Table 1. Physical features of the Philippines
A Land Resources |
|
||
|
1. Number of Islands |
7,100 |
|
2. Total Land Area |
299,735 km2 |
||
3. Percent Agricultural |
34% |
||
4. Length of Coastline |
17,460 km |
||
B. Marine Resources |
|
||
|
1. Total Territorial Water (including EEZ) |
2,200,000 km2 |
|
|
a. Coastal |
266,000 km2 |
|
b. Oceanic |
1,934,000 km2 |
||
2. Shelf Area (Within 200 m depth) |
184,600 km2 |
||
|
3. Coral Reef Area |
27,000 km2 |
|
C. Inland Water Bodies |
|
||
|
1. Swamplands |
3,384 km2 |
|
|
a. Freshwater |
1,063 km2 |
|
b. Brackishwater |
2,321 km2 |
||
2. Existing Fishponds (whether in use or idle) |
2,538 km2 |
||
|
a. Freshwater |
145 km2 |
|
b. Brackishwater |
2,393 km2 |
||
3. Other Bodies |
2,500 km2 |
||
|
a. Lakes |
2,000 km2 |
|
b. Rivers |
310 km2 |
||
c. Reservoirs |
190 km2 |
(SOURCE: BFAR, 1997 Phil. Fisheries Profile; NSCB, 1998 Phil. Statistical Yearbook)
Table 2. Selected economic indicators, Philippines, 1994 and 1997,
Economic Accounts |
1997 |
% Change from 1996 |
|
Gross National Product (in million PHP at current prices) |
2,526,891 |
11.7 |
|
Gross National Product (in million PHP at constant 1985 prices) |
931,118 |
5.3 |
|
Real Per Capita GNP (in PHP at constant 1985 prices) |
12,663 |
2.9 |
|
Gross Domestic Product (in million PHP at constant 1985 prices) |
893,017 |
5.2 |
|
Gross Value Added (in million PHP at constant 1985 prices) |
|
|
|
|
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery |
184,713 |
2.9 |
Industry |
320,689 |
6.1 |
|
Service |
387,615 |
5.5 |
|
Income Statistics |
1997 |
1994 |
|
Average Annual Income (PHP) |
123,881 |
83,161 |
|
Average Annual Expenditure (PHP) |
100,194 |
67,661 |
|
Poverty Threshold (Annual per Capita in PHP) |
11,388 |
8,885 |
|
Food (Subsistence) Threshold (Annual Per Capita in PHP) |
7,724 |
6,022 |
|
Poverty Incidence (% of total families) |
32.1% |
35.5% |
|
Subsistence Incidence (% of total families) |
16.5% |
18.1% |
(Source: NSCB, 1998 Phil. Statistical Yearbook; NSCB Homepage, http://www.nscb.gov.ph/)
Table 3. Contribution of Fisheries to GVA in Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry, 1997.
|
At Current Prices |
At Constant 1985 Prices |
|||||||
Amount(M PHP) |
% of GVA in Agri. Sector |
Amount (M PHP) |
% of GVA in Agri. Sector |
% Growth from 1996 |
|||||
Grains, coconut, sugarcane, & other crops |
263,560 |
|
58.2 |
|
99,973 |
|
54.1 |
|
4.67 |
Livestock |
61,368 |
|
13.6 |
|
22,273 |
|
12.1 |
|
5.34 |
Poultry |
36,194 |
|
8.0 |
|
19,088 |
|
10.3 |
|
6.83 |
Agric. activities & services |
20,907 |
|
4.6 |
|
7,992 |
|
4.3 |
|
1.96 |
Fishery |
67,776 |
|
15.0 |
|
34,275 |
|
18.5 |
|
-0.04 |
Forestry |
2,741 |
|
0.6 |
|
1,112 |
|
0.6 |
|
-41.41 |
TOTAL |
452,546 |
|
100.0 |
|
184,713 |
|
100.0 |
|
2.94 |
SOURCE: NSCB, 1998 Philippine Statistical Yearbook
Table 4. Export and import of fishery products, Philippines, 1997
|
Quantity
|
FOB Value |
|
PHP |
USD |
||
Fishery Exports |
173,887 |
16,337 |
549.8 |
Fishery Imports |
295,015 |
4,020 |
138.1 |
Balance of Trade |
(121,129) |
12,317 |
411.7 |
(Source: 1997 Philippine Fisheries Profile, BFAR)
Table 5. Labor force employed in the fisheries industry, Philippines
Classification |
No of Persons |
Aquaculture |
258,480a |
Municipal |
675,677b |
Commercial |
56,715a |
Total |
990,872 |
a) 1987 Fisheries Statistics, BFAR
b) 1980 Fisheries Census, NSO
Table 6. Species cultured in the Philippines and extent of commercialization
Species |
Hatchery |
Source of Seedstock |
Grow-out |
Extent Commercialized |
FISH |
||||
Milkfish |
Developed |
Mainly wild-caught plus hatchery |
Extensive to intensive Brackishwater ponds Freshwater pens/cages Marine pens/cages Deepwater cages |
Grow-out industry highly developed but as of 1998 only one commercial hatchery Commercial feeds readily available |
Tilapia |
Developed, already into genetic manipulation |
Hatchery |
Extensive to intensive Freshwater ponds Brackishwater ponds Freshwater pens/cages Concrete tank systems |
Both hatchery and grow-out industry highly developed Commercial feeds readily available |
Carps |
Developed |
Hatchery |
Extensive to semi-intensive Freshwater ponds/cages/pens |
Limited and not widespread Few private hatcheries mostly government. |
Catfish |
Developed |
Hatchery |
Semi-intensive Freshwater ponds Some pens and cages |
Limited, mostly small-scale, but more widespread than
carps |
Mudfish or snakehead |
Developed but not yet commercial |
Wild-caught |
Freshwater ponds Some cages |
Very limited, mainly as secondary species |
