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TEN YEARS OF INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION ON FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES IN EUROPE

by
J. Koskela39

INTRODUCTION

In October 1994, the European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN) was established to promote conservation and sustainable use of forest genetic resources and coordinate international collaboration in this area among European countries. In the early 1990’s, two Ministerial Conferences on the Protection of Forest in Europe (MCPFE) had initiated and endorsed the establishment of EUFORGEN. The Programme is financed by participating countries (currently 32) and coordinated by the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) in technical collaboration with the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The EUFORGEN Steering Committee, composed of national coordinators nominated by the participating countries, has the overall responsibility of the Programme.

EUFORGEN has been operating through species-oriented networks which have brought together scientists and managers to exchange information, discuss needs and develop conservation methods for priority tree species. Countries’ financial contributions to the Programme are used for the overall coordination of the activities, including Network meetings, publications and dissemination of information while Network members in participating countries carry out agreed activities with their own resources as in-kind inputs.

In May 2004, the EUFORGEN Steering Committee endorsed the continuation of the Programme into Phase III (2005-2009). This paper provides a short update on the recent outputs of EUFORGEN and describes its planned future efforts.

RECENT OUTPUTS

During Phase II (2000-2004), EUFORGEN operated through five Networks, namely 1) Conifers; 2) Mediterranean Oaks; 3) Noble Hardwoods; 4) Populus nigra (European black poplar), including work on white poplar P. alba); and 5) Temperate Oaks and Beech. The last Network was called ‘Social Broadleaves’ until 2002. A total of 17 EUFORGEN Network meetings were held during Phase II and participants from 41 countries participated in these meetings. The Networks have produced a considerable amount of technical information on forest genetic resources in Europe and developed strategies and recommendations for genetic conservation of a large group of tree species growing in different forest ecosystems throughout the continent.

The main objective of the conservation strategies is to ensure continuous evolution of European forest trees. In situ conservation efforts are given a first priority but it is emphasized that in situ and ex situ conservation measures should be used in a complementary manner, according to threats and species-specific needs for genetic conservation. During Phase II, the Noble Hardwoods Network has developed conservation strategies for black alder (Alnus glutinosa) (Krstinic et al. 2002), walnut (Juglans regia) (Fernándes-Lópes et al., 2002) and elms (Ulmus spp.) (Collin, 2002). The Populus nigra Network produced a technical bulletin on the in situ conservation of black poplar (Lefèvre et al. 2001) and the Mediterranean Oaks Network has also finalized a similar bulletin for cork oak (Quercus suber) (Varela et al., 2004).

One of the major achievements of the EUFORGEN Networks is development of technical guidelines for the genetic management of forest tree species. These practical guidelines present commonly agreed recommendations based on the available knowledge of the species and they are targeted specifically at field managers. So far a total of 16 guidelines have been published and 15 new ones are expected by the end of 200440

Standardized descriptors are commonly used in ex situ gene conservation activities (they are used i.a. for documentation and exchange) but they are also needed for in situ conservation. The Networks have made efforts to develop standard descriptors, as a first step towards the identification of minimum genetic conservation requirements for target species in the long term. In 2000, the Populus nigra Network finalized a standardized list of descriptors for black poplar stand inventories. Other Networks had already developed similar descriptors for inventories of various species during Phase I (1995-1999).

The Networks have significantly contributed to the ex situ conservation of forest genetic resources in Europe. Several members of the Noble Hardwoods Network participated in an EU-funded project on elms (Ulmus spp.), which established a core collection with more than 850 clones. Nearly half of the clones are also cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen (Collin et al. 2004). European elms are seriously threatened by the Dutch elm disease (Ophiostoma novo-ulmi) and this project made an effort to strengthen their ex situ conservation. The Populus nigra Network had earlier established another core collection for black poplar which includes material from more than 20 countries; efforts have been made to receive new entries from outside Europe (inc. Algeria and China). Development of a core collection for white poplar is underway and the Network has also established a population collection for black poplar. The latter was created following an EU-funded research project which analyzed genetic diversity of black poplar along European rivers (van Dam and Bordács, 2002). Black poplar is threatened by habitat alteration for agriculture, urbanization of floodplains and hydraulic engineering of rivers that have destroyed natural populations in many parts of Europe (Lefèvre et al., 2001).

