ANNEX I
A PRELIMINARY CHECKLIST OF INLAND WATER BODIES IN NIGERIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LAKES AND RESERVOIRS
Extracted from: E.O. Ita, E.K. Sado, J.K. Balogun, A. Pandogari and B. Ibitoye, 1985
Kainji Lake Research Institute
Technical Report Series No. 14
WATER BODIES IN:
ANAMBRA STATE
Name | Surface Area (ha) | Location |
Abina Reservoir | 0.50 | Ikwo |
Agulu Lake | N.S. | Agulu |
Ezzama Rice Irrigation Reservoir | 0.25 | Onueke |
Ezzamgbo Reservoir | 0.30 | Ezzamgbo |
Ezzamgbo Veterinary Reservoir | 0.50 | Ezzamgbo |
Ezzilo Reservoir | 2.0 | Ezzilo |
Igwenedoha Rice Irrigation Reservoir | 2.0 | Ikwo |
Igwenedoha Reservoir | 1.0 | Ikwo |
Item Ikwo Rice Irrigation Reservoir | 0.20 | Ikwo |
Lower Anambra Irrigation Scheme | 5 000.0 | Omor Ozouwani |
Ndubia Reservoir | 0.75 | Ndubia |
Nike Lake | 24.0 | Abakpa Nike |
Nkalagu Reservoir | 1.25 | Nkwo Nkalagu |
Nkissi Reservoir | N.S. | Onitsha |
Ogboji Reservoir | 2.0 | Ogboji WBRP Site |
Okpuru | 2.40 | Okpuru |
Okwor-Ngbo Reservoir | 0.50 | Okwo-Ngbo |
Umuezoka Reservoir | N.S. | Umuezoka |
Total | 5 037.65 |
BAUCHI STATE
Name | Surface Area (ha) | Location |
Ayaba Dam | 6.0 | Ayaba |
Ayaba River Lake | 4.0 | Ayaba |
Babusuna Lake (Natural) | 5.0 | Busuri |
Balanga Dam | 600.0 | Waja |
Buri Buri | 10.0 | Buri |
Dadin Kowa Dam | 29 000.0 | Yamaltu LG |
Dadin Kowa River Lake (Natural) | 5.0 | Dadin Kowa |
Dasheru Dam | 10.0 | Billiri Talase Road |
Diya Lake (Natural) | 60.0 | Almari Dambal Road |
Dumbu Dam | 7.0 | Kanawa Shelin Road |
Fed. Govt. Girls' College Dam | 2.0 | Bauchi |
Galala Dam | N.S. | Bauchi |
Gayin River Lake (Natural) | 2.0 | Bura Katanga Warji |
Gubi Dam (mini) | 20.0 | Bauchi Kari Road |
Gubi Dam | 600.0 | Gubi |
Hama Lake (Natural) | 8.0 | Yana LG |
Hardo Deba Dam | 11.0 | Hardo |
Ikunum Lake (Natural) | 26.0 | Zigau-Misan Road |
Kadele Babuna Dam | 2.0 | Dass |
Kafin Zaki Dam | 22 000.0 | Ningi |
Kasheru River Lake (Natural) | 8.0 | Gombe-Yola Road |
Kwaya River Lake (Natural) | 3.0 | Kwaya |
Mallaru Lake (Natural) | 10.0 | Gambe Abba |
Modjoru River Lake (Natural) | 10.0 | Gadam |
Nafada Lake (Natural) | 10.0 | Nafada |
Ranga Lake (Natural) | 4.0 | Ningi |
Rafin Rabi Lake | 20.0 | Yayu |
Rua Uku Lake (Natural) | 1.0 | Bajala |
Sawala River Lake (Natural) | 3.0 | Katanga Warji |
Takwakulo Lake (Natural) | 5.0 | Busuri-Yayu Road |
Tsumba Lake (Natural) | 16.0 | Zigan |
Tula River Lake (Natural) | 3.0 | Tula |
Tumun Dam | 1.0 | Tumun |
Wafala Lake (Natural) | 3.0 | Busuri |
Wiltoye Yayu Lake | 7.0 | Yayu |
Yaro Barno Lake (Natural) | 2.0 | Barno |
Yolo Lake (Natural) | 2.50 | Gombe-Duku Road |
Zagamfara Lake (Natural) | 4.0 | Ningi |
Zamfara Dam | 6.0 | Kanawa-Zamfara Road |
Zurma Lake (Natural) | 2.0 | Katanga Warji |
Total | 52 498.50 |
BENDEL STATE
Name | Surface Area (ha) | Location |
Anusai River Dam | N.S. | Asaba |
Ikpoba River Dam | 106.3 | Benin City |
Oghedekpe River Dam | 130.0 | Ekpoma |
Ojirami Dam | 93.0 | Ojirami |
Orle River Dam | N.S. | Aviele |
Total | 329.3 |
BENUE STATE
Name | Surface Area (ha) | Location |
Aketa Lake (Natural) | 30.0 | Katsina Ala |
Alingan Dam | N.S. | Alingan |
Atta Lake | 60.0 | Idah |
Baushe Dam | N.S. | Baushe |
Benue Cement Co. Water Supply Reservoir | 15.0 | Yander |
Daensak Dam | N.S. | Daensak |
Dep Lake (Natural) | 4.0 | Dep |
Langat Dam | 5.0 | Langat |
Muse Dam | N.S. | Langat |
Shemark Dam | N.S. | Shemark |
Shendum | N.S. | Shendum |
Tede Dam | N.S. | Tede |
Total | 114.0 |
BORNO STATE
Name | Surface Area (ha) | Location |
Alan Dam | 0.80 | Maiduguri |
Lake Alan Ali Banya Dam | 0.10 | Monguno |
Borrow Pits | 101.0 | Gadadai New Marte |
Borrow Pits Sand Ridges | 344.0 | New Marte |
Damagum Dam | 20.0 | Fune |
