Table 7
Forest cover state and change for developing countries
1990 | annual change, 1980–1990 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
region | natural forest (million ha) | net plantations (million ha) | natural forest (million ha) | natural forest cover as a percentage of total land | net plantations (million ha) | total forest* (million ha) |
Africa | 541 | 4.4 | -4.2 | -0.8 | 0.23 | -4.0 |
tropical | 528 | 2.1 | -4.1 | -0.7 | 0.13 | -4.0 |
non-tropical | 13 | 2.2 | -0.1 | -1.0 | 0.10 | 0 |
Asia and the Pacific region | 441 | 56.2 | -4.4 | -0.9 | 3.40 | -1.0 |
tropical | 315 | 22.6 | -3.9 | -1.2 | 2.11 | -1.8 |
non-tropical | 126 | 33.6 | -0.4 | -0.3 | 1.28 | -0.8 |
Latin America and the Caribbean countries | 960 | 7.7 | -7.7 | -0.8 | 0.41 | -7.3 |
tropical | 918 | 6.0 | -7.4 | -0.8 | 0.37 | -7.0 |
non-tropical | 42 | 1.7 | -0.3 | -0.6 | 0.05 | -0.3 |
total tropical | 1 761 | 30.7 | -15.4 | -0.8 | -2.61 | -12.7 |
total non-tropical | 181 | 37.9 | -0.9 | -0.5 | -1.37 | 0.5 |
total developing | 1 941 | 68.6 | -16.3 | -0.8 | 4.10 | -12.1* |
Developing countries in the Asia and Pacific region have the largest share with 79 percent. The remainder is distributed between Latin America and Caribbean countries (13 percent) and African countries (8 percent). Six countries account for 85 percent of the developing countries plantations: China (31.8 million ha), India (13.2 million ha), Indonesia (6.4 million ha), Brazil (4.9 million ha), and Viet Nam and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea with 1.5 million ha each.
An overall average survival rate of about 70 percent has been calculated based on 56 plantation inventories in 18 developing countries. Applying this survival rate to the reported plantation area in developing countries yields a net total plantation area of 60 million ha for 1990. It must be noted, however, that the results of these plantations inventories may not be typical of all plantations; some plantations have survival rates of 30 percent or less due to poor maintenance or protection.
About 50 percent of the reported plantations have been established during the 1980s—60 percent in tropical and 35 percent in non-tropical developing countries. The average reported annual increase in plantation area in the tropics during the decade 1980–90 was about 4.1 million ha, or a net increase in plantation area of 2.9 million ha.
Among the main species planted are eucalypts, pines, teak and acacias. While pines and teak are planted mostly for industrial purposes, eucalypts are planted for both industrial and non-industrial purposes and various acacia species are important for fuelwood, fodder and gum arabic production.
Cultivating trees with agricultural crops and growing woodlots outside gazetted forests gained considerable momentum in the 1980s. In order to estimate the planted area outside the traditional forests, many countries have fixed national criteria to convert seedlings raised in the nurseries and distributed or planted, into area. It is difficult to make estimates at global level for these forms of tree planting.
In the developing countries, further development of plantation forestry is constrained by the shortage of land. With expanding farming populations using all the unforested land for food production, the areas available for plantations are becoming increasingly restricted. The experience of the past two decades demonstrates that degarded or waste land may be the only resource available to the landless poor. There are, however, large areas where the natural forest has been badly degraded or abandoned farmland where soil fertility has been lost through exhaustive agricultural use, which could be used for plantations.
Developed countries have 41 percent of the world's forest, but account for 76 percent of the industrial roundwood production. On the other hand, the developing countries account for 87 percent of the fuelwood and charcoal use. Over the past 50 years, forest management in most developed countries has aimed at improving industrial roundwood producing capacity. Harvesting levels, total annual growth, growing stocks and biomass have increased substantially as a result. To a large extent, the developed countries have achieved these results through the replacement of poorly stocked and slow growing forests and intensive silvicultural practices.