Gourami |
No commercial hatchery |
Natural spawns |
Extensive Freshwater fishpond |
Limited market |
Seabass |
Developed |
Hatchery |
Extensive to semi intensive Brackishwater ponds |
Growth limited by low price and high production
cost. |
Grouper |
R & D stage |
Wild-caught |
Extensive to semi intensive Brackishwater ponds Marine cages |
Grow-out limited only by supply of fingerlings Commercial feed available 1998 |
Rabbitfish |
Developed but not commercialized |
Wild-caught |
Brackishwater ponds Marine pens/cages |
Limited development; no steady market demand for
fingerlings |
Spadefish |
No work done even at R & D |
Wild-caught |
Brackishwater ponds Marine pens/cages |
Limited development |
CRUSTACEANS |
||||
Jumbo tiger shrimp |
Developed |
Hatchery |
Extensive to intensive Polyculture w/milkfish Brackishwater ponds |
Intensive farms in process of consolidation after production
setbacks |
Other penaeids |
Developed but not financially viable |
Wild-caught |
Extensive. Polyculture with milkfish Brackishwater ponds |
Growth limited by seasonality of wild fry and high cost of fry
produced in hatcheries |
Mud crab |
R & D stage under verification |
Wild-caught |
Extensive to semi-intensive Brackishwater ponds |
Growth limited by uncertainty of seedstock supply |
Giant Freshwater Prawn |
Government hatchery only |
Hatchery |
Extensive |
Grow-out technology in dissemination stage |
Lobsters |
None |
Wild-caught |
Marine pens |
Fattening |
MOLLUSKS |
||||
Oysters |
R & D |
Natural spatfall |
Stakes Lines suspended from fixed racks or floating rafts |
Widespread small-scale cultures Red tide a constraint |
Green mussel |
R & D |
Natural spatfall |
Stakes Raft Buoy and long-line |
Practiced in all areas with spawning stock Suffers form periodic red tide |
Abalone |
R & D for H. asinina |
Hatchery |
R & D stage for H. asinina One company in Cebu growing Taiwan species |
Not developed for H. asinina |
SEAWEEDS |
||||
Carageenophytes |
Seedling bank inR & D stage |
Cuttings: ex wild or farm stock |
Fixed bottom line, nets Floating lines May be grown in net cages |
Highly developed industry |
Agarophytes |
n.a. |
Cuttings: ex wild or farm stock |
Brackishwater pond Fixed bottom line May be grown in net cages |
Widespread but limited |
Chorophyceae |
n.a. |
Cuttings: ex wild or farm stock |
Brackishwater pond |
Mainly in Cebu and some farming in Batangas province |
Table 7. Philippine aquaculture production in 1997 (in metric tons), by ecosystem, culture system and species (Source: Bureau of Agricultural Statistics)
|
|
BRACKISH |
FRESHWATER |
MARINE |
|||||
TOTAL |
Pond |
Pond |
Pens |
Cages |
Pens |
Cagesa |
Others |
||
TOTAL |
957,546 |
199,020 |
42,793 |
19,952 |
42,679 |
165 |
32 |
652,616 |
|
FINFISH |
259,192 |
153,700 |
42,631 |
19,950 |
42,679 |
76 |
156 |
- |
|
|
Milkfish |
161,426 |
147,251 |
7 |
14,168 |
|
|
|
|
Tilapia |
91,831 |
5,939 |
39,005 |
4,272 |
42,615 |
|
|
|
|
Carp |
1,865 |
|
291 |
1,510 |
64 |
|
|
|
|
Grouper |
654 |
496 |
|
|
|
49 |
109 |
|
|
Snapper |
32 |
|
|
|
|
26 |
6 |
|
|
Grunt |
12 |
12 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Siganid |
43 |
2 |
|
|
|
1 |
40 |
|
|
Catfish |
1,053 |
|
1,052 |
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
Mudfish |
2,144 |
|
2,144 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gourami |
132 |
|
132 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
CRUSTACEANS |
45,325 |
45,320 |
- |
- |
- |
|
5 |
- |
|
|
P. monodon |
40,102 |
40,102 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other Penaeids |
1,508 |
1,508 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mudcrab |
3,710 |
3,710 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Spiny Lobster |
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
|
|
MOLLUSKS |
25,511 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
25,511 |
|
|
Oysters |
13,853 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
13,853 |
Mussels |
11,658 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
11,658 |
|
SEAWEEDSb |
627,105 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
627,105 |
|
NOT SPECIFIED |
413 |
|
162 |
2 |
|
89 |
160 |
|
a Does not include the production of sea cages in the province of Pangasinan where there are about 70 circular cages, each cage capable of producing 30 mt milkfish per 4-5 month cycle because the cages have not yet been included in the BAS statistical frame.b Does not include Caulerpa and Gracilaria production in brackishwater ponds, probably for the same reason as the sea cages..