Irrigation Canals | 7.0 | Baga |
Irrigation Canals | 57.0 | New Marte |
Sanda Kyarimi Park Reservoir | 0.50 | Maiduguri Metrop. |
Wesley Dam | 12.50 | Tilla LGA |
Total | 542.90 |
CROSS RIVER STATE
Name | Surface Area (ha) | Location |
Bob Erei Lake | 50.0 | Biase LGA |
Ebean Group of Lakes | 60.0 | Biase LGA |
Ebom Lake (Natural) | 150.0 | Biase LGA |
Egwebe Lake | 70.0 | Biase LGA |
Eket Brackish-water Reservoir | 250.0 | Eket |
Ekwo Group of Lakes | 30.0 | Biase LGA |
Enyong Creek Reservoir | 500.0 | Enyong |
Ibini Lake | 20.0 | Biase LGA |
Ikana Group of Lakes | 10.0 | Biase LGA |
Nkari Irrigation Reservoir | 2.0 | Nkari |
Obanliku Reservoir | 15 000.0 | Obanliku |
Obudu Water Supply Dam | 84.0 | Obudu |
Ogoja Reservoir | 80.0 | Ogoja |
Other small lakes in the State | 30.0 | Biase LGA |
Ujutum Lake | 10.0 | Biase LGA |
Yakkur Dam | 0.20 | Yakkur near Ugep |
Yakkur Reservoir | N.S. | Yakkur |
Total | 16 346.20 |
GONGOLA STATE
Name | Surface Area (ha) | Location |
Abarki Lake (Natural) | 10.0 | Jole |
Ba'aka Lake (Natural) | 30.0 | Manga |
Bayan Gida Lake (Natural) | 10.0 | Jole |
Beli Yelba Lake (Natural) | 400.0 | Lau LGA |
Bengo Lake (Natural) | 50.0 | Bengo |
Binnari Lake (Natural) | 200.0 | Merenewa |
Buddungal Manpiu Lake (Natural) | 100.0 | Jole |
Buddungal Lake (Natural) | 800.0 | Gidan Chomo |
Burgu Soba Lake (Natural) | 23.0 | Mayuo/Ranewo |
Chench Lake (Natural) | 40.0 | Jole |
Dariju Lake (Natural) | 3.0 | Jole |
Datsin Lake (Natural) | 100.0 | Datsin |
Dulum Lake (Natural) | 150.0 | Jalingo |
Farda Lake | 80.0 | Farda |
Geriyo Lake (Natural) | 250.0 | Yola |
Givaji Lake (Natural) | 160.0 | Tudun Wada |
Jeh Lake (Natural) | 40.0 | Jole |
Jilmirenkol Lake (Natural) | 50.0 | Jole |
Ka/Koro/Bokanje Lake (Natural) | 50.0 | Jole |
Kan Lake (Natural) | 40.0 | Marniyo |
Kankan Lake (Natural) | 15.0 | Jole |
Kapo Lake (Natural) | 150.0 | Kapo |
Karim Lawa Lake (Natural) | 16.0 | Karim Lau LGA |
Karim Mauwundi Lake (Natural) | 15.0 | Mawundi Lau LGMA |
Kaun Lake (Natural) | 6.0 | Mayo Ranewo |
Kiri Dam | 11 500.0 | Numan/Guyuk Road |
Lappai Lake (Natural) | 15.0 | Bandawa |
Layo Lake (Natural) | 5.0 | Jole |
Lutu/Mamdada Lake (Natural) | 50.0 | Kuriri |
Mario Lake (Natural) | 50.0 | Marenewa |
Mariyo Lake (Natural) | 22.0 | Mayo Ranewo |
Marmai/Yapile Lake (Natural) | 200.0 | Audi Jole |
Marmil Lake (Natural) | 850.0 | Dobelil |
Mayo Lamurde Lake (Natural) | 18.0 | Koma/Jalingo |
Njumba Lake (Natural) | 750.0 | Jimeta |
Nobe Lake (Natural) | 4.0 | Jole |
Nyawal Lake (Natural) | 40.0 | Kunini |
Peu Lake (Natural) | 800.0 | Peu |
Ribadu Lake (Natural) | 150.0 | Ribadu |
Ruwan Kuka Lake (Natural) | 40.0 | Jole |
Shilobaji Lake (Natural) | 5.0 | Jole |
Shimi Lake (Natural) | 10.0 | Mayo/Ranewo |
Soboro Lake (Natural) | 50.0 | Sobire |
Solo Boji Lake (Natural) | 44.0 | Mayo/Ranewo |
Sule Baji Lake (Natural) | 95.0 | Mayo/Ranewo |
Tignum Lake (Natural) | 36.0 | Lafia |
Tunge Lake (Natural) | 10.0 | Jole |
Usmanu Lake (Natural) | 25.0 | Usmanu |
Vendu Munga Lake (Natural) | 50.0 | Munga |
Vendu Nyelbi/Munte Lake (Natural) | 6.0 | Jole |
Waduku Lake (Natural) | 48.0 | Lafia |
Walayenda Lake (Natural) | 35.0 | Mayo/Ranewo |
Wolaendeh Lake (Natural) | 5.0 | Jole |
Wuju Lake (Natural) | 32.0 | Jiru |
Yorde Lake (Natural) | 15.0 | Mayo/Ranewo |
Zagon Lake (Natural) | 100.0 | Jole |
Total | 17 848.0 |
IMO STATE
Name | Surface Area (ha) | Location |
Aba River Reservoir | 1.0 | Aba |
Abadaba Lake | 4.0 | Nkumeato |
Edemili Lake | 5.0 | Awoidemili |
Ehoma Lake | 6.0 | Ndibe |
Ibu Dam Irrigation Project | 3 500.0 | Ndimoko Arondizuogu |
Igwu River Reservoir | 4.0 | Igbere |
Iyieke Lake | 10.0 | Ndibe |
Mgbu Lake | 1.0 | Umudi |
Oguta Farmland Reservoir | 6.0 | Oguta Urban |
Oguta Lake | 300.0 | Oguta |
