Douiek, A., El Hadi, H., & Moussadek, R. 2018. Geostatistical analyzes of heavy metals in soil of Zaida mine (Hight Moulouya, Morocco). pp. 612–615. Paper presented at GLOBAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOIL POLLUTION, 2-4 May, 2018, 2018, FAO HQ, Rome, Italy.

Lee, H., Kabir, Md.I., Kwon, P.S., Kim, J.M., Kim, J.G., Hyun, S.H., Rim, Y.T., Bae, M.S., Ryu, E.R. & Jung, M.S. 2009. Contamination Assessment of Abandoned Mines by Integrated Pollution Index in the Han River Watershed. The Open Environmental Pollution & Toxicology Journal, 1(1): 27–33. https://doi.org/10.2174/1876397900901010027

Madany, I.M., Salim Akhter, M. & Al Jowder, O.A. 1994. The correlations between heavy metals in residential indoor dust and outdoor street dust in Bahrain. Environment International, 20(4): 483–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(94)90197-X

Mahjoub, O., Jemai, A. & Haddaoui, I. 2020. Waste Management in Tunisia—What Could the Past Bring to the Future? In A.M. Negm & N. Shareef, eds. Waste Management in MENA Regions, pp. 35–69. Cham, Springer International Publishing. (also available at http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-18350-9_3).

Makarem, H., Amer, A. & Naby, H. 2019. Prevalence of Some Dangerous Heavy Metal Residues and Aflatoxins in Milk and Some Dairy Products. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 62(1): 158. https://doi.org/10.5455/ajvs.43520

McFee, W.W., Kelly, J.M. & Beck, R.H. 1977. Acid precipitation effects on soil pH and base saturation of exchange sites. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00284134

Mebarka, D.H., Taleb, S., Benghalem, A., Tundo, P., Ahmed, M.T. & Arabi, M. 2012. Residue Analysis of Some PAHs in Some Algerian Soil: A Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment. Energy Procedia, 18: 1125–1134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.05.127

Minamata Convention. 2020. Parties of the Minamata Convention. In: Mercury Convention [online]. container-title: Mercury Convention. [Cited 26 January 2020]. http://www.mercuryconvention.org/Countries/Parties/tabid/3428/language/en-US/Default.aspx

Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable. 2007. PANE - Plan d’Action National pour l’Environnement. In: Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable [online]. [Cited 27 January 2020]. http://www.environnement.gov.mr/fr/index.php/politique-et-strategie/pane

MoENRPD. 2020. Ministry of environment, natural resources and physical development. The first state of environment and outlook report. Environment for Peace and Sustainable Development, Sudan First Draft Report. [Cited 6 January 2020]. sudansoe.org/?loginerror=PHN0cm9uZz5FUlJPUjwvc3Ryb25nPjogSW52YWxpZCB1c2VybmFtZSBvciBlbWFpbC4gPGEgaHJlZj0iaHR0cDovL3N1ZGFuc29lLm9yZy93cC1sb2dpbi5waHA%2FYWN0aW9uPWxvc3RwYXNzd29yZCIgdGl0bGU9IlBhc3N3b3JkIExvc3QgYW5kIEZvdW5kLiI%2BTG9zdCB5b3VyIHBhc3N3b3JkPC9hPj8%3D&request_form_location=widget

Mohammadi, A., Hajizadeh, Y., Taghipour, H., Mosleh Arani, A., Mokhtari, M. & Fallahzadeh, H. 2018. Assessment of metals in agricultural soil of surrounding areas of Urmia Lake, northwest Iran: A preliminary ecological risk assessment and source identification. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 24(8): 2070–2087. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1438173

Möller, A., Müller, H.W., Abdullah, A., Abdelgawad, G. & Utermann, J. 2005. Urban soil pollution in Damascus, Syria: concentrations and patterns of heavy metals in the soils of the Damascus Ghouta. Geoderma, 124(1–2): 63–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.04.003

Mostafa, N. 2020. Logistics of Waste Management with Perspectives from Egypt. In A.M. Negm & N. Shareef, eds. Waste Management in MENA Regions, pp. 171–191. Cham, Springer International Publishing. (also available at http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-18350-9_9).