Table 8. No. of operators and number of persons employed in aquafarm operation by type of aquafarm, Philippines, 1980. (Source: 1980 Census of Fisheries)
Type of Aquafarm |
Total Area Operated |
Total No. Employed |
Number of Operators |
TOTAL |
Fishpond |
142,145 |
124,741 |
43,757 |
168,498 |
Fishpen |
5,720 |
5,414 |
2,379 |
7,793 |
Seaweeds |
3,565 |
16,805 |
16,477 |
33,282 |
Oysters |
494 |
2,646 |
2,204 |
4,850 |
Mussels |
244 |
1,989 |
1,380 |
3,369 |
Frog |
2 |
31 |
27 |
58 |
Others |
54 |
1,948 |
1,694 |
3,642 |
TOTAL |
152,224 |
153,574 |
67,918 |
221,492 |
Table 9. Size frequency of a random sample (N=1175) of brackishwater fishponds in the Philippines, whether under Fishpond Lease Agreement (FLA) or privately-owned, by number and by area (based on data from Librero et al, 1977).
Size Class |
Number |
Per cent by Number |
Area |
Average Area |
Per cent by Area |
1 ha. and below |
178 |
15.2 |
110.01 |
0.62 |
0.9 |
1.01 to 5.00 ha |
392 |
33.4 |
1,109.39 |
2.83 |
8.6 |
5.01 to 10.00 ha |
192 |
16.3 |
1,457.85 |
7.59 |
11.2 |
10.01 to 20.00 ha |
201 |
17.1 |
2,926.86 |
14.56 |
22.6 |
20.01 to 50.00 ha |
153 |
13.0 |
4,768.12 |
31.16 |
15.3 |
More than 50 ha |
59 |
5.0 |
5,367.07 |
90.97 |
41.4 |
ALL SIZES |
1,175 |
100.0 |
15,739.30 |
13.40 |
100.0 |
Table 10. Size frequency of brackishwater fishponds in the Philippine under Fishpond Lease Agreement (FLA) by number and by area (based on analysis of BFAR FLA Records as of November 1998).
Size Class |
Number |
Per cent by Number |
Area |
Average Area |
Per cent by Area |
1 ha. and below |
111 |
2.4 |
72.041 |
0.649 |
0.1 |
1.01 to 5.00 ha |
2,418 |
51.5 |
9,458.368 |
3.912 |
15.1 |
5.01 to 10.00 ha |
537 |
11.4 |
3,925.285 |
7.310 |
6.3 |
10.01 to 20.00 ha |
678 |
14.4 |
9,742.785 |
14.370 |
15.5 |
20.01 to 50.00 ha |
852 |
18.2 |
26,471.038 |
31.069 |
42.3 |
More than 50 ha |
98 |
2.1 |
12,956.310 |
132.207 |
20.7 |
ALL SIZES |
4,694 |
100.0 |
62,625.827 |
13.34168 |
100.0 |
Table 11. Number and sizes fishpens in Laguna de Bay registered with the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) by type of ownership. (Based on 1998 LLDA licensing records)
|
Corporations |
Cooperatives |
Individual |
Total |
Number |
96 |
24 |
47 |
167 |
Area (ha) |
3,750.460 |
438.590 |
236.598 |
4,425.648 |
Mean (ha) |
39.067 |
18.275 |
5.034 |
26.501 |
Minimum (ha) |
5.000 |
4.950 |
4.530 |
4.530 |
Maximum (ha) |
52.340 |
25.230 |
7.628 |
52.340 |
Table 12. Comparison of capital investments of different types of fishcages in Taal Lake, 1995. (From UPLB Foundation, 1996)
Type of Fish Cage |
Cage Size (m × m) |
Cost per Cage (PHP) |
Unit Cost (PHP/m2) |
Fixed
|
5 × 10 |
10,025.00 |
200.50 |
7 × 10 |
11,245.00 |
160.00 |
|
8 × 10 |
11,245.00 |
140.52 |
|
10 × 10 |
11,595.00 |
114.95 |
|
10 × 15 |
12,143.00 |
80.95 |
|
12 × 15 |
13,395.00 |
74.41 |
|
Floating
|
5 × 10 |
9,300.00 |
186.00 |
7 × 10 |
9,300.00 |
132.85 |
|
8 × 10 |
9,300.00 |