Table 8 provides information on trends in harvesting intensity and harvested areas by region. In addition to the total area harvested, information is presented on the estimated areas of previously unlogged and previously logged forests. All three regions exhibit a slow but steady increase in the share of harvesting operations that occur in secondary forest. This effect is due partly to the fact that less primary forest remains each year and partly from the fact that changing market conditions increasingly improve the economic opportunities for relogging areas that were harvested two or more decades ago. This is especially true of the increase in market acceptability of ‘lesser known’ tree species. Although the increase is seldom dramatic, it is relatively steady and, over a period of decades, the effect is significant.
Table 8
Estimated harvesting intensities and areas of broadleaved forest harvested annually in the
three major regions of the tropics
Africa | Asia and the Pacific | Latin America and the Caribbean | all tropical countries | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
area of forest harvested annually (thousand ha) | area of forest harvested annually (thousand ha) | area of forest harvested annually (thousand ha) | area of forest harvested annually (thousand ha) | |||||||||
period | average harvest intensity | primary forest | secondary forest | average harvest intensity | primary forest | secondary forest | average harvest intensity | primary forest | secondary forest | average harvest intensity | primary forest | secondary forest |
61–65 | 14 | 394 | 91 | 42 | 510 | 78 | 7 | 1 247 | 57 | 17 | 2 152 | 226 |
66–70 | 14 | 506 | 137 | 43 | 750 | 135 | 8 | 1 260 | 76 | 20 | 2 516 | 348 |
71–75 | 14 | 593 | 166 | 35 | 1 343 | 221 | 8 | 1 485 | 119 | 20 | 3 422 | 505 |
76–80 | 14 | 612 | 215 | 33 | 1 732 | 319 | 8 | 2 011 | 183 | 19 | 4 356 | 717 |
81–85 | 14 | 634 | 239 | 32 | 1 718 | 369 | 8 | 2 297 | 251 | 18 | 4 648 | 859 |
86–90 | 13 | 723 | 248 | 33 | 1 861 | 453 | 8 | 2 287 | 320 | 19 | 4 871 | 1 020 |
Table 9
Number and extent of conservation areas in the forestry, wildlife and other sectors
forestry | wildlife | others | all sectors | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
region | area (million ha) | area (million ha) | area (million ha) | area (million ha) | conservation area as a percentage of total land |
Africa | 25.9 | 197.7 | 0.6 | 224.2 | 10.0 |
Asia and the Pacific | 70.5 | 55.6 | 0.8 | 126.9 | 14.2 |
Latin America and the Caribbean | 116.5 | 118.4 | 120.7 | 355.6 | 21.5 |
total | 212.9 | 371.7 | 122.1 | 706.7 | 14.8 |
Source: Assessing the Conservation Status of the World's Tropical Forest. WCMC contribution to the FAO FRA 1990 Project
Regional differences in the annual area harvested and the stocking density of commercial species are significant. For example, even though the volume of non-coniferous sawlogs and veneer logs produced annually in the Asia and Pacific region during 1986–90 was 3.7 times the comparable volume produced in the Latin America and Caribbean region, the estimated total area harvested in tropical Asia is 89 percent of that in tropical America. This is due to the fact that the average commercial timber harvest volume per unit area in the Asia and Pacific region during 1986–90 is estimated to be about 33 m3/ha compared to an average of only about 8 m3/ha in the Latin America and Caribbean region.
Conservation areas are lands managed through legal or customary regimes to protect and maintain biological diversity and natural and associated cultural resources.19 Table 9 summarises the findings of an assessment carried out by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC). The data in this assessment suggest that nearly 15 percent of the tropics is under conservation management or protection.
This quantitative information must be tempered by a realistic appraisal of on-the-ground management effectiveness and the threats to existing sites. Throughout the tropics there tends to be inadequate legislation and ineffective application of the legal measures that do exist. Weak institutional support, inadequate or non-existent management and insufficient funding are common. Consequently, there is a tendency towards ‘paper parks’ whose existence is largely theoretical and is not reflected by substantive and durable conservation reserves on the ground. Furthermore, those sites that do exist are under increasing pressure from competing land uses.