Mouhoun-Chouaki, S., Derridj, A., Tazdaït, D. & Salah-Tazdaït, R. 2019. A Study of the Impact of Municipal Solid Waste on Some Soil Physicochemical Properties: The Case of the Landfill of Ain-El-Hammam Municipality, Algeria. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2019: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3560456

Mustafa, M., Behiry, A. & Mossad, Y. 2016. Al-Qassim industrial area and its role in changing the diseases patterns among workers over the past five years (2011-2015). International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health: 3465–3473. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20164276

Namavar, L. & Hamidian, A.H. 2018. Soil pollution and children in rural and urban areas. Proceedings of the Global Symposium on Soil Pollution. pp. 490–494. Paper presented at Global Symposium on Soil Pollution, 2 May 2018, FAO HQ. Rome, Italy. (also available at http://www.fao.org/3/CA1087EN/ca1087en.pdf).

NAP. 2003. Programme d’Action National sur la lutte contre la Désertification (NAP), Algeria. [Cited 14 December 2019]. Alg170000.pdf

National Library of Medicine. 2020. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB). In: PubChem [online]. [Cited 30 July 2020]. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/11933

Nkonya, E., Anderson, W., Kato, E., Koo, J., Mirzabaev, A., von Braun, J. & Meyer, S. 2016. Global Cost of Land Degradation. In E. Nkonya, A. Mirzabaev & J. von Braun, eds. Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement – A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development, pp. 117–165. Cham, Springer International Publishing. (also available at http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-19168-3_6).

Norouzi, S., Khademi, H., Faz Cano, A. & Acosta, J.A. 2015. Using plane tree leaves for biomonitoring of dust borne heavy metals: A case study from Isfahan, Central Iran. Ecological Indicators, 57: 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.04.011

Nowrouzi, M. & Pourkhabbaz, A. 2014. Application of geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor for assessing metal contamination in the sediments of Hara Biosphere Reserve, Iran. Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability, 26(2): 99–105. https://doi.org/10.3184/095422914X13951584546986

Othman, N., Mat Jafri, M.Z. & San, L.H. 2010. Estimating Particulate Matter Concentration over Arid Region Using Satellite Remote Sensing: A Case Study in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Modern Applied Science, 4(11): p131. https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v4n11p131

Pichtel, J. 2016. Oil and Gas Production Wastewater: Soil Contamination and Pollution Prevention. In: Applied and Environmental Soil Science [online]. [Cited 18 January 2020]. https://new.hindawi.com/journals/aess/2016/2707989/

PNAE-DD. 2002. Plan National d’Actions pour l’Environnement et le Développement Durable (PNAE-DD), Algeria. [Cited 14 December 2019]. alg151386.pdf.

Princi, M.P., Lupini, A., Araniti, F., Longo, C., Mauceri, A., Sunseri, F. & Abenavoli, M.R. 2016. Boron Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants. Plant Metal Interaction, pp. 115–147. Elsevier. (also available at https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128031582000059).

Rodríguez Eugenio, N., McLaughlin, M.J. & Pennock, D. 2018. Soil pollution: a hidden reality. Rome, Italy, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 156 pp.

Rotterdam Convention. 2021. Status of ratifications of the Rotterdam Convention [online]. [Cited 26 January 2020]. http://www.pic.int/Countries/Statusofratifications/tabid/1072/language/en-US/Default.aspx

Saba, D., Manouchehri, N., Besançon, S., El Samad, O., Baydoun, R., Bou Khozam, R., Nafeh Kassir, L., Kassouf, A., Chebib, H., Ouaini, N. & Cambier, P. 2019. Bioaccessibility and radioisotopes of lead in soils around a fertilizer industry in Lebanon. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 41(6): 2749–2762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00320-8

Saeedi, M., Li, L.Y. & Salmanzadeh, M. 2012. Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Pollution and ecological risk assessment in street dust of Tehran. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 227–228: 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.047

Schmaltz, J. & LANCE/EOSDIS Rapid Response. 2017. Dust Above the Red Sea. In: NASA visible earth [online]. [Cited 8 March 2021]. https://visibleearth.nasa.gov/images/90490/dust-above-the-red-sea