116.25 |
|
10 × 10 |
12,643.00 |
126.43 |
|
10 × 12 |
12,843.00 |
107.02 |
|
12 × 12 |
16,755.00 |
116.35 |
|
12 × 14 |
16,755.00 |
99.73 |
|
12 × 15 |
18,315.00 |
101.75 |
|
18 × 20 |
2,896.00 |
80.44 |
|
Submerged |
10 × 12 |
12,720.00 |
106.00 |
Cage Size |
Area per Unit |
No. of Units |
Per Cent by No |
Total Area |
Per Cent by Area |
5 × 10 |
50.0 |
120 |
3.8 |
0.600 |
1.3 |
7 × 10 |
70.0 |
204 |
6.5 |
1.428 |
3.1 |
8 × 10 |
80.0 |
141 |
4.5 |
1.128 |
2.4 |
7 × 12 |
84.0 |
60 |
1.9 |
0.504 |
1.1 |
10 × 10 |
100.0 |
681 |
21.7 |
6.810 |
14.7 |
10 × 12 |
120.0 |
45 |
1.4 |
0.540 |
1.2 |
10 × 14 |
140.0 |
120 |
3.8 |
1.680 |
3.6 |
12 × 12 |
144.0 |
24 |
0.8 |
0.346 |
0.7 |
12 × 14 |
168.0 |
228 |
7.3 |
3.830 |
8.2 |
12 × 15 |
180.0 |
1,349 |
43.0 |
24.282 |
52.3 |
14 × 15 |
210.0 |
51 |
1.6 |
1.071 |
2.3 |
18 × 20 |
360.0 |
117 |
3.7 |
4.212 |
9.1 |
ALL CAGES |
142.2 |
3,140 |
100.0 |
46.431 |
100.0 |
Size of Cage |
Stocking Density |
Average Expenses |
Average Yield |
Ave. Gross Income |
Ave. Net Income |
No. of Samples |
7 × 10 |
214 |
45,552.50 |
1.50 |
67,500.00 |
21,653.33 |
20 |
5 × 10 |
200 |
59,640.75 |
1.75 |
78,750.00 |
25,370.75 |
12 |
8 × 10 |
188 |
45,522.50 |
1.50 |
67,500.00 |
15,628.66 |
14 |
12 × 14(a) |
178 |
112,455.00 |
3.17 |
142,500.00 |
52,031.67 |
22 |
12 × 12 |
174 |
108,005.00 |
2.50 |
112,500.00 |
3,011.67 |
6 |
10 × 12 |
167 |
95,513.20 |
2.73 |
122,966.00 |
23,650.33 |
8 |
18 × 20 |
139 |
211,460.00 |
4.83 |
217,501.20 |
6,040.00 |
11 |
a) As printed in original table but is probably a typographical error, correct size may actually be 12m x 15m.
Table 15 Comparative economics of pen/cage farming by species (in PHP), Lingayen Gulf, Philippines, 1997 (Data culled from various tables in Morales and Padilla, 1998.)
|
Milkfish |
Grouper |
Siganid |
Polyculture |
No. of Farms in Sample |
80 |
6 |
5 |
4 |
Avg Farm Size (m2) |
1,385 |
170 |
160 |
207 |
Avg Investment Cost |
66,962 |
13,517 |
10,768 |
12,350 |
Avg Fixed Cost per Cropping |
7,629 |
1,424 |
1,473 |
1,944 |
Avg Variable Costs per Cropping |
88,415 |
36,112 |
31,285 |
15,317 |
Avg. Production per Cropping (kg) |
8,875 |
169 |
355 |
Milkfish 148 |
Avg Farmgate Prices |
61 |
332 |
118 |
|
Avg Gross Revenue |
195,339 |
55,886 |
41,914 |
24,364 |
Avg Net Profit |
99,037 |
18,013 |
8,567 |
6,514 |
Avg Culture Period (months) |
4.0 |
6.7 |
3.9 |
3.75 |
Margin for Profit and Risk |
4,815 |
2,841 |
1,667 |
694 |
Imputed Family Labor |
590 |
|
2,839 |
2,839 |
Economic Rent per Unit Area |
67.60 |
89.26 |
25.38 |
13.49 |
Gross Profit = Revenues - Variable Costs
Net Profit = Gross Profit - Fixed Costs
Economic Rent = Net Profit - (Margin for Profit and Risks + Imputed Family Labor)
Table 16. Investment requirements and cost and returns (in PHP per ha per year, US$1=PHP26) of Kappaphycus farming in Panagatan Cays, Caluya, Antique, Philippines, 1996 (Summarized and reformatted from Hurtado-Ponce et al, 1996).