Ojukwu, S.M. Reservoir | 3.0 | Akanu Item |
Okenmiri Reservoir | 4.0 | Obi Ngwa LGA |
Otamiri Reservoir | 1.0 | Owerri |
Umuobike Reservoir | 2.50 | Umuobike |
Umuoparanyima Reservoir | 3.0 | Umuoparanyima |
Uzuakoli Lake | 4.0 | Uzuakoli |
Total | 3 854.5 |
KADUNA STATE
Name | Surface Area (ha) | Location |
Ahmadu Bello University Lake | 484.0 | Samaru Zaria |
Ahmadu Bello University Farm Lake | 110.0 | Samaru Zaria |
Ajiwa Dam | 607.0 | Katsina |
Bagoma (Birnin Gwari) Dam | 97.0 | Birnin Gwari |
Bakori Dam | 40.0 | Funtua |
Birnin Gwari Reservoir | N.S. | Birnin Gwari |
Bomo Lake | 9.0 | Samaru Zaria |
Dabiram Dam | 100.0 | Daura |
Doka Dam | 4.4 | Katchia |
Dutsin 'Ma Dam | 85.0 | Dutsin 'Ma |
Fakuwa Chiranchi Dam | 400.0 | Fakuwa Chiranchi |
Gadabemye | 1 000.0 | Gadabemye |
Garu Dam | 7.1 | Ikara LGA |
Gerin Kurama Reservoir | N.S. | Gerin Kurama |
Gingin Dam | N.S. | Funtua |
Jaji Dam | 40.0 | Jaji |
Jibiya Dam | 4 000.0 | Dutsin'Ma |
Katchia Dam | 100.0 | Katchia |
Kafi Soli Dam | 100.0 | Kankia |
Kagoro Dam | 100.0 | Jema'a |
Kamfamin Doko Dam | 5.6 | Birnin Gwari LGA |
Kangimi Dam | 567.0 | Kaduna |
Kasawar Magani Dam | 7.5 | Katchia LGA |
Kayauki Dam | 5.0 | Katsina |
Kuban Dam | 31.7 | Ikara LGA |
Kudan Dam | 11.9 | Ikara LGA |
Kiyama Dam | 3.5 | Katchia LGA |
Kurfi Dam | 80.0 | Katchia LGA |
Kuyello Dam | 6.7 | Birnin Gwari LGA |
Malumfashi Dam | 115.0 | Malumfashi |
Mando Dam | 100.0 | Mando |
Mando Reservoir | N.S. | Mando |
Mairuwa Dam | 144.0 | Funtua |
Musawa Dam | 20.6 | Katchia LGA |
Riga Chikum | 3.1 | Zaria LGA |
Ruma Water Supply | 100.0 | Zaria LGA |
Sabon Bitmin Giloa Dam | 28.6 | Zaria LGA |
Tamani | 2.6 | Birnin Gwari LGA |
Yantumaki Dam | 20.6 | Katchia LGA |
Zaria Dam | 484.0 | Zaria |
Zobe Dam | 5 000.0 | Dutsin'Ma LGA |
Total | 14 020.9 |
KANO STATE
Name | Surface Area (ha) | Location |
Bagauda Dam | 376.0 | Bebeji LGA |
Bagwai (Wateri) Dam | 1 959.0 | Bichi/Dawakin Tofa Tofa LGA |
Birnin Kudu Dam | 61.0 | Birnin Kudu |
Chalawa Gorge Dam | 10 117.0 | N.S. |
Dankwai Dam | 9.0 | Bichi LGA |
Gari (Audu Bako) Dam | 3 318.0 | Kunchi |
Guzuguzu Road Dam | 635.0 | Gwarzo LGA |
Gwarzo Road Dam (Rimin Gado Dam) | 10.0 | Dawakin Tofa LGA |
Ibrahim Adamu Dam | 263.0 | Kazaure |
Jakara (Barma) Dam | 1 659.0 | Gezewa LGA |
Kafinchiri (Jatau) Dam | 842.0 | Wudil LGA |
Kango Dam | 255.0 | N.S. |
Kefin Gana Road Dam | 121.0 | Birnin Kudu LGA |
Kiye Lake (Natural) | 70.0 | Kazaure |
Kusalla Dam | 198.0 | Karaya |
Magaga Road Dam | 372.0 | Gwarzo LGA |
Marashi Road (Gangara) Dam | 214.5 | Gwarzo LGA |
Mohammed Ayuba Dam | 116.0 | Kazaure |
Pada Road Dam | 409.0 | Santa Boka |
Ruwan Kanya Dam | 1 500.0 | Rano LGMA |
Sabon Tasha Dam | 9.0 | Dawakin Kudu LGA |
Tiga (Yakubu Gowon) Dam | 17 806.0 | Tiga |
Tomas Road Dam | 1 497.0 | Kano-Daura Road |
Tudun Wada Dam | 350.0 | Tudun Wada |
Warwade (Dutse) Dam | 526.0 | Dutse LGA |
Wawan Rafi Lake | 80.0 | Kazaure LGA |
Total | 42 772.5 |
KWARA STATE
Name | Surface Area (ha) | Location |
Agba Dam | 5.4 | Ilorin |
Asa Dam | 302.0 | Ilorin |
Beri Reservoir | N.S. | Beri |
Doko Reservoir | 2.0 | Doko |
Erin-Ile Reservoir | 2.5 | Erin-Ile |
Isanlu Reservoir | N.S. | Isanlu |
Jagindi Reservoir | N.S. | Jagindi |
Kainji Lake Res. Inst. Fisheries Reservoir | 1.5 | New Bussa |
Kubli Dam | 750.0 | Swashi |
Meshegu Reservoir | N.S. | Meshegu |
Ogundele Weir | 2.5 | Ogundele |
Okene Dam | 573.4 | Okene |
Oke-Oyi Weir | 3.0 | Oke-Oyi |
Omi Dam | N.S. | Omi |
Omu-Aran | N.S. | Omu-Aran |
Orisa Dam | N.S. | Omu-Aran |
Oyun Dam | 20.8 | Offa |
Pambeguwa Reservoir | N.S. | Pambeguwa |
Share Reservoir | 4.0 | Share |
Swashi Dam (Main) | 250.0 | Swashi |
Swashi Dam (NSR I) | 10.0 | Swashi |
Swashi Dam (NSR II) | 20.0 | Swashi |