Despite the seemingly encouraging picture that emerges from the data, it is often impossible to know whether or not a conservation area network is representative, particularly in terms of biological diversity. A survey conducted by WCMC shows that out of 8 715 conservation areas only 5 percent are known to have been inventoried for one or more taxonomic groups. Conservation areas have frequently been established with little or no regard to ecological criteria for their selection. Continuing and growing pressure on land throughout the tropics, particularly in densely populated Asian nations, has forced the selection of conservation areas to be made on pragmatic and not necessarily scientific grounds.
Figure 2
Wood harvesting in 1990 (related to total forest area)
Table 10
Forest and wooded land coverage by country
a) Africa | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
country | forest and other wooded land | forest area | other wooded land | |||||
total area | annual change | total area | forest area as a percentage | biomass (million | total area | |||
(thousand ha) | (thousand ha) | (percent) | (thousand ha) | of total land | ha/cap | tonnes) | (thousand ha) | |
Burkina Faso | 13 813 | 4 436 | 16 | 0.49 | 349 | 9 377 | ||
Cape Verde | 78 | 16 | 4 | 0.04 | 1 | 62 | ||
Chad | 32 450 | 11 438 | 9 | 2.01 | 718 | 21 012 | ||
Gambia | 286 | 98 | 10 | 0.11 | 10 | 188 | ||
Guinea-Bissau | 2 162 | 2 022 | 72 | 2.13 | 167 | 140 | ||
Mali | 28 791 | 12 158 | 10 | 1.30 | 750 | 16 633 | ||
Mauritania | 4 536 | 556 | 1 | 0.27 | 35 | 3 980 | ||
Niger | 10 442 | 2 562 | 2 | 0.36 | 82 | 7 880 | ||
Senegal | 13 400 | 7 656 | 40 | 1.04 | 517 | 5 744 | ||
West Sahelian Africa | 105 956 | -297.2 | -0.28 | 40 941 | 8 | 0.96 | 2 628 | 65 015 |
Djibouti | 1 320 | 22 | 1 | 0.05 | 2 | 1 298 | ||
former P.D.R. of Ethiopia | 41 991 | 14 354 | 13 | 0.31 | 2 039 | 27 637 | ||
Kenya | 16 815 | 1 305 | 2 | 0.05 | 113 | 15 511 | ||
Somalia | 15 945 | 758 | 1 | 0.10 | 77 | 15 187 | ||
Sudan | 68 955 | 43 179 | 18 | 1.71 | 2 648 | 25 776 | ||
Uganda | 16 023 | 6 366 | 32 | 0.35 | 377 | 9 657 | ||
East Sahelian Africa | 161 048 | -642.2 | -0.39 | 65 983 | 13 | 0.54 | 5 254 | 95 065 |
Benin | 11 497 | 4 961 | 45 | 1.05 | 198 | 6 536 | ||
Côte d'Ivoire | 18 952 | 10 967 | 34 | 0.87 | 870 | 7 985 | ||
Ghana | 18 013 | 9 608 | 42 | 0.64 | 817 | 8 405 | ||
Guinea | 17 484 | 6 696 | 27 | 0.97 | 559 | 10 788 | ||
Liberia | 6 632 | 4 639 | 48 | 1.82 | 1 049 | 1 993 | ||
Nigeria | 65 654 | 15 785 | 17 | 0.14 | 1 616 | 49 869 | ||