|
Fixed-bottom |
Hanging Long-line |
|
Capital Investment |
11,260 |
17,009 |
|
Working Capital |
7,490 |
8,455 |
|
|
Total Investment |
18,750 |
25,464 |
Production, dry (kg) |
|
|
|
|
First Crop |
9,300 |
7,150 |
Second and Third Crops |
18,600 |
14,300 |
|
Revenues, (@PHP7.50/kg) |
|
|
|
|
First Crop |
69,750 |
63,625 |
Second and Third Crops |
139,500 |
107,250 |
|
Total Revenues |
209,250 |
170,875 |
|
Operating Expenses |
|
|
|
|
First Crop |
7,490 |
8,455 |
Second and Third Crops |
5,180 |
5,310 |
|
Total Cash Expenses |
12,670 |
13,765 |
|
Non-Cash Expenses |
|
|
|
|
Family Labor, 1st Crop |
1,800 |
1,800 |
Family Labor, 2nd & 3rd Crop |
3,600 |
3,600 |
|
Sub-Total Family Labor |
5,400 |
5,400 |
|
Depreciation, 1st Crop |
821 |
1,350 |
|
Depreciation, 2nd & 3rd Crop |
2,463 |
4,051 |
|
Sub-Total Depreciation |
3,284 |
5,401 |
|
Total Non-Cash Expenses |
8,684 |
10,801 |
|
Net Income |
|
|
|
|
First Crop |
59,639 |
52,020 |
Second and Third Crops |
128,257 |
94,289 |
|
Total Net Income |
187,896 |
146,309 |
|
Return on Investment (%) |
1,002 |
575 |
|
Payback Period |
105 to 135 days (after 1st crop) |
105 to 135 days (after 1st crop) |
Note: Operating expenses for the second and third crop together is lower than that of the first crop alone because seedstock expense is non-recurring.
Table 17. Costs and returns of seaweed production by species and by province/technology, Philippines 1996. (Summarized from the Fisheries Statistics of the Philippines, 1992-1996)
|
BOHOLa |
CEBUb |
|||
Eucheuma |
Eucheuma |
Gracilaria |
Caulerpa |
||
Yield (kg/ha/cycle)c |
18,716 |
6,329 |
2,943 |
4,522 |
|
Price (PHP/kg)d |
17 |
17 |
7 |
7 |
|
Quantity sold (kg/ha/cycle)e |
3,022 |
1,055 |
2,937 |
4,486 |
|
Return (PHP/ha/cycle) |
51,374 |
17,935 |
20,559 |
31,402 |
|
Costs (PHP/ha/cycle |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Seedlings/Seedstock |
6,570 |
1,956 |
1,955 |
418 |
Other Material Inputs |
2,962 |
2,059 |
1,083 |
1,212 |
|
Labor |
13,644 |
6,127 |
11,422 |
11,890 |
|
Other Producion Cost |
3,515 |
929 |
508 |
747 |
|
Marketing Cost |
4,927 |
1,266 |
- |
- |
|
TOTAL COST |
31,618 |
12,337 |
14,968 |
14,267 |
|
Net Farm Income (PHP/ha/cycle)f |
19,756 |
5,598 |
5,591 |
17,135 |
a) Hanging long-line method
b) Bottom farming
c) Fresh form
d) Wholesale price for Eucheuma, farmgate price for Gracilaria and Caulerpa
e) Dried form for Eucheuma, fresh form for Gracilaria and Caulerpa
f) Net wholesale income for Eucheuma, net farm for Gracilaria and Caulerpa
Table 18. Annualized cost and returns for seaweed farming in Bohol and Cebu, Philippines based on Fisheries Statistics of Philippines, 1992-1996 figures as presented in Table 15. All figures in Philippine Peso per hectare per year.
|
BOHOL |
CEBU |
|||
Eucheuma |
Eucheuma |
Gracilaria |
Caulerpa |
||
Revenue |
154,122 |
53,805 |
102,795 |
157,010 |
|
Production Expenses |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Seedstock |
6,570 |
1,956 |
1,955 |
418 |
Other Material Inputs |
8,886 |
6,177 |
5,415 |
6,060 |
|
Labor |
40,932 |
18,381 |
57,110 |
59,450 |
|
Other Production Costs |
10,545 |
2,787 |
1,524 |
2,241 |
|
Marketing Cost |
14,781 |
3,798 |
- |
- |
|
Total Production Cost |
81,714 |
33,099 |
66,004 |
68,169 |
|
Net Income |
72,408 |
20,706 |
36,791 |
88,841 |
Note: Three harvests per year were assumed for Eucheuma based on Hurtado-Ponce (1996) while five harvests a year were assumed for Caulerpa and Gracilaria based on Trono (1988). The seedstock expense was assumed to be non-recurring while all other expenses were scaled up corresponding to the number of production cycles assumed.