Swashi Dam (NSR III) | 25.0 | Swashi |
Tapa Reservoir | N.S. | Tapa |
Kainji Lake Res. Inst. Water Supply (Kigera) Dam | 0.5 | New Bussa |
Total | 1 972.6 |
NIGER STATE
Name | Surface Area (ha) | Location |
Gwada Reservoir | N.S. | Gwada |
Jabi Dam | N.S. | Abuja |
Jebba Dam | 35 000.0 | Jebba |
Kagara Dam | 580.0 | Kagara |
Kontagora Dam | 370.0 | Kontagora |
Kontagora Reservoir | 3 500.0 | Kontagora |
Ndakolowu Lake | 300.0 | Tatabu |
Mariga Weir Dam | 3.5 | Mariga |
Shiroro Dam | 31 200.0 | Shiroro |
Suleja Dam | 740.0 | Suleja |
Tagwai Dam | 550.0 | Tagwai |
Tegina Reservoir | N.S. | Tegina |
Total | 72 243.50 |
OGUN STATE
Name | Surface Area (ha) | Location |
Eriwe Fish Farm Reservoir | +100.0 | Eriwe Via Ijebu-Ode |
Farm Complex Reservoir | 10.0 | Opeji LGA |
Oyan River Dam | 4 000.0 | Opeji LGA |
Texagari Dam | 18.5 | Opeji LGA |
Total | +4 128.5 |
ONDO STATE
Name | Surface Area (ha) | Location |
Awara Dam | N.S. | Ikara |
Egbe Dam | 650.0 | Egbe |
Ero Dam | 450.0 | Otun-Ekiti |
Erusu Dam | N.S. | Erusu |
Ogbese Dam | N.S. | Ogbese |
Owena Dam | 1 450.0 | Owena |
Total | 2 550.0 |
OYO STATE
Name | Surface Area (ha) | Location |
Asejire Reservoir | 2 369.11 | Lagelu LGA |
Ede/Oshogbo Reservoir | 20.0 | Oshogbo |
Eko-Ende Reservoir | 297.45 | Eko-Ende |
Erelu Reservoir | 161.0 | Oyo |
Eruwa Reservoir | 78.0 | Eruwa |
Esa-Odo Reservoir | 50.0 | Ilesha |
Eni-Osa Ojoo Dam | 3.0 | O.O.R.B.D.A. |
I.I.T.A. Reservoir | 78.0 | Ibadan |
Model Fish Farm Reservoir | 50.0 | Iluponna |
Ogbomoso Reservoir | 138.0 | Ogbomoso |
Ogunpa Reservoir | 4.05 | Ibadan Municipal |
Otiki Reservoir | 6.0 | Ifedapo LGA |
Shaki Dam | 18.0 | Shaki |
Total | 3 272.61 |
PLATEAU STATE
Name | Surface Area (ha) | Location |
Amba River Dam | 150.0 | Lafia |
Bill Lake (Natural) | 3.0 | Yamini |
Dengi Dam | 15.0 | Kanem LGA |
Dogon Ruwa Lake (Natural) | 7.0 | Kuka |
Doma Dam | 1 200.0 | Doma |
Exland Reservoir | 16.0 | Tenti |
Feferuwa Lake (Natural) | 500.0 | Lafia |
Idyem River Dam | 50.0 | Langtan |
Jos Reservoir I | 15.0 | Jos |
Jos Reservoir II | 5.0 | Jos |
Kabivir Reservoir | 30.0 | Pankshin |
Kantoma Reservoir | 6.0 | Kantoma |
Kogigiri (Lamingo) Dam | 50.0 | Shere Hills Jos |
Kons Hess Dam | 35.0 | Shendam |
Kwal Reservoir | 145.0 | Basa LGA |
Kawan Gaval River Dam | 25.0 | Pankshin |
Liberty Reservoir | 500.0 | Jos |
Magarya Lake (Natural) | 4.0 | Kuka |
Mai Gurbi Biyu Lake (Natural) | 3.0 | Kuka |
Maitaru Lake (Natural) | 4.0 | Kuka |
Ouree Reservoir | 95.0 | Basa |
Pandam Lake (Natural) | 200.0 | Kuka |
Pankanpayo Lake (Natural) | 5.0 | Yamini |
Polmakat Lake (Natural) | 90.0 | Lakushi |
Rim Makafo Dam | 10.0 | Riyom LGA |
Ruwan Shaku Lake (Natural) | 4.0 | Yamini |
Sabongida Reservoir | 130.0 | Sabongida Konar |
Shemankar Ox-bow Lake (Natural) | 20.0 | Pan LGA |
Tolemashe Reservoir | 3.0 | Jos |
Uki River Dam | 25.0 | Uki |
Total | 3 345.0 |
SOKOTO STATE
Name | Surface Area (ha) | Location |
Abaniya Dam | 330.0 | Abaniya |
Angwan Tagwaya Dam | 120.0 | Angwan Tagwaya |
Bakolori Dam | 8 000.0 | Talata Mafara LGA |
Birnin Kebbi Dam | 2.0 | Birnin Kebbi |
Dauche Dam | 980.0 | Dauche |
Gidan Zuma Dam | 200.0 | Gidan Zuma |
Goronyo Dam | 20 000.0 | Goronyo |
Gusami Dam | 120.0 | Gusami |
Gusau Barrage | 450.0 | Gusau |
Kalmalo Lake | N.S. | Illela |
Kauranamoda Dam | 2 201.0 | Kauranamoda |
Kekunwaje | 450.0 | Kekunwaje |
Kware Lake | 200.0 | Kware |
Nahuche Dam | 470.0 | Nahuche |
Rawuya Dam | 550.0 | Rawuya |
Ruwan Dorawa Dam | 550.0 | Dorawa |
Talata Mafara Dam | 32.0 | Talata Mafara |
Zuru Dam | 2.25 | Zuru |
Total | 34 657.25 |
1. GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE
Sao Tome and Principe consists of two mountainous volcanic islands. Total surface area is 960 km2.