Shabbaj, I., Alghamdi, M., Shamy, M., Hassan, S., Alsharif, M. & Khoder, M. 2017. Risk Assessment and Implication of Human Exposure to Road Dust Heavy Metals in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(1): 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010036

Shaltout, A.A., Khoder, M.I., El-Abssawy, A.A., Hassan, S.K. & Borges, D.L.G. 2013. Determination of rare earth elements in dust deposited on tree leaves from Greater Cairo using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Environmental Pollution, 178: 197–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.044

Shehab, L., Leboudy, A. & Makarem, H. 2019. Prevalence of Aflatoxins M1 and M2 in some curd dairy products. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 61(1): 140. https://doi.org/10.5455/ajvs.26601

Shokr, M.S., Baroudy, A.A.E., Fullen, M.A., El-Beshbeshy, T.R., Ali, R.R., Elhalim, A., Guerra, A.J.T. & Jorge, M.C.O. 2016. MAPPING OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION IN ALLUVIAL SOILS OF THE MIDDLE NILE DELTA OF EGYPT. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT, 24(3): 218–231. https://doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2016.1184152

Stockholm Convention. 2021. Status of ratifications of the Stockholm Convention [online]. [Cited 26 January 2020]. http://chm.pops.int/Countries/StatusofRatifications/PartiesandSignatoires/tabid/4500/Default.aspx

Syrian Arab Republic. 1997. National plan to combat desertification in the Syrian Arab Republic - National Policy, Plans & Statements - Syrian Arab Republic - Asia - Countries & Regions - PreventionWeb.net [online]. [Cited 27 January 2020]. https://www.preventionweb.net/english/policies/v.php?id=59886&cid=168

Taghipour, H., Mosaferi, M., Armanfar, F. & Gaemmagami, S.J. 2013. Heavy metals pollution in the soils of suburban areas in big cities: a case study. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 10(2): 243–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-012-0143-6

Tomlinson, D.L., Wilson, J.G., Harris, C.R. & Jeffrey, D.W. 1980. Problems in the assessment of heavy metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Helgoländer Meeresunters: 566–575. (also available at https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBF02414780.pdf).

UN. 2020. Map of the World. United Nations. [Cited 27 March 2021]. https://www.un.org/geospatial/file/3420/download

UN Economic Commission for Europe & UN Economic Commission for Africa. 2012. Environmental Performance Reviews, Morocco., p. 29. United Nations. (also available at https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/epr/epr_studies/Synopsis/ECE.CEP.170_Synopsis_English.pdf).

UNEP. 2015. Air Pollution in Algeria. United Nations Environment Programme. https://tunza.eco-generation.org/ambassadorReportView.jsp?viewID=13250

White, R.H., Stineman, C.H., Symons, J.M., Breysse, P.N., Kim, S.R., Bell, M.L. & Samet, J.M. 2008. Premature Mortality in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Associated with Particulate Matter Air Pollution from the 1991 Gulf War. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 14(4): 645–664. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807030802235052

WHO. 2017. Safe management of wastes from health‑care activities. A summary. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259491/WHO-FWC-WSH-17.05-eng.pdf

Willis, H.H., MacDonald Gibson, J., Shih, R.A., Geschwind, S., Olmstead, S., Hu, J., Curtright, A.E., Cecchine, G. & Moore, M. 2010. Prioritizing Environmental Health Risks in the UAE. Risk Analysis, 30(12): 1842–1856. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01463.x

World Bank. 2019. GDP (current US$) - Middle East & North Africa | Data. In: World Bank Data [online]. [Cited 30 July 2020]. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=ZQ

WWF. 2019. Stop the plastic flood. A guide for policy-makers in Tunisia. World Wide Fund for Nature. [Cited 28 January 2020]. http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/05062019_wwf_tunisia_guidebook.pdf

Yaqob, E. 2020. Solid Waste Management in Palestine. In A.M. Negm & N. Shareef, eds. Waste Management in MENA Regions, pp. 193–221. Cham, Springer International Publishing. (also available at http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-18350-9_10).

Zabara, B. & Ahmad, A.A. 2020. Biomass Waste in Yemen: Management and Challenges. In A.M. Negm & N. Shareef, eds. Waste Management in MENA Regions, pp. 313–336. Cham, Springer International Publishing. (also available at http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-18350-9_16).