Table 19. Investment requirements and cost and returns (in PHP per ha per year, US$1=PHP27) of Gracilaria farming in ponds and canals Iloilo and Capiz provinces, Panay Island, Philippines, 1990 (Summarized and reformatted from Hurtado-Ponce et al, 1992).
|
Pond (Actual)a |
Pond (Potential)b |
Canalc |
|
Capital Investment |
|
|
|
|
|
Pond Development |
10,000 |
10,000 |
- |
Drying platform, dugout, etc |
4,000 |
4,000 |
4,000 |
|
Working Capital |
2,000 |
2,000 |
600 |
|
|
Total Investment |
16,000 |
16,000 |
4,600 |
Production, dry (kg) |
|
|
|
|
|
First Crop |
450 |
900 |
1,300 |
2nd to 8th Crops @315kg/crop |
2,205 |
4,410 |
6,370 |
|
Total Production (kg dry) |
2,655 |
5,310 |
7,670 |
|
Revenues, (in PHP @PHP7.00/kg) |
|
|
|
|
|
First Crop |
3,150 |
6,300 |
9,100 |
2nd to 8th Crops |
15,435 |
30,870 |
44,590 |
|
Total Revenues |
18,585 |
37,170 |
53,690 |
|
Operating Expenses |
|
|
|
|
|
First Crop |
1,376 |
1,639 |
588 |
2nd to 8th Crops |
8,099 |
8,407 |
938 |
|
Total Cash Expenses |
9,475 |
10,046 |
1,526 |
|
Non-Cash Expenses |
|
|
|
|
|
Family Labor, 1st Crop |
- |
- |
1,200 |
Family Labor, 2nd to 8th Crop |
- |
- |
8,400 |
|
Sub-Total Family Labor |
- |
- |
9,600 |
|
Depreciation, 1st Crop |
350 |
350 |
100 |
|
Depreciation, 2nd to 8th Crop |
2,450 |
2,450 |
700 |
|
Sub-Total Depreciation |
2,800 |
2,800 |
800 |
|
Total Non-Cash Expenses |
2,800 |
2,800 |
10,400 |
|
Net Income |
|
|
|
|
|
First Crop |
1,424 |
4,311 |
7,212 |
2nd to 8th Crop |
4,886 |
20,013 |
34,552 |
|
Total Net Income |
6,310 |
24,324 |
41,764 |
|
Return on Investment (%) |
39% |
152% |
908% |
a Based on actual survey in Villa and Leganes, Iloilo and Pan-ay, Capiz, 1990
b Potential yield if the ponds were seeded at 400 g/m2 instead of 200 g/m2
c Uses existing canal in a fishpond system. No development cost involved.
Table 20. Size frequency of oyster farms by region, Philippines, 1974 (from Librero et al, 1976)
REGION
|
NUMBER OF FARMS |
Average Area per Farm(m2)
|
|||
50 m2 and Below |
51-500 m2 |
Above 500 m2 |
All Sizes |
||
I |
28 |
55 |
16 |
99 |
389 |
II |
- |
1 |
5 |
6 |
3,678 |
IV |
5 |
22 |
21 |
105 |
2,214 |
VI |
- |
- |
10 |
10 |
10,800 |
All Regions |
33 |
78 |
52 |
163 |
|
Ave. Area per Farm (m2) |
35 |
260 |
7,300 |
2,460 |
|
Table 21. Starting year of oyster farm operators, Philippines, 1974. (after Librero et al, 1976)
Region |
1931-40 |
1941-50 |
1951-60 |
1961-70 |
1971-74 |
All Years |
I |
1 |
1 |
6 |
32 |
59 |
99 |
II |
|
|
|
1 |
5 |
6 |
IV |
2 |
1 |
7 |
25 |
13 |
48 |
VI |
|
|
|
8 |
2 |
10 |
All Regions |
3 |
2 |
13 |
66 |
79 |
163 |
|
Oyster Farmers |
Mussel Farmers |
||
1974 |
1990 |
1974 |
1990 |
|
Sources of Income |
|
|
|
|
Fishing and related activities |
77.9 |
57.6 |
97.0 |
80.7 |
Business/entrepeneurial |
6.9 |
8.7 |
- |
18.1 |
Farming and related activities |
6.9 |
10.9 |
- |
8.4 |
Others |
8.4 |
33.7 |
3.0 |
18.0 |
NOTE: Percentages in 1990 figures may add up to more than 100% because of multiple responses.