Sierra Leone | 6 969 | 1 895 | 26 | 0.46 | 200 | 5 074 | ||
Togo | 4 566 | 1 370 | 25 | 0.40 | 99 | 3 196 | ||
West Africa | 149 765 | -85.4 | -0.06 | 55 919 | 27 | 0.35 | 5 409 | 93 845 |
Cameroon | 35 905 | 20 366 | 44 | 1.96 | 2 951 | 15 539 | ||
Central African Republic | 46 754 | 30 568 | 49 | 10.49 | 3 809 | 16 185 | ||
Congo | 25 285 | 19 902 | 58 | 9.98 | 5 466 | 5 383 | ||
Equatorial Guinea | 2 719 | 1 829 | 65 | 5.35 | 480 | 890 | ||
Gabon | 19 966 | 18 256 | 71 | 15.59 | 5 118 | 1 710 | ||
Zaire | 166 076 | 113 317 | 50 | 3.15 | 28 523 | 52 759 | ||
Central Africa | 296 704 | -571.2 | -0.19 | 204 238 | 51 | 3.87 | 46 349 | 92 466 |
Angola | 77 197 | 23 194 | 19 | 2.31 | 1 625 | 54 004 | ||
Botswana | 26 561 | 14 262 | 25 | 11.10 | 546 | 12 299 | ||
Burundi | 1 315 | 325 | 13 | 0.06 | 16 | 989 | ||
Malawi | 3 724 | 3 612 | 38 | 0.43 | 486 | 112 | ||
Mozambique | 55 881 | 17 357 | 22 | 1.11 | 1 384 | 38 524 | ||
Namibia | 26 296 | 12 569 | 15 | 9.45 | 481 | 13 727 | ||
Rwanda | 945 | 252 | 10 | 0.03 | 27 | 694 | ||
United Republic of Tanzania | 68 497 | 33 709 | 38 | 1.23 | 1 445 | 34 788 | ||
Zambia | 60 337 | 32 349 | 44 | 3.83 | 2 273 | 27 988 | ||
Zimbabwe | 26 144 | 8 981 | 23 | 0.92 | 540 | 17 163 | ||
Tropical South Africa | 346 895 | -735.8 | 0.21 | 146 609 | 26 | 1.54 | 8 824 | 200 287 |
Comoros | 41 | 11 | 5 | 0.02 | 16 | 30 | ||
Madagascar | 23 225 | 15 999 | 28 | 1.34 | 1 680 | 7 226 | ||
Mauritius | 44 | 12 | 6 | 0.01 | 1 | 32 | ||
Reunion | 135 | 100 | 40 | 0.17 | 22 | 35 | ||
Saint Helena | 9 | 1 | 5 | 0.23 | 0 | 8 | ||
Seychelles | 3 | 3 | 12 | 0.05 | 18 | 0 | ||
Insular Africa | 23 457 | -89.4 | -0.38 | 16 127 | 27 | 1.13 | 1 737 | 7 331 |
Tropical Africa | 1 083 826 | -2 421.2 | -0.22 | 529 818 | 24 | 1.09 | 70 201 | 554 008 |
Algeria | 3 945 | 2 039 | 1 | 0.08 | 197 | 1 906 | ||
Egypt | 34 | 34 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | ||
Libya Arab Jamahiriya | 846 | 400 | 0 | 0.09 | 13 | 446 | ||
Morocco | 5 744 | 3 864 | 5 | 0.15 | 432 | 1 880 | ||
Tunisia | 569 | 569 | 4 | 0.07 | 3 | 0 | ||
North Africa | 11 137 | -73.1 | -0.68 | 6 905 | 1 | 0.06 | 671 | 4232 |
Lesotho | 23 | 7 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 16 | ||
South Africa | 41 543 | 8 208 | 7 | 0.22 | 1 427 | 33 335 | ||
Swaziland | 146 | 146 | 8 | 0.19 | 7 | 0 | ||
Non-tropical South Africa | 41 712 | -333.5 | -0.78 | 8 361 | 7 | 0.21 | 1 434 | 33 351 |
Non-tropical Africa | 52 850 | -406.6 | -0.76 | 15 267 | 2 | 0.10 | 2 105 | 37 583 |