The Mediterranean Oaks Network facilitated the exchange of cork oak genetic material within another EU-funded research project. Acorns were collected from seven countries (Algeria, France, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, Spain and Tunisia) for 17 field trials, which were established in all these countries (except Algeria) (Varela, 2000). This network of trials holds a unique collection of cork oak genetic material as it contains material throughout the species’ natural range in the Mediterranean basin.

During their meetings, the Networks have also addressed global issues, such as the use of exotic tree species in forestry and climate change. European forestry is mostly based on native species but exotic trees, in particular North American conifers, have a considerable role in such countries as Iceland, Ireland and the UK. It should be noted that the number of exotic forest trees that have become invasive in Europe is low, compared to other regions of the world (Haysom and Murphy, 2003). The Conifers Network addressed the issue of conserving and using exotic conifer species in Europe at its meeting in Scotland, UK in October 2003. The discussions highlighted the role of exotic conifers not only in wood production but also in environmental protection. Some exotic conifers were reported to show adaptation to their new environment and this may lead to the emergence of ‘landraces’. The participants stressed that this locally adapted genetic material should be conserved and that this issue should receive more attention in the future.

The Mediterranean Oaks Network discussed the effects of climate change on the Mediterranean forests in Macedonia in November 2003. Participants noted that forest trees have always been exposed to changes in environmental conditions and that the evolutionary principles under which forest trees cope with these changes are the same even if the speed of change is faster due to human-induced climatic change. Acclimation, seed dispersal, existing additive variance in important traits, mutation rates in these traits, speed of evolution and mating pattern were highlighted as important factors which determines how trees react to climate change. Droughts are expected to be more prolonged in the Mediterranean Basin, thus increasing the occurrence of forest fires. In Portugal, for example, some 450,000 hectares or approximately 12 percent of the forest area were burnt in 2003 (Varela, pers. comm.) and the likelihood of such catastrophes is expected to increase in other Mediterranean countries as well.

BROADER IMPACTS

The international collaboration through EUFORGEN has supported the development of or strengthened national programmes and policies for management of forest genetic resources in many European countries. However, still less than 30 per cent of European countries have well-established national programmes on forest genetic resources while approximately in one third of the countries these programmes exist informally (Koskela et al., 2004). Currently, most European countries are increasingly developing national forest programmes (NFPs) encompassing the whole forest sector. However, while NFPs address biodiversity management, they tend to highlight species and habitat conservation and overlook genetic issues. There is a need to strengthen the role of forest genetic resources in biodiversity management and highlights its importance in NFPs.

EUFORGEN has created a platform for both formal and informal collaboration and exchange of information on forest genetic resources in Europe. EUFORGEN Networks have facilitated identification of research needs and development of various research projects. Results have been disseminated through the Networks once the research projects have been completed. EUFORGEN has also been asked to contribute to the development of new European policies and other measures, such as the new Council Regulation on genetic resources in agriculture (EC No 870/2004) and forest biodiversity indicators, for example. Furthermore, EUFORGEN has facilitated the development and implementation of other efforts on forest genetic resources in Europe (including bilateral projects and training courses).

Outside Europe, IPGRI and FAO have used EUFORGEN as an example for similar regional initiatives on forest genetic resources, namely the Asia Pacific Forest Genetic Resources Programme (APFORGEN) and the Sub-Saharan Forest Genetic Resources Programme (SAFORGEN). EUFORGEN has provided advice and experience with networking to these programmes, as well as relevant contacts for them in Europe.

FUTURE CHALLENGES

During the new phase of EUFORGEN, the challenge is to translate the various recommendations and guidelines into practice. This means a stronger incorporation of genetic issues into national forest programmes, which provide the framework for implementing forest-related policies at country level. At operational level, there is a need to increase awareness among field managers on the role of forest genetic resources in sustainable forest management. Information management has also been identified as an area where improvements can considerably support the implementation efforts and monitoring of forest genetic resources.