The climate is tropical but varies with altitude. The coastal lowlands are some-what warmer than the central highlands. The economy is centered around plantation agriculture, principally cocoa and copra.
2. HYDROGRAPHY
2.1 Lakes
None of significant size.
2.2 Rivers, Floodplains and Swamps
Numerous short seasonal torrential rivers only.
2.3 Reservoirs
None of significant size.
2.4 Coastal Lagoons
None at present, but in the past the mouth of the Malanza River had been barred to form a lagoon varying in area from 0.16 km2 during the dry season to 0.80 km2 during the rainy season.
2.5 Aquaculture
At present there is no aquaculture in Sao Tome and Principe (Vincke, 1989, pers. comm.).
3. FISHERY PRODUCTION/POTENTIAL
3.1 Fish production and per caput supply
(See Table 1)
3.2 Inland catch range and potential yield
Total annual yield: 10 t in 1980 in main river estuaries (Robinson & Mundt, 1983).
4. STATE OF THE FISHERY
4.1 Yield
About 10 t in 1980 from capture fishery activity by marine fishermen at the mouths of the main rivers, mainly brackishwater fishes and crustaceans (Robinson & Mundt, 1983).
Table 1. FISH PRODUCTION AND PER CAPUT SUPPLY - Sao Tome and Principe, 1970–1987
Nominal Production (including exports) (t) 2 4 | Nominal Consumer Supply (including exports) (kg/person) | ||||||||
Year | Population '000 1 | No inland capture | Aquaculture 3 | Marine capture | Total | No inland capture | Aquaculture 3 | Marine capture | Total |
1970 | 74 | 800 | 800 | 10.8 | 10.8 | ||||
1971 | 75 | 900 | 900 | 12.0 | 12.0 | ||||
1972 | 76 | 800 | 800 | 10.5 | 10.5 | ||||
1973 | 78 | 800 | 800 | 10.2 | 10.2 | ||||
1974 | 79 | 800 | 800 | 10.1 | 10.1 | ||||
1975 | 80 | 1 200 | 1 200 | 15.0 | 15.0 | ||||
1976 | 81 | 1 300 | 1 300 | 16.0 | 16.0 | ||||
1977 | 82 | 1 400 | 1 400 | 17.0 | 17.0 | ||||
1978 | 83 | 1 500 | 1 500 | 18.0 | 18.0 | ||||
1979 | 84 | 475 | 475 | 5.6 | 5.6 | ||||
1980 | 85 | 417 | 417 | 4.9 | 4.9 | ||||
1981 | 87 | 2 158 | 2 158 | 24.8 | 24.8 | ||||
1982 | 89 | 2 688 | 2 688 | 30.2 | 30.2 | ||||
1983 | 92 | 4 012 | 4 012 | 43.6 | 43.6 | ||||
1984 | 94 | 4 444 | 4 444 | 47.2 | 47.2 | ||||
1985 | 97 | 3 988 | 3 988 | 41.1 | 41.1 | ||||
1986 | 100 | 2 833 | 2 833 | 28.3 | 28.3 | ||||
1987 | 103 | 2 500 | 2 500 | 24.3 | 24.3 |
1 Source: FAO
2 Source: FAO Fisheries Department FISHDAB
3 No aquaculture in Sao Tome and Principe (Vincke, 1989, pers.comm.)
4 From 1980 to 1983, Marine exports were as follows: 1980–1982: nil; 1983: 761 t
4.2 Factors influencing yield
Very limited hydrography, as well as depauperate ichthyofauna.
4.3 Future development possibilities
Only very limited capture fishery development is possible; aquaculture development is more feasible.
5. KEY BIBLIOGRAPHY
Robinson & Mundt, 1983
6. WATER BODIES DIRECTORY
Rivers |
Agua Amoreira |
Agua Madalena |
Fig. 1. MAP OF SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE
(U.S. Department of State, 1983)
AGUA AMOREIRA RIVER
Geographical data | |
Source: | central highlands of Sao Tome Island |
Countries traversed: | Sao Tome and Principe (Sao Tome Island) |
Discharges to: | Atlantic Ocean |
Physical and chemical data: (Robinson & Mundt, 1983) | |
pH: | 7.0 |
Conductivity: | 190 μ S/cm |
AGUA MADALENA RIVER
Geographical data | |
Source: | central highlands of Sao Tome Island |
Countries traversed: | Sao Tome and Principe (Sao Tome Island) |
Discharges to: | Atlantic Ocean |
Physical and chemical data: (Robinson & Mundt, 1983) | |
pH: | 7.2 |
Conductivity: | 260 μ S/cm |
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
FAO, 1983
Robinson & Mundt, 1983
U.S. Department of State, 1983
1. GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE (Welcomme, 1979; Deceuninck, 1989b)
Most of Senegal (total surface area of 192 000 km2) is low-lying, rolling terrain covered with savanna. In the southeast the country rises to the foothills of the Fouta Djallon Mountains. Some rainforest and swamps are found in the south.
