Indonesia

General Information

· Main climates: Tropical Wet, Tropical Wet & Dry

· Total land area: 181 157 000 ha

· Internal renewable water resources: 2 530 km³

· GNP per capita, 1998: PPP$ 2 407

· Main food consumed: Rice, Oil & Fat, Nuts, Roots & Tuber, Maize

· Rice supply, 1999: 230.9 kg paddy/capita/year

Basic Statistics

Producing Zones and Cropping Seasons

The following table shows the rice-harvested areas in different provinces.

If there is adequate water supply rice can be planted at any time of the year. The following table shows the main rice cropping seasons in different regions.

Production Practices

The following figure shows the estimated harvested rice area from different rice ecologies during 1995-2000 period.

Most of rice produced on the Java Island, especially in West and Central Java, is under irrigation. The Government has increased its effort to reclaim saline effected lowland areas on other Island for rice production. Rice is planted in diverse rice-based cropping systems. In areas where water supply is assured; either by irrigation (irrigated ecologies) and/or by rainfall (rainfed lowland ecologies); the intensive rice-rice, rice-rice-other crops, rice-other crops-other crops and rice/fish-other crops are popular with farmers. The Walik Jerami and the Gogorancha systems were developed and used for intensification by increasing the number of crops planted on the same piece of land in a year in irrigated and rainfed lowland ecologies.

Most lowland varieties planted in the country belong to indica sub-species. Bulu rice type (recently named tropical japonica) was first identified in upland areas in Indonesia. About 7,000 rice varieties/lines, which are suitable either for upland, lowland, or tidal swamps, are conserved in Bogor. Several High Yielding Rice Varieties have been developed and released for cultivation since the 1970s. Since 1980, the Indonesian national rice yield has been the highest among the rice producing countries in tropical climate areas of Asia. National research systems established a programme to develop hybrid rice in 1983.

· Varieties for rainfed lowland and irrigated ecologies

· Varieties for tidal wetland and deepwater ecologies

Varieties for upland ecologies

About 85 percent of the lowland rice areas are cultivated with high yielding varieties, but improved upland rice varieties have not been well adopted yet. The dominant rice varieties in lowland areas today are IR64 (released in 1986), Cisadane (released in 1980), IR36 (released in 1977), Krueng Aceh (released in 1981), IR42 (released in 1980), and Memberamo (recently released). High yielding varieties have also not been widely used in tidal swamps and swampy lands. Two tidal wetland varieties Lematang and Sei Lilin (released in 1991) have yield potential ranging from 4 to 5 tonnes/ha and are tolerant to soil acidity and iron toxicity.

Under normal systems, lowland rice crops are established by transplanting. In the Walik Jerami system, non germinated seeds are directly seeded to no-till soil, immediately after the harvesting of the preceding rice crop, whereas in Gogorancha system, non-germinated seeds are directly seeded to prepared but dried soils at the beginning of the rainy season. The fields under Walik jerami and Gogoranch systems, however, are flooded during most of the growing period. In upland conditions, non-germinated seeds are directly seeded into dry soil and rice is planted as a sole crop and/or in association with other crops especially maize and cassava. In a number of tidal-wetland areas in Sumatra, the Sorjan system was developed for rice cultivation. The system includes the construction of alternative raised and sunk beds in the field. Rice is transplanted in the sunken beds, while other upland crops are planted on the raised beds.

The application of fertilizers to rice was promoted by integrated national extension and input delivery programmes such as BIMAS, INSUS and SUPRAINSUS. The following table shows the responses of rice to fertilizer application

Constraints and Issues of Sustainable Production

• Major insects: brown plant hopper, stem borers, rats, and gallmidge.

• Diseases: tungro, orange leaf blight, and blast.

• Weed competition is a production constraint across rice ecologies.

• In upland and rainfed lowland areas, climatic vagaries, especially prolonged drought season.

• Withdrawal of Governmental support in input and credit supplies.

• Low prices of mostly agricultural products.

• Productivity of newly agricultural land, included the newly paddy field area, is still low and requires time to have optimal productivity.

The costs of rice production in the country are shown in the following table

During the last five years, increase in rice production has been due mainly to the increase in harvested area. Yield potentials of varieties released during the last two decades do not differ very much, ranging, 5-8 tons/ha, depending on the locality and cultural practices. The conversion of potential agricultural land to other activities, especially housing and tourism industry, has also contributed to the decrease of the total rice production. About 50,000 ha of potential agricultural land have been converted to other purposes annually in the last ten years. Sustainable rice production would require the development and deployment of new rice varieties and crop management technologies and approaches.

Research and Development Institutes

· Central Agricultural Research Institute Ministry of Agriculture Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Imambonja 29, 10000 Jakarta, West Java

· BPSB Regional I P.O. Box 4 Jln. Ciganitri, Dayeuhkolot Bandung West Java Phone: 85002

· BPSB Regional IV Jln. Karya Jasa, Gedong Johor Medan Sumatera Utara Phone: (061) 26395

· Marihat Research Station, Marihat U.L.U., P.O. Box 37 Pematang Biantar, North Sumatra

· Pertani Persero PT, P.O. Box 247 KBY Jl. Raya Pasar Minggu Kalibata Jakarta Seltan Phone: 799-3108 Telex: 47249 PERTANI

· Perum Sang Hyang Seri, Jln. Dr. Saharjo 313 Jakarta, Jakarta Selatan, Phone: (021) 829-5956

· University of Gajah Mada, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Central Java

· Ministry of Agriculture, Jl. Harsono, Pasar Mingu, Jarkarta, Phone:(6221) 780-41-76 Fax (6221) 780-41-76

· BIMAS, Department of Agriculture, 11 Harsono R.M. No.3, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia

· RIFCB, JI. Tentara, Pelajar No. 3A, Bogor 16111, Indonesia.

· Banjarbaru Research Institute for Food Crops, Jln. Majen Sutoyo Banjarmasin Kalmantan Phone: 2487

· Barus Seeds, Jalan Dr. Soetomo 638, Medan North Sumatra

· Central Research Institute for Food Crops Jalan Merdeka 147, 16111 Bogor, West Java Phone: (251) 389395, Fax: (62-251) 316264 Ema: [email protected]

· Maros Research Institute for Food Crops P.O. Box 173 Jln. Pertanian Ujungpadang Sulawesi Phone: 84987

· National Seed Corporation Jl. Dr. Sahardjo 313, Jakarta, Selatan, West Java Phone: (O21) 825956

· Sukamandi Research Institute for Food Crops Cikampek 157 Sukamandi, Kab. Subang West Java Phone: 21157

· Sukrame Research Institute for Food Crops, P.O. Box 34 Sukarami Sumatra Phone: 22305