EUFORGEN will continue to develop common action plans, which aim at sharing responsibilities for forest genetic resources conservation in Europe. The plans are an effort to create pan-European networks of primarily in situ conservation units of target tree species throughout their entire distribution ranges. This effort involves obtaining geo-referenced data for further analyses and action. Ex situ conservation units outside the species’ natural distribution ranges should be included if they contribute to dynamic gene conservation. Common action plans can help identify gaps and overlaps in gene conservation efforts at both national and pan-European level. Subsequently, countries can assess which gene conservation units under their responsibility are the most valuable ones from the pan-European perspective and can prioritize the use of their human and financial resources.

The Steering Committee decided to re-organize the EUFORGEN network structure and merge the current five species Networks into three new ones: 1) conifers, 2) broadleaved tree species with scattered occurrence and 3) broadleaves with a continuous range. New thematic structures, namely a Forest Management Network and an Information Working Group, will be established to complement the work of species-oriented networks. With these thematic tools, EUFORGEN will better promote the implementation of the recommendations presented in the technical guidelines and support the integration of gene conservation issues into national forest policies and programmes. Furthermore, the Programme will focus on developing protocols to evaluate the genetic effects of different management practices and identifying genetically appropriate management practices in collaboration with forest managers and policy-makers.

REFERENCES

Collin, E., Rusanen, M., Ackzell, L., Bohnens, J., de Aguiar, A., et al. 2004. Methods and progress in the conservation of elm genetic resources in Europe. Invest Agrar: Sist Recur For 13(1): 261–272.

Collin, E. 2002. Strategies and guidelines for the conservation of the genetic resources of Ulmus spp. In: Turok, J., Eriksson, G., Russell, K. and Borelli, S. (compilers), Noble Hardwoods Network Meeting, Report of the fourth meeting – 4–6 September 1999 - Gmunden, Austria and the fifth meeting – 17–19 May 2001 – Blessington, Ireland. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy, pp. 50–67.

Fernándes-Lópes, J., Aleta, N. and Alía, R. 2002. Juglans regia L. genetic resources conservation strategy. In: Turok, J., Eriksson, G., Russell, K. and Borelli, S. (compilers), Noble Hardwoods Network Meeting, Report of the fourth meeting – 4–6 September 1999 - Gmunden, Austria and the fifth meeting – 17–19 May 2001 – Blessington, Ireland. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy, pp. 38–43.

Haysom, K.A. and Murphy, S.T. 2003. The status of invasiveness of forest tree species outside their natural habitat: a global review and discussion paper. Forest Health and Biosecurity Working Paper FBS/3E. Forestry Department, FAO, Rome (unpublished).

Koskela, J., de Vries, S.M.G., Gil, L., Mátyás, C., Rusanen, M. and Paule, L. 2004. Conservation of forest genetic resources and sustainable forest management in Europe. In: Beaulieu, J. (ed.), Silviculture and the Conservation of Genetic Resources for Sustainable Forest Management. Proceedings of the Symposium of the North American Forest Commission, Forest Genetic Resources and Silviculture Working Groups and the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO), 21 September 2003, Quebec City, Canada, Information Report LAU-X-128, pp. 9–19.

Krstinic, A., Gracan, J. and Kajba, D. 2002. Alnus spp. genetic resources conservation strategy. In: Turok, J., Eriksson, G., Russell, K. and Borelli, S. (compilers), Noble Hardwoods Network Meeting, Report of the fourth meeting – 4–6 September 1999 - Gmunden, Austria and the fifth meeting – 17–19 May 2001 – Blessington, Ireland. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy, pp. 44–49.

Lefèvre, F., Barsoum, N., Heinze, B., Kajba, D., Rotach, P., de Vries, S.M.G. and Turok, J. 2001. EUFORGEN Technical Bulletin: In situ conservation of Populus nigra. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. 58 p.

van Dam, B.C. and Bordács, S. (eds.) 2002. Genetic diversity in river populations of European black poplar - implications for riparian eco-system management. Proceedings of an international symposium held in Szekszárd, Hungary, 16-20 May 2001. Csiszár Nyomda, Budapest, Hungary. 231 p.

Varela, M.C., Eriksson, G. Lumaret, R. Gil Sanchez, L., Díaz Fernández, M.P. and Turok, J. 2004. EUFORGEN Technical Bulletin: Gene conservation and management of Quercus suber. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. (in press).

Varela, M.C. (ed.) 2003. Handbook of the EU concerted action on cork oak, FAIR I CT 95 0202. INIA, Estação Florestal Nacional, Lisbon, Portugal. 122 p.