There are two well-defined seasons: the rains occur from June to October; December-February is cool and dry. Senegal is a very arid country over much of which marginal agriculture is practised. There is some pastoralism, especially in the eastern parts and in the Senegal River Valley. Much of the river valley is being converted to irrigated agriculture, a process which will be accelerated after the construction of the projected upstream dams.
Many small rivers go dry from February-March to July.
2. HYDROGRAPHY (Welcomme, 1979; Deceuninck, 1989b)
(See Fig. 1 and Table 1)
2.1 Lakes
One major lake, the Lac de Guiers, is connected to the Senegal River by a short channel, the Tawey. The lake area fluctuates between 120 km2 at low water and 240 km2 at high water.
2.2 Rivers, Floodplains and Swamps
The Senegal River and its tributary, the Falmèmè, form the northern and western frontiers of the country with Mali and Mauritania. The Senegal River has extensive floodplains, both fringing the main channel (5 000 km2 at peak flood) and in the delta (7 970 km2 at peak flood). Other rivers are the Saloum, Gambia and Casamance.
2.3 Reservoirs
There are no major reservoirs at present although there are proposals to install a flood-control dam in the Senegal River delta at Diama. Other dams are planned at Kekreti and Sambangalou (on the Gambia River) and at Guidel, Baile and Anambè (on the Casamance River). Surface areas for two of the reservoirs would vary as follows:
Diama Reservoir | 40–400 km2 |
Kekreti Reservoir | 500–1 000 km2 |
2.4 Coastal Lagoons
The Casamance River has an estuarine zone which extends far inland. There are also estuarine lagoons around the mouth of the Saloum River, and the Senegal River has an extensive delta which is deeply penetrated by salt water. There are a few small lagoons to the north of Dakar.
2.5 Aquaculture
Vincke (1989, pers.comm.) gives the following composite estimate of aquaculture production units in 1985:
Breeding centres: | 2 (surface area: 4.0 ha) |
Family-type ponds: | 22 (surface area: 4.0 ha) |
Large fish farms: | 1 (surface area: 5.0 ha) |
Table 1. RIVER BASINS OF SENEGAL
(Numbers refer to Figure 1)
1. | Senegal River basin |
2. | Lac de Guiers basin |
3. | Ferlo River fossil basin |
4. | Saloum River fossil basin |
5. | Gambia River basin |
6. | Faleme River basin |
7. | Casamance River basin |
8. | Kayanga (Geba) River basin |
3. FISHERY PRODUCTION/POTENTIAL
3.1 Fish production and per caput supply
Table 2. FISH PRODUCTION AND PER CAPUT SUPPLY - Senegal, 1970–1987
Nominal Production (including exports) (t) 2 | Nominal Consumer Supply (including exports) (kg/person) | ||||||||
Year | Population '000 1 | Inland capture | Aquaculture 3 | Marine capture 6 | Total | Inland capture | Aquaculture 3 | Marine capture | Total |
1970 | 4 008 | 18 000 | - 4 | 169 200 | 187 200 | 4.5 | - | 42.2 | 46.7 |
1971 | 4 151 | 18 000 | - | 221 000 | 239 000 | 4.3 | - | 53.2 | 57.5 |
1972 | 4 298 | 15 000 | - | 278 600 | 293 600 | 3.5 | - | 64.8 | 68.3 |
1973 | 4 450 | 12 000 | - | 303 800 | 315 800 | 2.7 | - | 68.3 | 71.0 |
1974 | 4 608 | 10 000 | - | 347 030 | 357 030 | 2.2 | - | 75.3 | 77.5 |
1975 | 4 771 | 10 000 | - | 352 912 | 362 912 | 2.1 | - | 74.0 | 76.1 |
1976 | 4 939 | 11 151 | - | 350 861 | 362 012 | 2.3 | - | 71.0 | 73.3 |
1977 | 5 113 | 6 511 | - | 334 965 | 341 476 | 1.3 | - | 65.5 | 66.8 |
1978 | 5 293 | 5 492 | - | 347 814 | 353 306 | 1.0 | - | 65.7 | 66.7 |
1979 | 5 479 | 15 000 | - | 210 185 | 225 185 | 2.7 | - | 38.4 | 41.1 |
1980 | 5 672 | 15 000 | - | 217 752 | 232 752 | 2.6 | - | 38.4 | 41.0 |
1981 | 5 819 | 15 000 | - | 210 509 | 225 509 | 2.6 | - | 36.2 | 38.8 |
1982 | 5 969 | 14 929 | 71 5 | 214 435 | 229 435 | 2.5 | 0.01 | 35.9 | 38.4 |
1983 | 6 123 | 14 943 | 57 5 | 248 150 | 263 150 | 2.4 | 0.009 | 40.5 | 42.9 |
1984 | 6 282 | 14 950 | 50 5 | 235 408 | 250 408 | 2.4 | 0.008 | 37.5 | 39.9 |
1985 | 6 444 | 14 964 | 36 5 | 240 381 | 255 381 | 2.3 | 0.005 | 37.3 | 39.6 |
1986 | 6 621 | 14 966 | 34 5 | 271 914 | 286 914 | 2.3 | 0.005 | 41.0 | 43.3 |
1987 | 6 802 | 14 966 | 34 5 | 284 000 | 299 000 | 2.2 | 0.005 | 41.7 | 43.9 |
1 Source: FAO
2 Source: FAO Fisheries Department FISHDAB
Catch data covers: the artisanal Senegalese fishery; the industrial Senegalese tuna fishery; the industrial Senegalese and French trawler fishery; and the industrial Senegalese sardine fishery.
3 included in “Inland capture” if not specified.
4 - = data not available.