TOTAL AFRICA | 1 136 675 | -2 827.8 | -0.25 | 545 084 | 18 | 0.85 | 72 306 | 591 591 |
b) Asia and the Pacific region | ||||||||
Bangladesh | 1 472 | 1 004 | 8 | 0.01 | 104 | 468 | ||
Bhutan | 3 168 | 2 813 | 60 | 1.97 | 508 | 355 | ||
India | 82 648 | 64 959 | 22 | 0.08 | 4 806 | 17 689 | ||
Nepal | 5 751 | 5 079 | 37 | 0.27 | 549 | 672 | ||
Pakistan | 3 128 | 2 023 | 3 | 0.02 | 203 | 1 105 | ||
Sri Lanka | 3 997 | 1 885 | 29 | 0.11 | 198 | 2 113 | ||
South Asia | 100 163 | 596.3 | 0.64 | 77 762 | 19 | 0.07 | 6 368 | 22 402 |
Cambodia | 13 724 | 12 170 | 69 | 1.48 | 2 163 | 1 554 | ||
Laos | 21 436 | 13 177 | 57 | 3.24 | 2 544 | 8 259 | ||
Myanmar | 49 774 | 29 091 | 44 | 0.70 | 6 259 | 20 683 | ||
Thailand | 14 968 | 13 264 | 26 | 0.24 | 1 585 | 1 704 | ||
Viet Nam | 23 499 | 9 782 | 30 | 0.15 | 1 524 | 13 717 | ||
Continental S. E. Asia | 123 400 | -1 087.3 | -0.85 | 77 484 | 41 | 0.44 | 14 075 | 45 916 |
Brunei Darussalam | 458 | 458 | 87 | 1.72 | 136 | n.a. | ||
Indonesia | 145 108 | 115 674 | 64 | 0.64 | 22 261 | 29 434 | ||
Malaysia | 22 248 | 17 664 | 54 | 1.02 | 4 591 | 4 584 | ||
Philippines | 13 640 | 8 034 | 27 | 0.13 | 1 848 | 5 606 | ||
Singapore | 4 | 4 | 7 | 0.00 | 1 | 0 | ||
Insular S.E. Asia | 181 458 | -1 509.2 | -0.81 | 141 834 | 58 | 0.54 | 28 837 | 39 624 |
Papua New Guinea | 42 115 | 36 030 | 80 | 8.98 | 6 890 | 6 085 | ||
American Samoa | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 14 | ||
Fiji | 859 | 853 | 47 | 1.18 | 160 | 6 | ||
French Polynesia | 115 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 115 | ||
Guam | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 10 | ||
Kiribati | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 2 | ||
New Caledonia | 1 289 | 710 | 39 | 4.22 | 138 | 579 | ||
Niue | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 6 | ||
Pacific Islands | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 40 | ||
Samoa | 164 | 133 | 47 | 0.84 | 27 | 31 | ||
Soloman Islands | 2 456 | 2 410 | 86 | 7.53 | 481 | 45 | ||
Tonga | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 8 | ||
Vanuatu | 809 | 809 | 66 | 5.39 | 173 | 0 | ||
Pacific | 47 886 | -44.7 | -0.09 | 40 945 | 76 | 6.75 | 7 870 | 6 941 |
Tropical Asia | 452 907 | -2 044.9 | -0.45 | 338 025 | 38 | 0.21 | 57 149 | 114 883 |
Afghanistan | 2 614 | 1 199 | 2 | 0.07 | 13 | 1 415 | ||
Bahrain | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | ||
Iran | 11 437 | 1 737 | 1 | 0.03 | 332 | 9 700 | ||
Iraq | 192 | 83 | 0 | 0.00 | 5 | 109 | ||
Jordan | 173 | 51 | 1 | 0.02 | 3 | 122 | ||