RECENT PUBLICATIONS FROM FAO41.

BOOKS

FAO. 2003. Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Proceedings on the Satellite event on the occasion of the Ninth Regular Session of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Rome 12-13 October 2002 . Rome, Italy.

FAO. 2003. State of the World’s Forests. Rome, Italy.

FAO. 2004. The ethics of sustainable agricultural intensification. FAO Ethics Series No 3. Rome, Italy.

FAO. 2004. The State of Food and Agriculture 2003-2004. Agricultural biotechnology: meeting the needs of the poor?. FAO Agriculture Series No 35. Rome, Italy.

FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES WORKING PAPERS42

Álvarez Brito, A. 2003. Estado de la diversidad biológica de los árboles y bosques en Cuba. Documentos de Trabajo: Recursos Genéticos Forestales. FGR/47S. Servicio de Desarrollo de Recursos Forestales, Dirección de Recursos Forestales, FAO, Roma.

Padilla, G. E. 2003. Estado de la diversidad biológica de los árboles y bosques en Honduras. Documentos de Trabajo: Recursos Genéticos Forestales. FGR/51S. Servicio de Desarrollo de Recursos Forestales, Dirección de Recursos Forestales, FAO, Roma.

Baskaran, K. D., Bariteau, M., El-Kassaby, Y.A., Huoran, W., Kagayama, P., Kigomo, B.N., Mesén, F., Midgley, S., Nikiema, A., Patiño V, F., Prado, J.A., Sharma, M.K. & Ståhl, P.H. 2004. Regional Updates, prepared for the Thirteenth Session of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources, Rome, Italy, 10-12 November 2003. Forest Genetic Resources Working Papers, Working Paper FGR/73E. Forest Resources Development Service, Forest Resources Division. FAO, Rome (in press).

Carvalho, S., de Oliveira, F. & Vaz, H. 2003. Situation des ressources génétiques forestières de la République démocratique de São Tomé et Príncipe. Note thématique sur les ressources génétiques forestières. Document de travail FGR/63F. Service de la mise en valeur des ressources forestières, Division des ressources forestières. FAO, Rome.

Dida, M. 2003. State of forest tree genetic resources in Albania. Forest Genetic Resources Working Papers, Working Paper FGR/62E. Forest Resources Development Service, Forest Resources Division. FAO, Rome.

FAO. 2002. Status and Trends in Indicators of Forest Genetic Diversity. Document prepared by Frank H. McKinnell. Forest Genetic Resources Working Papers, Working Paper FGR/38E, Forest Resources Development Service, Forest Resources Division. FAO, Rome.

FAO 2003. State of Forest and Tree Genetic Resources in Dry Zone Southern Africa Development Community Countries. Document compiled by B.I. Nyoka. Forest Genetic Resources Working Papers, Working Paper FGR/41E, Forest Resources Development Service, Forest Resources Division. FAO, Rome (unpublished).

FAO 2002. Glossary on forest genetic resources (English version). Forest Genetic Resources Working Papers, Working Paper FGR/42E, Forest Resources Development Service, Forest Resources Division. FAO, Rome (unpublished).

FAO. 2003. An outline to Forest Tree Seed Biology. Prepared for the AFRI/IPGRI/FAO Sub-Regional Training Course on Forest Tree Seed Collection and Handling, Latakia, Syria, 14-25 September 2002. Forest Genetic Resources Working Papers, Working Paper FGR/43A. Forest Resources Development Service, Forest Resources Division. FAO, Rome.

FAO. 2003. Tree Seed Handling. Prepared for the AFRI/IPGRI/FAO Sub-Regional Training Course on Forest Tree Seed Collection and Handling, Latakia, Syria, 14-25 September 2002. Forest Genetic Resources Working Papers, Working Paper FGR/44A. Forest Resources Development Service, Forest Resources Division. FAO, Rome.

FAO. 2003. Tree Climbing with Spurs – an Illustrated Manual for Seed Collectors. Prepared for the AFRI/IPGRI/FAO Sub-Regional Training Course on Forest Tree Seed Collection and Handling, Latakia, Syria, 14-25 September 2002. Forest Genetic Resources Working Papers, Working Paper FGR/45A. Forest Resources Development Service, Forest Resources Division. FAO, Rome.