5 Vincke, 1989, pers.comm.
6 From 1980 to 1983 marine exports were as follows: 1980: 49 326 t; 1981: 46 017 t; 1982: 61 914 t; 1983: 60 420 t.
Fig. 1. HYDROGRAPHIC NETWORK AND BASINS
(adapted from M.D.R., 1988)
3.2 Inland catch range and potential yield
Table 3.
Water body | Period | Annual catch range (t) | Potential annual yield (t) |
Lake Guiers | 1963–69; 1978; 1987 | 800–3 100 | No data |
Casamance River | 1987 | 12 000–15 000 | |
Senegal River | 1958; 1969; 1978; 1987 | 12 000–24 000 | |
Sine-Saloum River | 1987 | 6 000–8 000 | |
Other Rivers, pools | 1980's | 3 400–5 000 |
Sources: see text
Total annual yield: | 13 400–27 600 t. |
37 000 (in 1987) to 60 000 t (Frenoux, 1988) | |
Potential annual yield: | 37 000 to 60 000 t (estimate considering already full exploitation) |
4. STATE OF THE FISHERY
4.1 Yield
The catches from the Senegal River fell to 12 000 t/yr during the Sahelian drought, but rose again to their pre-flood levels once normal flood patterns were re-established. The estimates of inland catch are based mainly on the catches from the Senegal River, but national catches are presumably higher, as a fair but unreported quantity must also be caught in the Casamance, Gambia and Saloum systems. (Welcomme, 1979)
However, Frenoux (1988) gives higher estimates. 37 000 t (14 000 t freshwater fish and 23 000 t brackishwater fish) in 1987; 60 000 t before the drought (see tables 3 and 4).
In general, the Senegal fishery appears to be exploited. The swiftness of the collapse of the fishery during the drought bears witness to the intensity of fishing; however, the equally swift re-establishment of previous catch levels would indicate that the fishery is not severely over-exploited.
The main freshwater fishes are: Lates niloticus, Citharinus citharus, Mormyrus macrophthalmus, Hemichromis fasciatus, Gymnarchus niloticus, Clarias anguillaris, Hydrocynus, Alestes, Distichodus, Labeo, Schilbe, Synodontis, Polypterus, Heterotis. The main brackishwater fishes are: Elops, Liza, Mugil, Tilapia heudelotti, Ethmalosa, Ilisha, Cynoglossus, Polydactylus, Pellonula. (Reizer, et al., 1972)
Aquaculture production (t), by species, from 1982 to 1987 is reported by Vincke (1989, pers.comm.) as follows:
Species | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 |
Inland: | ||||||
Oreochromis niloticus | 18 | 14 | 13 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
Marine: | ||||||
Crustacea | - | - | 1 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
Crassostrea spp. | 53 | 43 | 36 | 30 | 26 | 25 |
Total | 71 | 57 | 50 | 36 | 34 | 34 |
4.2 Factors influencing yield
Climatic factors have a very strong influence on the catches within the country (see figures from 1970 to 1987). The Senegal is a Sahelian river, and its fisheries suffer from the periodic droughts which beset this region.
Table 4 gives estimates of inland fisheries production before and after the drought.
Table 4. INLAND FISHERIES PRODUCTION BEFORE (NORMAL YEAR) AND AFTER (1987) THE DROUGHT
Basins/Rivers | Production before the drought (normal year) (tons/yr) | Production in 1987 (estimated) (tons/yr) | |||
Senegal River | Senegal | Mauritania | Senegal | Mauritania | |
Lower delta | 4 000 | 2 000 | |||
Upper delta | 5 000 | 2 500 | 2 000 | 1 200 | |
Mid-upper basin | 10 600 | 5 400 | 6 000 | 2 000 | |
Total | 19 600 | 7 900 | 10 000 | 3 200 | |
Total (Senegal + Mauritania) | 27 500 | 13 200 | |||
Guiers Lake & Taouey channel | 2 500 | 3 000 | |||
Sine - Saloum | 6 to 8 000 | 6 to 8 000 | |||
Gambia | negligible | negligible | |||
Casamance (Low and mid) | 12 to 15 000 | 12 to 15 000 | |||
Misc. aquaculture, pools, secondary streams, channels | 5 000 | 3 400 | |||
Total inland | 47 000 | (rounded) | |||
Senegalese waters | to 60 000 | 37 000 t |
Source: Frenoux, 1988
4.3 Future development possibilities
As well as fuller exploitation of the capture fisheries of the river, other increases in production could result from an extensive, or semi-intensive use of the floodplain lagoons for aquaculture. Any plans for development of this type would depend greatly on the various types of hydro-agricultural management proposed. Three major upstream dams are being considered: Galoupo, Manantali and Gourbessi. There is also a proposal to install a dam in the delta (Diama) which would change its salinity characteristics. None of the upstream dams would be in Senegal, so the country would not benefit from the fisheries of the reservoirs they impound, and there would be a considerable loss in the fishery of the Senegal River floodplains. The long-term prospects for the Senegal River fishery are poor. It would thus be desirable to develop aquaculture to compensate for the loss in capture fishery yield.
