The authors would like to express their gratitude to many persons and the authorities who provided detailed and up-to-date information on national and regional limits and regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed, which formed the basis for this Food and Nutrition Paper.
Special thanks are due to:
J. Nieuwenhuize, Foreign Agricultural Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, the Netherlands, for assistance to involve agricultural offices from Royal Netherlands Embassies around the world in the international survey
Agricultural Office of Royal Netherlands Embassies throughout the world
M. Lauwaars, EU Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Geel, Belgium and W.J. de Koe, Wageningen, the Netherlands
J.L. Jouve and M. Pineiro, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy for assistance in obtaining addresses of individuals to be approached for the survey
D.G. Kloet, Institute for Food Safety, Wageningen, the Netherlands, for providing insight into the procedure of setting maximum limits for mycotoxins by Codex Alimentarius
I.L.M. Aitton and M.A. Kartasasmita, Laboratory for Food and Residue Analyses, RIVM, the Netherlands, for secretarial support
In addition, the following persons and institutions for providing information on limits and regulations on mycotoxins in various countries:
K. Benchaalal, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Algeria
J.F. Rummenie and P. Kalkman, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
J. Harutyounian, Physico-chemical and micro-research licensed experimental laboratory, Armenia
Somsak, ASEAN Secretariat of Agriculture, Food, Forestry and Minerals, Indonesia
A. Prakash, Food Standards Australia New Zealand, Australia
F. Vojir, Bundesministerium für Soziale Sicherheit and Generationen, H. Lew, Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, and R. Krska, IFA-Tulln, Austria
P.E. Bethel, Ministry of Commerce, Agriculture and Industry, Department of Fisheries, the Bahamas
V.I. Murokh, Republican Scientific Centre for Foodstuffs Quality, Belarus
P.M.B. de Vries, Consulate General of the Netherlands, Brazil
E. Tsankova, Sofia City Health Inspectorate, Bulgaria
T. Kuiper and L. Underhill, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Canada
M. Vega and R. Saelzer, Departamento de Bromatología, Nutrición y Dietética, Chile
X. Liu, Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, China
G.J. Diaz, Toxicology Laboratory and N.S. Perilla, Micotox Ltd. (Asesores en micotoxinas), Colombia
D. Budimir, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Zagreb, Croatia
N. Milanovic, Croatia National Institute for Public Health, Croatia
M.V. Luna Martínez, Instituto de Nutrición e Higiene de los Alimentos, Cuba
T. Antoniou, Department of Agriculture and E. Ioannou-Kakouri, State General Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Cyprus
D. Capounova, Czech Agricultural and Food Inspectorate, Czech Republic
R. Nijland, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark
D. Licht, Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Denmark
K. Naguib, Mycotoxins Central Lab, Egypt
M. Toome, Laboratory for the Residues and Contaminants, Taimse Materjali Kontrolli Keskus, Estonia
A. Poirier and A. Kashay, Quality and Standards Authority, Ethiopia
F. Verstraete, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium
M. Aalto, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Finland
K. Nuotio, Finnish Customs Laboratory, Finland
M. Eskola, EELA National Veterinary and Food Research Institute
S. Marmo, KTTK (Plant Production Inspection Centre), Department of Chemistry, Finland
L. Braakenburg and A. Feekes, Royal Netherlands Embassy, France
N. Zylbermann, Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industry, France
J.J. Pape and H. Rosner, Bundesinstitut für gesundtheitlichen Verbraucherschutz, Germany
W. Töpner and W. Quasigroch, Bundesministerium für Verbraucherschutz, Ernährung und Landwirtschaft, Germany
R.T. Awuah, Kwame Nkruma University of Science and Technology, Ghana
M. Plessas-Schallenberg, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Greece
I. Stafanaki, General Chemical State Laboratory, Ministry of Economy and Finance, Greece
E. Kamarinou, Ministry of Agriculture, General Direction of Animal Production, Directorate of Animal Production Inputs, Section of Feedingstuffs, Greece
B.M. Derks, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Guatemala
O.R. Torres de Matute and H.L. Delgado, Instituto de Nutricion de Centro America y Panama, Guatemala
M. Ng Piu Chu, Consulate General of the Netherlands Agriculture, Nature Management & Fisheries Department, China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Y.C. Fung, Import & Export Unit, Government of China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
J.A. Smak, Office of the Agricultural Counsellor, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Hungary
B. Sas National Food Investigation Institute, Hungary
A. Parzer, Royal Netherlands Embassy, India
M.M. Chitale, Protein Foods and Nutrition Development Association, India
I. Gandjar, University of Indonesia, Microbiology, Indonesia
S. Subagyo, National Agency of Drug and Food Control, Indonesia
M.H.S.H. Hassanpour, Food and Agricultural Department of ISIRI, the Islamic Republic of Iran
H. Yazdanpanah, Pharmacology and Toxicology Dept., School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, the Islamic Republic of Iran