FAO 2004. Estado de los Recursos Genéticos Forestales en América Central, Cuba y México, y Plan de Acción Regional para su Conservación y Uso Sostenible. Documento de Trabajo: Recursos Genéticos Forestales. FGR/52S. Servicio de Desarrollo de Recursos Forestales, Dirección de Recursos Forestales, FAO, Roma. (in press).

García Roa, M. 2003. Estado de la diversidad biológica de los árboles y bosques en Nicaragua. Documentos de Trabajo: Recursos Genéticos Forestales. FGR/49S. Servicio de Desarrollo de Recursos Forestales, Dirección de Recursos Forestales, FAO, Roma.

Jiménez, M.L. 2003. Estado de la diversidad biológica de los árboles y bosques en Costa Rica. Documentos de Trabajo: Recursos Genéticos Forestales. FGR/46S. Servicio de Desarrollo de Recursos Forestales, Dirección de Recursos Forestales, FAO, Roma.

Maile, N. 2003. State of Forest and Tree Genetic Resources in Lesotho. Prepared for the Second Regional Training Workshop on Forest Genetic Resources for Eastern and Southern African Countries, 6-10 December 1999, Nairobi, Kenya. Forest Genetic Resources Working Papers, Working Paper FGR/40E. Forest Resources Development Service, Forest Resources Division. FAO, Rome.

Malele Mbala, S. 2003. Situation des ressources génétiques forestières de la République Démocratique du Congo. Document de travail FGR/56F. Service de la mise en valeur des ressources forestières, Division des ressources forestières. FAO, Rome (in press).

Melgar, W. 2003. Estado de la diversidad biológica de los árboles y bosques en Guatemala. Documentos de Trabajo: Recursos Genéticos Forestales. FGR/53S. Servicio de Desarrollo de Recursos Forestales, Dirección de Recursos Forestales, FAO, Roma.

Nkéoua, G. 2003. Situation des ressources génétiques forestières de la République du Congo. Note thématique sur les ressources génétiques forestières. Document de travail FGR/70F. Division des ressources forestières. FAO, Rome (in press).

Ntsame Okwo, C. & Ntougou Ndoutoume, O. 2003. Situation des ressources génétiques forestières en République Gabonaise, Note thématique sur les ressources génétiques forestières. Document de travail FGR/74F. Service de la mise en valeur des ressources forestières, Division des ressources forestières. FAO, Rome (in press).

Patiño-Valera, F. 2002. Lineamientos para la elaboración de los documentos nacionales. Documentos de Trabajo: Recursos genéticos Forestales. Documento de Trabajo FGR/39S. Servicio de Desarrollo de Recursos Forestales, Dirección de Recursos Forestales, FAO, Roma.

Postolache, D. 2003. State of forest tree genetic resources in Moldova. Forest Genetic Resources Working Papers, Working Paper FGR/64E. Forest Resources Development Service, Forest Resources Division. FAO, Rome (in press).

Ramamonjisoa, L. 2003. Situation des ressources génétiques forestières de Madagascar. Note thématique sur les ressources génétiques forestières. Document de travail FGR/54F. Service de la mise en valeur des ressources forestières, Division des ressources forestières. FAO, Rome.

Ramírez Castillo, C. 2003. Estado de la diversidad biológica de los árboles y bosques en Panamá. Documentos de Trabajo: Recursos Genéticos Forestales. FGR/50S. Servicio de Desarrollo de Recursos Forestales, Dirección de Recursos Forestales, FAO, Roma.

Robbins, A.M. 2003. Forest Reproductive Material: An Overview. Forest Genetic Resources Working Papers, Working Paper FGR/72E. Forest Resources Division. FAO, Rome

Ruhomaun, K. 2003. State of Forest and Tree Genetic Resources in Mauritius. Prepared for the SADC regional workshop on the conservation, management, sustainable utilization and enhancement of forest genetic resources, 5-9 June 2002, Arusha, Tanzania.Forest Genetic Resources Working Papers, Working Paper FGR/58E. Forest Resources Development Service, Forest Resources Division. FAO, Rome.

Salinas, J.A. 2003. Estado de la diversidad biológica de los árboles y bosques en El Salvador. Documentos de Trabajo: Recursos Genéticos Forestales. FGR/48S. Servicio de Desarrollo de Recursos Forestales, Dirección de Recursos Forestales, FAO, Roma.