Table 23. Cost and returns of oyster and mussel farming, Western Visayas, Philippines, 1990 (in PHP, US$1.00 = PHP26.00). (From Samonte et al, 1994)
|
Per Farm |
Per 1000 m2 |
||||
Oyster Farming (n=70) |
Mussel Farming (n=76) |
Oyster Farming (n=70) |
Mussel Farming (n=76) |
|||
Returns |
5,985 |
10,608 |
4,507 |
15,154 |
||
Costs |
|
|
|
|
||
|
Cash Costs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Materials |
2,853 |
4,484 |
2,148 |
6,406 |
|
Hired Labor |
364 |
1,634 |
274 |
2,334 |
||
Miscellaneous |
146 |
314 |
110 |
448 |
||
Total |
3,363 |
6,432 |
2,532 |
9,188 |
||
|
Non-Cash Costs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Unpaid owner labor |
710 |
360 |
535 |
514 |
|
Unpaid family labor |
520 |
300 |
392 |
428 |
||
Depreciation |
436 |
569 |
328 |
813 |
||
Total |
1,666 |
1,229 |
1,255 |
1,755 |
||
Total Costs |
5,029 |
7,661 |
3,787 |
10,943 |
||
Operating Income |
2,622 |
4,176 |
1,975 |
5,966 |
||
Net Farm Income |
956 |
2,947 |
720 |
4,211 |
Table 24. Averages of economic indicators for Philippine rice monoculture and rice-fish culture from three case studies (from Bimbao et al, 1990).
Item
|
Price per unit (US$) |
Value/Cost (US$/ha)a |
|||
|
Rice Monoculture |
Rice-Fish Culture |
|||
Gross returns |
0.18/kg |
700.00 |
799.75 |
||
|
Rice |
0.90/kg |
700.00 |
673.75 |
|
Fish |
|
|
126.00 |
||
Costs |
|
469.35 |
505.60 |
||
|
Variable |
|
389.85 |
426.10 |
|
|
Laborb |
|
244.25 |
248.30 |
|
Seeds |
0.30/kg |
15.00 |
13.50 |
||
Fertilizer |
|
57.50 |
57.50 |
||
Chemicals |
|
73.10 |
66.20 |
||
Fingerlings |
0.01/pc |
|
37.50 |
||
|
Screens, plastic bags |
|
|
3.10 |
|
Fixed |
|
79.50 |
79.50 |
||
|
Interest on loan |
|
11.25 |
11.25 |
|
Land amortization |
|
29.00 |
29.00 |
||
Irrigation fee |
|
21.85 |
21.85 |
||
Others |
|
17.40 |
17.40 |
||
Net returns |
|
230.65 |
294.15 |
Table 25. Comparison of fishery production in Laguna de Bay, Philippines before (1968) and after (1973) fishpens were introduced. (From Delmendo and Gedney, 1974)
|
1968 |
1973 |
|||
Net Fishpen Area (ha) |
- |
4,802 |
|||
Total Fishpen Area (ha) |
- |
5,762 |
|||
Open Water (ha) |
90,000 |
84,237 |
|||
|
Volume (mt) |
Value (PHP000) |
Volume (mt) |
Value (PHP000) |
|
Open Water Catch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fish |
39,015 |
58,583 |
20,723 |
53,330 |
Shrimps |
27,552 |
13,776 |
23,957 |
14,749 |
|
Snails |
96,483 |
4,824 |
77,560 |
4,207 |
|
Open Water Sub-total |
163,050 |
77,183 |
122,240 |
72,286 |
|
Fish Only per ha |
0.434 |
0.651 |
0.246 |
0.633 |
|
All Species per ha |
1.812 |
0.858 |
1.451 |
0.858 |
|
Fishpen Catch |
- |
- |
19,204 |
76,815 |
|
|
Avg. Catch per ha |
--- |
--- |
3.999 |
15.996 |
Total Fish Catch |
39,105 |
58,583 |
39,927 |
130,145 |
|
Avg Fish Catch per ha |
0.434 |
0.651 |
0.444 |
1.446 |
|
Total Catch All Species |
163,050 |
77,183 |
141,444 |
149,101 |
|
Avg Catch per ha |
1.812 |
0.858 |
1.572 |
1.657 |
Year |
Rearing Period |
Harvest Size |
Ave. Daily Inc. |
Cage Area |
1980 |
180-240 |
200-250 |
1.09 |
6 |
1981 |
150-180 |
167-200 |
1.12 |
6 |
1982 |
360-420 |
143-167 |
0.39 |
10 |
1983 |
360-540 |
143-167 |
0.35 |
12 |
1984 |
360-420 |
143-167 |
0.42 |
16 |
1985 |
360-420 |
143-167 |
0.39 |
16 |
1986 |
360-420 |
143-167 |
0.39 |
21 |
1987 |
360-480 |
143-167 |
0.37 |
24 |
1988 |
360-540 |
143-167 |
0.33 |