Kuwait | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | ||
Lebanon | 144 | 78 | 8 | 0.03 | 7 | 66 | ||
Oman | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | ||
Qatar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | ||
Saudi Arabia | 902 | 202 | 0 | 0.01 | 4 | 700 | ||
Syrian Arab Republic | 484 | 245 | 1 | 0.02 | 5 | 239 | ||
United Arab Emirates | 60 | 60 | 1 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | ||
Yemen | 1 921 | 9 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 1 912 | ||
Middle East | 17 931 | 164.7 | 0.97 | 3 668 | 1 | 0.03 | 369 | 14 263 |
China | 162 029 | 133 799 | 14 | 0.12 | 16 009 | 28 230 | ||
Dem. People's Rep. of Korea | 7370 | 6 170 | 51 | 0.28 | 423 | 1 200 | ||
Republic of Korea | 6 291 | 6 291 | 64 | 0.15 | 755 | 0 | ||
Mongolia | 13 741 | 9 406 | 6 | 4.29 | 564 | 4 335 | ||
Temperate Asia | 189 431 | 539.0 | 0.33 | 155 666 | 13 | 0.13 | 17 751 | 33 765 |
Non-tropical Asia | 207 362 | 703.8 | 0.39 | 159 334 | 9 | 0.12 | 18 120 | 48 028 |
TOTAL ASIA AND PACIFIC | 660 269 | -1 341.1 | -0.21 | 497 359 | 19 | 0.17 | 75 269 | 162 911 |
c) Latin America and the Caribbean | ||||||||
Costa Rica | 1 569 | 1 456 | 29 | 0.48 | 262 | 113 | ||
El Salvador | 890 | 127 | 6 | 0.02 | 12 | 763 | ||
Guatamala | 9 465 | 4 253 | 39 | 0.46 | 725 | 5 212 | ||
Honduras | 6 054 | 4 608 | 41 | 0.90 | 527 | 1 446 | ||
Mexico | 129 057 | 48 695 | 26 | 0.55 | 3 174 | 80 362 | ||
Nicaragua | 7 732 | 6 027 | 51 | 1.56 | 1 088 | 1 705 | ||
Panama | 3 266 | 3 123 | 41 | 1.29 | 695 | 143 | ||
Central America | 158 033 | -825.5 | -0.51 | 68 289 | 29 | 0.58 | 6 483 | 89 745 |
Barbados | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 5 | ||
Bermuda | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 1 | ||
British Virgin Islands | 5 | 3 | 20 | 0.19 | 0 | 2 | ||
Cayman Islands | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 6 | ||
Montserrat | 4 | 3 | 25 | 0.23 | 0 | 1 | ||
Netherlands Antilles | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 7 | ||
St. Pierre & Miquelon | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 1 | ||
United States Virgin Islands | 14 | 14 | 41 | 0.13 | 1 | 0 | ||
Antigua and Barbuda | 26 | 10 | 23 | 0.13 | 1 | 16 | ||
Bahamas | 186 | 186 | 19 | 0.72 | 22 | 0 | ||
Belize | 2 117 | 1 998 | 88 | 10.98 | 255 | 119 | ||
Cuba | 3 262 | 1 960 | 18 | 0.19 | 209 | 1 302 | ||
Dominica | 50 | 44 | 59 | 0.54 | 5 | 6 | ||
Dominican Republic | 1 530 | 1 084 | 22 | 0.15 | 106 | 446 | ||
French Guyana | 8 318 | 7 997 | 91 | 86.92 | 2 500 | 321 | ||