I. Pratt, Food Safety Authority of Ireland, Ireland
R. Varsano, Food Control Service, Israel
R. Ashkenazy, Plant Protection and Inspection Services, Israel
H. Beltman, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Italy
M. Marseglia, Ministry of Health, General Direction for Veterinary Public Health, Food and Nutrition, Italy
Rieks Toxopeus and S. Saito, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Japan
T. Goto, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, National Food Research Institute, Japan
J. Yamano, Feed Division of the Livestock Industry Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan
E. Yokota, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan
W. Steemers and Il-Yong Ha, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Republic of Korea
V. Bartkevics, State Medicine Diagnostic Centre of Food and Veterinary Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Latvia
J. Petraitis, National Nutrition Centre, Central Laboratory, Lithuania
M. Sabino, Pesquisadora Cientifica, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, MERCOSUR
D. Van der Veer, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Mexico
Doralinda Guzman de Pena, Mexico
N. Opopol, National Centre for Scientific and Applied Preventive Medicine, the Republic of Moldova
M. Madji, Division de la Répression de Fraudes; Protection des Végétaux, des Contrôles Techniques et de la Répression des Fraudes, Ministère de l'Agriculture, du Développement et des Eaux et Forêts, Morocco
M. Dos Anjos Hauengue, L. Da Silva Carrilho and Carlos D. Sono, Mozambique
T. Aye, Plant Protection Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Myanmar
T. Zhengping, FAO Representation in Myanmar, Myanmar
R.M. Joshi, Central Food Research Laboratory, Nepal
H.J. Jeuring, Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, the Netherlands
A. Veldman, CLO-Institute for Animal Nutrition, the Netherlands
M.S. Momodu, National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, Nigeria
A. Vidnes, Norwegian Food Control Authority, Norway
M. Zargham Khan, Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agriculture, Pakistan
Ministerio de Salud, Directorate DISEGA and C.F. Pastor Talledo, Food Hygiene and Zoonosis Control, Peru
Pit Laquian, Royal Netherlands Embassy, the Philippines
E.T. Begino, Mycotoxin and Toxicology Laboratory, Bureau of Animal Industry, the Philippines
J. Zmudzki and H. Wisniewska-Dmytrow, National Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Economy, Poland
L. Martins, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Portugal
C.R. Olteanu, Hygiene Institute of Veterinary Health, Romania
A. Alexeeva, Agricultural Office of the Netherlands Embassy, the Russian Federation
S. Huay Leng, Food and Veterinary Administration, Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority, Singapore
L. Dasko, State Veterinary and Food Administration, Testing Laboratory Priemyselna, Slovakia
A. Vengust, Veterinary Faculty, Slovenia
Dunja Sever, Health Inspectorate of Republic of Slovenia, Slovenia
Agricultural Service, the Royal Netherlands Embassy, Pretoria, South Africa
G.S. Shephard, PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council and M.E. Herbst
C.W. Zwitser, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Spain
J. Ignacio Arranz Recio, Dirección General de Salud Pública y Consumo, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Spain
S. Nagiah, Food Control Administration Unit, Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka
H. Tjon Kon Fat, Central Laboratory/Bureau of Public Health, Suriname
M. Olsen, National Food Administration, Sweden
Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Switzerland
Muhamad Rateb Salam, Ministry of Supply and Internal Trade, Syrian Arab Republic
Fwu-Chyn Hsueh, Department of Health, Taiwan Province of China
Chuan-Cheng Lin and H.N. Chou, National Taiwan University, Taiwan Province of China
E. Urio, Food and Nutrition Centre, United Republic of Tanzania
J. Bröker, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Bangkok, Thailand
Pornpimol Kattinanon, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand
A. Chibani, Institut National de la Normalisation et de la Propriété Industrielle, Tunisia
G.J.M. Terberg, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Ankara, Turkey
Sennur Ozkaya, Turkey
A. Kaaya, Department of Food Science and Technology, Makerere University, Uganda
E. Van de Vrugt, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Ukraine
Royal Netherlands Embassy, London, United Kingdom
B.D. Jones, Food Standards Agency, United Kingdom
I. Hamid-Hardenberg, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Washington DC, United States
L. Posnick, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, United States
Royal Netherlands Embassy Montevideo, Uruguay
J.M. Cea, Technological Laboratory of Uruguay, Uruguay
M. Van Genne, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Venezuela
B. Bastardo, National Institute of Hygiene, Ciudad University, Venezuela
Phan Thi Kim, Viet Nam Food Administration, Viet Nam
Sultanate of Oman, Ministry of Regional Municipalities, Environment & Water Resources, Directorate General of Health Control, Yemen
D. Sukovic, Centre for Ecotoxicological Research, Serbia and Montenegro
K. Choongo, Department of Biomedical Science, Samora School of Veterinary Medicine, Zambia