5. KEY BIBLIOGRAPHY
Deceuninck, 1989b
6. WATER BODIES DIRECTORY
Lakes | ||
Guiers and Taouey Channel | ||
Rivers | ||
Casamance | Geba/Kayanga | Sine-Saloum |
Gambia | Senegal |
LAKE GUIERS and TAOUEY/TAWEY CHANNEL
Geographical data | (Welcomme, 1972) |
Location: | northern Senegal - 15° 50'-16° 20'N; 15° 30'W |
Altitude: | nearly at sea level |
Surface area: | 300 km2 (max); 170 km2 (min) |
Depth: | 3.5 m (max); 2 m (min) |
Volume: | 190 × 106 m3 |
Max. length: | 70 km |
Max. width: | 8 km |
Annual fluctuation in level: 1.6 m | |
Major inflowing river: | there is no inflowing river, but the lake is filled and emptied through a channel, the Tauouey/Tawey, which connects it to the Senegal River. |
Physical and chemical data (Welcomme, 1972) | |
Conductivity: | 45–75 (72.6) μ S/cm |
pH: | 6.6–8.1 |
Fisheries data
Total annual catch and effort:
Year | Total catch (t) | No. of fishermen | No. of boats |
1963 | 800 | - | - |
1964 | 1 000 | - | - |
1965 | 1 300 | - | - |
1966 | 1 700* | 371* | 90* |
1967 | 2 000 | - | - |
1968 | 2 200* | - | - |
1969 | 3 100* | - | - |
1970 | - | - | - |
1971 | - | - | - |
1972 | - | - | - |
1973 | - | - | - |
1974 | - | - | - |
1975 | - | - | - |
1976 | - | - | - |
1977 | - | - | - |
1978 | 2 500* | - | - |
1987 | 3 000** | - | - |
Sources: * Welcomme, 1972
** Frenoux, 1988
Potential yield: approx. 2 500 t (Welcomme, 1972)
CASAMANCE RIVER
Geographical data | |
Source: | southern Senegal |
Altitude: | 57 m |
Total length: | 325 km |
Countries traversed: | Senegal |
Major tributaries: | Soungrougrou |
Discharges to: | Atlantic Ocean - 12°33'N; 16°46'W |
Special features: | extensive estuarine zone inland |
Fisheries data (Frenoux, 1988) | |
No. of fishermen: | 5 500 |
No. of canoes: | 2 200 |
Total annual catch: in Low and Mid Casamance: 12 000 to 15 000 t (1987) |
GAMBIA RIVER
(International water)
Geographical data | |
Source: | Fouta Djallon (Guinea) |
Altitude: | 1 100 m |
Total length: | 1 120 km (200 km in Guinea) (last 480 km in Gambia) |
Drainage area: | 77 000 km2 |
Countries traversed: | Gambia, Guinea, Senegal |
Discharges to: | Atlantic Ocean at Bathurst, Gambia - 12°23'N; 16°20'W |
Special features: | in Gambia, most of the banks are flooded during the rains and the estimated area of waters at peak floods (2 000 km2) covers about 40% of the area of Gambia. There is a small lake/lagoon on the north shore floodplain near Njakunda. The saline downstream reaches of the river are lined with mangroves and are generally estuarine in character. |
Physical and chemical data | |
Temperature: | about 20°C |
pH: | 6.3 |
Fisheries data | |
No. of fish species: | 81 |
GEBA/KAYANGA RIVER
(International water)
Geographical data | |
Source: | southern Senegal |
Altitude: | 75 m asl |
Total length: | 225 km (140 km in Guinea-Bissau) |
Drainage area: | 8 000 km2 |
Countries traversed: | Guinea-Bissau, Senegal |
Discharges to: | Atlantic Ocean in Guinea-Bissau - 11°58'N; 15°02'W |
SENEGAL RIVER
(International water)
Geographical data | (Welcomme, 1972) |
Source: | the Senegal River originates at the confluence of the Bafing and Bakoye Rivers at Bafonlabè. The major tributary (Bafing) rises in the Fouta Djallon, Guinea. |
Altitude: | 1 200 m asl |
Total length: | 1 641 km - including the Bafing tributary |
Countries traversed: | Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal |
Major tributaries: | Bafing, Bakoyo, Falèmè, Baoulè, Kolombinè, Karakoro, Gorgol |
Discharges to: | Atlantic Ocean, 24 km south of Saint Louis |
Volume of discharge at mouth: 5 000 m3/sec during 100 year flood | |
Flood regime: | August-November, maximum September. In the rain the river floods at Bakel an area of 12 950 km2, 12 163 km2 of which are left dry during low water. 70% of the floodplain is located in Senegal. |
Physical and chemical data (Welcomme, 1972) | |
Temperature: | 25°C |
Conductivity: | 72 μS/cm |
pH: | 7.1 |
Ionic composition: |
Upper course* mg/l | Lower course** meq/l | |||
Na | 2.5 | 0.09–2.1 | ||
K | 2.4 | 0.04–1.6 | ||
Ca | 10.0 | 0.29–5.8 | ||
Mg | 1.0 | 0.45–5.5 | ||
HCO3 | 0.50–30.5 | |||
Cl | 3.0 | - | ||
SO4 | 11.0 | - |
* (Livingston, 1963)
** (Reizer, 1971)
Fisheries data
No. of fish species: 54 in Baoulè and Bakoyo Rivers (Daget, 1961)
Total annual catch and effort:
Year | Total catch (t) | No. of fishermen |
1958 | 12 600 | - |
1959–66 | - | - |
1967 | 30 000 | - |
1968 | 25 000 | - |
1969 | 20 000 | - |
1970 | 18 000 | - |
1971 | 18 000 | - |
1972 | 15 000 | - |
1973 | 12 000 | - |
1974 | 21 000 | - |
1975 | 25 000 | - |
1976 | 15 000 | - |
1977 | 12 000 | 14 000 |
1978 | 12 000 | - |
1979 | 10 000 | - |
See also Table 4.
SINE - SALOUM RIVER
Geographical data | |
Location: | western Senegal |
Special features: | estuarine rivers, brackish water |
Fisheries data | (Frenoux, 1988) |
No. of fishermen: | 4 000–6 000 |
No. of boats: | 1 600 to 1 700 (dug-out canoes 5 m and plank canoes 10–15 m) |
Total annual catch: | 6 000 to 8 000 t (in 1987) |
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Daget, 1961
Deceuninck, 1989b
Frenoux, 1988
Livingston, 1963
M.D.R., 1988
Reizer, 1971
Reizer, et al., 1972
Welcomme, 1972; 1979