Grenada | 11 | 6 | 18 | 0.07 | 1 | 5 | ||
Guadeloupe | 93 | 93 | 55 | 0.27 | 11 | 0 | ||
Guyana | 18 756 | 18 424 | 94 | 17.72 | 4 571 | 331 | ||
Haiti | 139 | 31 | 1 | 0.00 | 2 | 108 | ||
Jamaica | 652 | 254 | 23 | 0.10 | 43 | 399 | ||
Martinique | 71 | 43 | 41 | 0.13 | 5 | 28 | ||
Puerto Rico | 336 | 324 | 37 | 0.09 | 38 | 12 | ||
St. Kitts and Nevis | 24 | 13 | 36 | 0.25 | 2 | 11 | ||
St. Lucia | 34 | 5 | 8 | 0.03 | 1 | 29 | ||
St. Vincent | 12 | 11 | 28 | 0.09 | 1 | 1 | ||
Suriname | 15 094 | 14 776 | 95 | 36.67 | 3 831 | 317 | ||
Trinidad and Tobago | 235 | 168 | 33 | 0.13 | 33 | 68 | ||
Caribbean | 50 989 | -48.8 | -0.10 | 47 447 | 69 | 1.35 | 11 640 | 3 543 |
Bolivia | 57 977 | 49 345 | 46 | 6.75 | 7 376 | 8 632 | ||
Brazil | 671 921 | 566 007 | 67 | 3.76 | 106 053 | 105 914 | ||
Colombia | 63 231 | 54 190 | 52 | 1.70 | 10 515 | 9 041 | ||
Ecuador | 15 576 | 12 007 | 43 | 1.11 | 2 355 | 3 569 | ||
Paraguay | 19 256 | 12 868 | 32 | 3.01 | 796 | 6 388 | ||
Peru | 84 844 | 68 090 | 53 | 3.05 | 16 014 | 16 754 | ||
Venezuela | 69 436 | 45 943 | 52 | 2.33 | 8 615 | 23 493 | ||
Tropical South America | 982 242 | -4 793.2 | -0.48 | 808 450 | 60 | 3.28 | 151 723 | 173 792 |
Tropical Latin America & Caribbean | 1 191 265 | -5 667.5 | -0.47 | 924 186 | 56 | 2.31 | 169 847 | 267 079 |
Argentina | 50 936 | 34 436 | 13 | 1.07 | 8 540 | 16 500 | ||
Chile | 16 583 | 8 033 | 11 | 0.61 | 1 776 | 8 550 | ||
Uruguay | 933 | 813 | 5 | 0.26 | 145 | 120 | ||
Non-tropical South America | 68 453 | -397.7 | -0.55 | 43 283 | 12 | 0.89 | 10 460 | 25 170 |
TOTAL LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN | 1 259 718 | -6 047.2 | -0.47 | 967 469 | 48 | 2.16 | 180 307 | 292 249 |
d) Developed countries | ||||||||
Finland | 23 373 | 5.5 | 20 112 | 66 | 4.03 | 945 | 3 261 | |
Norway | 9 565 | n.a. | 8 697 | 28 | 2.05 | 313 | 868 | |
Sweden | 28 015 | 0 | 24 437 | 60 | 2.85 | 1 393 | 3 578 | |
Nordics | 60 953 | 5.5 | 0.02 | 53 246 | 52 | 2.99 | 2 651 | 7 707 |
Belgium | 620 | 1.9 | 620 | 20 | 0.06 | 53 | 0 | |
Denmark | 466 | 1.0 | 466 | 11 | 0.09 | 38 | 0 | |
Iceland | 123 | n.a. | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 123 | |
Ireland | 429 | 4.8 | 396 | 6 | 0.11 | 13 | 33 | |
Netherlands | 334 | 1.0 | 334 | 10 | 0.02 | 32 | 0 | |
United Kingdom | 2 380 | 24.2 | 2 207 | 9 | 0.04 | 124 | 173 | |
North Western Europe | 4 352 | 32.9 | 0.81 | 4 023 | 8 | 0.04 | 260 | 329 |
Austria | 3 877 | 14.2 | 3 877 | 47 | 0.50 | 485 | 0 | |
former Czechoslovakia | 4 491 | 2.0 | 4 491 | 36 | 0.29 | 660 | 0 | |
