APPENDIX 1 GLOSSARY

Carrying capacity or Grazing capacity The stocking rate or number of livestock that produces the greatest livestock productivity without damage to vegetation and within management objectives relating to sustainability and/or development. Carrying capacities are dynamic.

Climax (Ecology) The final stage in plant succession under the particular environmental circumstances.

Crop residue Portion of plants remaining after harvest of seed or other primary plant parts.

Increaser A plant species native to a site or adventive that will decrease in relative amount under continuous heavy grazing.

Forage That part of vegetation which is available and acceptable for livestock consumption, whether for grazing or harvesting. Includes herbaceous species in whole plant form and browse.

Fodder crop Specific forage plants harvested before being fed to livestock, e.g. as hay and silage.

Forb Any herbaceous plant other than grasses and grass-like plants (sedges and rushes).

Grazing pressure The relationship between the need for forage and its supply. Livestock forage requirement per unit weight of forage at an instant in time. The forage requirement may be expressed as standardized livestock units or simply as numbers of a given livestock type.

Growing season That portion of the year when temperatures and moisture allow plant growth.

Herbaceous Vegetative growth with little or no woody component. Non-woody vegetation such as graminoids and forbs.

Increaser A plant species native to a site or adventive that will increase in relative amount under continuous heavy grazing.

Metabolizable energy (ME) That part of the energy content of diet actually available for animal metabolism. It is equivalent to the difference between the gross energy input in the diet, and the gross energy output in faeces, urine and gaseous products. Usually expressed as megajoules per kilogram of dry matter (MJ ME/kg DM)

Proper Use Factor Maximum degree of use by grazing deemed to be physiologically correct from the viewpoint of plant vigour, reproduction, persistence and re-growth potential. It may be applied to a single species or the whole grassland plant community, and is related to "available" herbage.

Rangeland An area where wild and domestic animals graze or browse on uncultivated vegetation.

Range management The branch of agriculture that applies scientific knowledge to rangeland resources.

Range trend The direction of change in range condition, either deterioration or improvement.

Succession Replacement of plant and animal species by others, such as the return of forest after cultivation.

Utilization level The proportion of the current season's growth available for grazing that is consumed or destroyed by grazing animals. Usually expressed as a percentage of biomass, but may be estimated as overuse, proper-use, or under-use. It may be applied to a single species or the whole plant community.

Yield/Forage Production The weight of forage that is produced within a designated period of time on a given area. Expressed as either green, air-dry or oven-dry weight, and may be qualified as annual, current year's or seasonal production. The term "yield" refers to annual available forage production expressed in kilograms of DM per ha (kg DM/ha). "Available" forage is that which livestock can harvest.

Sources: Adapted from Heady and Heady, 1982; Pratt and Gwynne, 1977; Vallentine, 1990.

APPENDIX 2

CASE STUDY DATA

Table A2.1. Forage resource estimates for Rawashda-Wad Kabo forest

Forage Supply Summary

LAND UNIT

AREA

YIELD

QUALITY

UTIL

ENERGY SUPPLY (Gross)

ha

%

kg/ha

ME/kg DM

%

MJME

%

Wad Kabo Protected Area GRASS-FORB

24 291

17.2

1 998

9.5

90.0

461 067 424

14.94

Wad Kabo Protected Area SHRUB

(24 291)

(17.2)

299

9.0

85.0

65 410 796

2.12

Rawashda Protected Area GRASS-FORB

26 315

18.6

1,998

9.5

90.0

499 484 992

16.19

Rawashda Protected Area SHRUB

(26 315)

(18.6)

299

9.0

85.0

70 861 032

2.30

Reclaimed Plantation GRASS-FORB

1.0

0.0

999

9.5

50.0

9 491

0.00

Reclaimed Plantation SHRUB

(1.0)

(0.0)

199

9.0

35.0

1 794

0.00

Northern Grazing Area GRASS-FORB

49 918

35.3

699

9.5

85.0

331 625 376

10.75

Northern Grazing Area SHRUB

(12 469)

(8.8)

299

9.0

65.0

33 575 848

1.09

Southern Grazing Area GRASS-FORB

30 678

21.7

2,997

9.5

90.0

873 377 216

28.30

Southern Grazing Area SHRUB

(20 440)

(14.5)

1 998

9.0

85.0

367 496 960

11.91

Crop RESIDUES (Sorghum)

10 220

7.2

4,995

7.5

85.0

382 866 720

12.41

AREA	Total		141 423 ha
	Grazed	total exclusive	141 423 ha 141 423 ha	(100.0%) (100.0%)
	Conserved	total exclusive	0 ha 0 ha	(0.0%) (0.0%)

Summary of Grouped Land Units

GROUP

AREA

YIELD

PROPORTIONAL DM

QUALITY

ha

%

kg DM/ha

% of Total

MJ ME/kg DM

FORAGE SOURCE

Grasses Forbs
Shrubs Trees
Crop Residues

131 203
83 516
10 220

92.8
59.1
7.2

1 739
716
5 000

67.4
17.7
15.1

9.5
9.0
7.5

GRAZING LAND

Northern(Wet)
Forest
Southern(Dry)

49 918
50 607
40 898

35.3
35.8
28.9

775
2 300
4 499

11.4
34.4
54.3

9.4
9.4
8.8

Note: Group data are excluded from the table if the area of all constituent land units are negated using the -# or -a# flag (e.g. for hay or shrub component in the RAPS software).

Contribution of Land Unit Groups

GROUP

ME (% of Total)

ME/ha (MJ ME)

Production

Intake

Production

Intake

I/P (%)

FORAGE SOURCE

Grasses Forbs
Shrubs Trees
Crop Residues

70
17
12

59
26
15

16 505
6 434
37 462

5 900
4 018
19 184

35.7
62.5
51.2

GRAZING LAND

Northern(Wet)
Forest
Southern(Dry)

12
36
53

21
31
48

7 316
21 674
39 703

5 528
8 085
15 178

75.6
37.3
38.2

Table A2.2. Estimations of current and potential pasture/fodder production, seasonal patterns of surplus and deficit, and livestock carrying capacities for Shu Chu (winter), Thongbu (summer) and Jimdin (summer) valleys.

SHU CHU - status quo

Forage Supply

Pasture/Crop

kg/ha

Av. Qual

ha

Util. (%)

T (MJME)

%GT

Land Unit 10

3745

8.8

500

80.0

13 134 100

99.30

*LU 10 sown

3500

8.2

2

60.0

34 230

0.26

*External n

1000

7.0

14

60.0

58 800

0.44

Total Area

516