Vargas Hernández, J.J. 2003. Estado de la diversidad biológica de los árboles y bosques en el Norte de México. Documentos de Trabajo: Recursos Genéticos Forestales. FGR/60S. Servicio de Desarrollo de Recursos Forestales, Dirección de Recursos Forestales, FAO, Roma.

Vera Castillo, G. 2003. Estado de la diversidad biológica de los árboles y bosques en el Sur y Sureste de México. Documentos de Trabajo: Recursos Genéticos Forestales. FGR/61S. Servicio de Desarrollo de Recursos Forestales, Dirección de Recursos Forestales, FAO, Roma.

Yalibanda, Y. 2003. Situation des ressources génétiques forestières de la République Centrafricaine. Note thématique sur les ressources génétiques forestières. Document de travail FGR/71F. Service de la mise en valeur des ressources forestières, Division des ressources forestières. FAO, Rome.

FOREST HEALTH AND BIOSECURITY WORKING PAPERS

Nyoka, B.I. 2003. Biosecurity in forestry: a case study on the status of invasive forest trees species in Southern Africa. Forest Biosecurity Working Paper FBS/1E. Forestry Department. FAO, Rome. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/AC846E/AC846E00.HTM.

Cock, M.J.W. 2003. Biosecurity and Forest: an Introduction, with particular emphasis on forest pests. Forest Health and Biosecurity Working Paper FBS/2E. Forestry Department. FAO, Rome. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/J1467E/J1467E00.HTM

Haysom, K.A. & Murphy, S.T. 2003. The status of invasiveness of forest tree species outside their natural habitat: a global review and discussion paper . Forest Health and Biosecurity Working Paper FBS/3E. Forestry Department. FAO, Rome.

Kueffer, C., Vos, P., Lavergne, C. and Mauremootoo, J. 2004. Case Studies on the Status of Invasive Woody Plant Species in the Western Indian Ocean. 1. Synthesis. Forest Health and Biosecurity Working Papers FBS/4-1E. Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.

Vos, P. 2004. Case Studies on the Status of invasive Woody Plant Species in the Western Indian Ocean: 2. The Comoros Archipelago (Union of the Comoros and Mayotte). Forest Health & Biosecurity Working Papers FBS/4-2E. Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.

Kueffer, C. and Mauremootoo, J. 2004. Case Studies on the Status of invasive Woody Plant Species in the Western Indian Ocean. 3. Mauritius (Islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues). Forest Health & Biosecurity Working Papers FBS/4-3E. Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.

Kueffer, C. and Lavergne, C. 2004. Case Studies on the Status of invasive Woody Plant Species in the Western Indian Ocean. 4. Réunion. Forest Health & Biosecurity Working Papers FBS/4-4E. Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.

Kueffer, C. and Vos, P. 2004. Case Studies on the Status of invasive Woody Plant Species in the Western Indian Ocean: 5. Seychelles. Forest Health & Biosecurity Working Papers FBS/4-5E. Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.

Vos, P. 2003. Etudes des plantes ligneuses envahissantes de l’archipel des Comores (Union des Comores et Mayotte). Note thématique sur la santé des forêts et la biosécurité. Document de travail FBS/5F. Département des forêts, Division des ressources forestières. FAO, Rome.

USEFUL WEB-BASED INFORMATION

EUFORGEN (European Forest Genetic Resources Programme) http://www.euforgen.org

FAO forestry: http://www.fao.org/forestry/index.jsp

FAO forest genetic resources: http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/7348/en


39 International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Regional Office for Europe, Maccarese (Fiumicino), Italy

40 Technical guidelines, and more detailed information about the Programme, are available at www.euforgen.or. Technical guidelines also include revised distribution maps of the target tree species. The development of these maps has involved several partners in North Africa and West Asia.

41 All FAO publications are available on line at the FAO Internet site http://www.fao.org/. Most FAO Working Papers can be downloaded from: http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/6609/en. or from http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/16447/en. Hard copies can be requested from: Forest Genetic Resources, Forest Resources Division, Forestry Department, FAO, Viale delle Terme de Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: [email protected]

42A: paper in Arabic; E: English; F: French; S: Spani

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