France | 14 154 | 8.0 | 13 110 | 24 | 0.23 | 1 219 | 1 044 | |
Germany | 10 735 | 46.9 | 10 490 | 30 | 0.13 | 1 584 | 245 | |
Luxembourg | 88 | 0.1 | 85 | 33 | 0.23 | 8 | 3 | |
Poland | 8 672 | 5.0 | 86 872 | 28 | 0.23 | 937 | 0 | |
Switzerland | 1 186 | 6.6 | 1 130 | 28 | 0.17 | 199 | 56 | |
Central Eastern Europe | 43 203 | 82.8 | 0.19 | 41 855 | 29 | 0.20 | 5 091 | 1 348 |
Albania | 1 449 | 0.1 | 1 046 | 38 | 0.32 | 48 | 403 | |
Bulgaria | 3 683 | 7.8 | 3 386 | 31 | 0.38 | 207 | 298 | |
Cyprus | 280 | 0.2 | 140 | 15 | 0.20 | 4 | 140 | |
Greece | 6 032 | 0.9 | 2 512 | 19 | 0.25 | 85 | 3 520 | |
Hungary | 1 675 | 8.2 | 1 675 | 18 | 0.16 | 186 | 0 | |
Israel | 124 | n.a. | 102 | 5 | 0.02 | 6 | 22 | |
Italy | 8 550 | n.a. | 6 750 | 22 | 0.12 | 547 | 1 800 | |
Romania | 6 265 | 0.2 | 6 190 | 27 | 0.27 | 681 | 75 | |
Turkey | 20 199 | 3.1 | 8 856 | 11 | 0.15 | 558 | 11 343 | |
former S.F.R. of Yugoslavia | 9 454 | 34.5 | 8 371 | 33 | 0.35 | 862 | 1 083 | |
South East Europe | 57 711 | 55.0 | 0.11 | 39 028 | 20 | 0.19 | 3 184 | 18 683 |
Portugal | 3 102 | 13.8 | 2 755 | 32 | 0.26 | 124 | 347 | |
Spain | 25 622 | 0.9 | 8 388 | 17 | 0.22 | 554 | 17 234 | |
Iberia | 28 724 | 14.7 | 0.05 | 11 143 | 19 | 0.23 | 678 | 17 581 |
Europe | 194 943 | 190.8 | 0.13 | 149 295 | 27 | 0.26 | 11 864 | 45 648 |
Belarus | 6 256 | 27.3 | 6 016 | 29 | 0.59 | 499 | 240 | |
Other former USSR | 926 035 | n.a. | 739 729 | 36 | 2.56 | 50 302 | 186 306 | |
Ukraine | 9 239 | 24.0 | 9 213 | 16 | 0.18 | 848 | 26 | |
Former USSR | 941 530 | 51.3 | 0.01 | 754 958 | 35 | 2.15 | 51 648 | 186 572 |
Canada | 453 300 | 0 | 247 164 | 27 | 9.32 | 25 458 | 206 136 | |
USA | 295 989 | -316.5 | 209 573 | 23 | 0.84 | 19 490 | 86 416 | |
North America | 749 289 | -316.5 | -0.11 | 456 737 | 25 | 1.65 | 44 948 | 292 552 |
Australia | 145 613 | 0.6 | 39 837 | 5 | 2.33 | 2 430 | 105 776 | |
Japan | 24 718 | -4.8 | 24 158 | 66 | 0.20 | 1 498 | 560 | |
New Zealand | 7 472 | n.a. | 7 472 | 28 | 2.23 | 209 | 0 | |
Oceania | 177 803 | -4.2 | 71 467 | 9 | 0.50 | 4 137 | 106 336 | |
TOTAL DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | 2 063 565 | -78.6 | -0.01 | 1 432 457 | 27 | 1.07 | 112 598 | 631 108 |
Summary | ||||||||
Developing countries | 3 056 662 | -10 216.1 | -0.33 | 2 009 912 | 26 | 0.50 | 327 882 | 1 046 751 |
Developed Countries | 2 063 565 | -78.6 | -0.01 | 1 432 457 | 27 | 1.07 | 112 598 | 631 108 |
GRAND TOTALS | 5 120 227 | -10 294.7 | -0.20 | 3 442 368 | 27 | 0.64 | 440 479 | 1 677 859 |