25 |
1989 |
360-540 |
143-167 |
0.33 |
28 |
Linear regression between cage area (x) and average daily increment (y): y = 0.9772 + -0.027 x;(r = -0.713)
Table 27. R & D expenditure in agriculture, natural resources and fisheries as percentage of GVA in agriculture, fishery and forestry, Philippines, 1986 to 1995 (in million pesos) (Source: GVA from NSCB, 1998; R &D Expenditures from PCAMRD, 1996)
Year |
GVA |
R & D Expenditure |
% of GVA |
1986 |
145,807 |
1,058 |
0.72 |
1987 |
163,927 |
337 |
0.21 |
1988 |
183,515 |
1,133 |
0.62 |
1989 |
210,009 |
1,071 |
0.51 |
1990 |
235.956 |
1,147 |
0.48 |
1991 |
261,868 |
1,248 |
0.48 |
1992 |
294,922 |
1,387 |
0.47 |
1993 |
318,546 |
2,524 |
0.79 |
1994 |
372,507 |
2,502 |
0.67 |
1995 |
412,197 |
2,713 |
0.66 |
Average |
259,925 |
1,512 |
0.58 |
Source |
Number |
% of Borrowers |
|
FORMAL |
|
|
|
|
Government Bank |
1 |
|
Rural Bank |
2 |
|
|
Credit Union |
3 |
|
|
Commercial Bank |
1 |
|
|
Sub-total |
7 |
2.4 |
|
INFORMAL |
|
|
|
|
Relatives |
93 |
32.0 |
Friends |
102 |
35.2 |
|
Traders |
31 |
10.7 |
|
Private Lenders |
7 |
2.4 |
|
Store |
37 |
12.8 |
|
Employer |
10 |
3.4 |
|
Barangay Funds |
3 |
1.1 |
|
Sub-total |
283 |
97.6 |
|
Total Number Of Borrowers |
290 |
|
|
Total Number of Respondents |
350 |
|
Table 29. Factors considered by fishermen in the selection of credit source, Panay Island, Philippines, 1990. (From Samonte and Ortega, 1992).
Factors |
Number |
Percent |
Accessibility |
144 |
51 |
Fast credit extension |
87 |
31 |
Liberal terms |
72 |
25 |
Only source known |
50 |
18 |
Buyer of produce |
18 |
6 |
For household items |
6 |
2 |
Others |
4 |
1 |
Number of Informal Borrowers |
283 |
|
Total Number of Respondents |
350 |
|
NOTE: Total percentage is more than 100% since fishermen considered more than one factor in the selection of credit source.
Table 30. Production loans granted under the fisheries sector, Philippines, 1992 to 1997. (From Kraft, 1998).
Year |
Total Agricultural Loans |
Loans to Fisheries |
|||
Amount |
Growth |
Amount |
Growth |
% Share to Total Agriculture Loans |
|
1992 |
56,057.9 |
- |
7,063.3 |
- |
12.6 |
1993 |
54,488.0 |
(2.8) |
8,173.2 |
15.7 |
15.0 |
1994 |
56,382.8 |
3.5 |
8,852.1 |
8.3 |
15.7 |
1995 |
62,765.7 |
11.3 |
9,352.1 |
5.6 |
14.9 |
1996 |
69,666.6 |
11.0 |
9,405.0 |
0.6 |
13.5 |
1997 |
75,043.2 |
7.7 |
10,581.1 |
12.5 |
14.1 |
Average |
62,400.7 |
6.1 |
8,904.5 |
8.5 |
14.3 |
Year
|
Total Area
|
No. of Farms
|
Ave. Area per farm
|
Production |
|
Rice |
Fish |
||||
1979a |
193 |
428 |
0.45 |
4,965 |
115 |
1980 |
249 |
446 |
0.56 |
5,150 |
208 |
1981 |
497 |
1,141 |
0.44 |
5,015 |
155 |
1982 |
1,3997 |
2,284 |
0.61 |
5,010 |
174 |
1983 |
759 |
1,237 |
0.61 |
4,450 |
164 |
1984 |
424 |
932 |
0.45 |
3,900 |
152 |
1985 |
607 |
1,177 |
0.52 |
4,300 |
119 |
1986 |
185 |
550 |
0.34 |
3,850 |
140 |
a. May to October onlyFigure 1. Map of the Republic of the Philippines showing the administrative regions and provinces.
Figure 2. Philippine fisheries production by sector, 1988 to 1997.
Figure 3. Contribution of different sectors of fisheries to total fish production, 1988 and 1997.
Figure 4. Annual growth rate of Philippine aquaculture industry, 1989 to 1997.
Figure 5. Size distribution of freshwater fishponds in Central Luzon, Philippines by number and by area, 1997 (from Reyes et al, 1992)