CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY

Indonesia had about 11 million beef cattle in 1995, and almost 12 million goats. Dairy cattle numbered approximately 330000. Over the period 1941 to 1997, and perhaps somewhat surprisingly for a Moslem country, the number of pigs increased more than seven times from 1296000 to over 9000000 (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Number of four footed animals, 1967 to 1997

The Indonesian government began to seriously pursue food self-sufficiency in 1964 (Soewardi and Atmadilaga 1982), and as noted already self-sufficiency in rice was achieved in the early 1980s. Improved practices developed at Bogor Agricultural University increased rice yields dramatically and led to the adoption of the Bimas or mass guidance program. A similar program was tried for livestock - the “Bimas of Livestock”. When first set up, this program focused on egg production and the fattening of beef cattle (Soewardi and Atmadilaga 1982). Indonesia has attempted to achieve its economic objectives through a series of five year development plans as well as longer term (25 year) plans that overlap with the five year plans. The timing of these and the livestock production associated with each are shown in Table 8.

Table 8. Meat, egg and milk production, 1969 to 1994

Five-year Plan	Year	Meat	Egg	Milk
		(kt)	(kt)	(kt)
Repeleta I	1969	309.3	57.7	28.9
	1970	313.6	58.6	29.3
	1971	332.2	68.4	35.8
	1972	366.2	77.5	37.7
	1973	379.4	81.4	35.0
Repeleta II	1974	403.1	98.1	56.9
	1975	435.0	112.2	51.1
	1976	448.9	115.6	58.0
	1977	467.7	131.4	60.7
	1978	474.6	151.0	62.3
Repeleta III	1979	486.5	164.5	72.2
	1980	571.3	262.6	78.4
	1981	596.0	275.2	85.8
	1982	628.5	297.0	117.6
	1983	651.5	316.0	174.6
Repeleta IV	1984	742.2	355.3	179.0
	1985	808.9	369.9	191.9
	1986	879.0	437.2	220.2
	1987	895.5	451.5	234.9
	1988	937.0	443.1	264.9
Repeleta V	1989	971.1	456.2	338.2
	1990	1027.7	484.0	345.6
	1991	1099.2	510.4	360.2
	1992	1239.2	572.3	367.2
	1993	1378.3	572.9	387.5
Repeleta VI	1994	1492.9	668.6	426.7
	1995(a)	1564.3	728.8	432.9

Notes: ^(a) preliminary figures
Source: Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan

Kristanto (1982) argued that cattle are an important part of the Indonesian economy. As evidence, he cited the fact that in 1973 about 13% of Indonesia’s smallholders, accounting for 60% of the total population, were engaged in cattle production and crop raising. Twenty years later in 1993, about 5600000 Indonesian households or about 26% of rural households were in livestock production. All but 291000 of Indonesia’s livestock households were classified as rural households. The number of households in livestock husbandry in 1993 was almost 27% above the number in 1983. Provinces where relatively large increases occurred were Lampung (the province on Sumatera located closest to the heavily populated province of West Java and Jakarta), Maluka (between Irian Jaya and Sulawesi) and Timor-Timur (Table 9).

In general the farm households involved in livestock production practice mixed farming, combining crops and livestock. For small farmers, livestock can provide benefits through sale of product and improved nutrition through increased consumption of meat, milk and eggs.[3] Livestock are also used for ritual and ceremonial occasions, and recreation.[4] Larger livestock - cattle and buffalo - are liquid assets that provide a hedge against inflation and can be converted to cash when the need arises.[5] The Food and Fertilizer Technology Center (1995) explains that investing in livestock enables small scale upland farmers in Asia to spread their risks and to use profits from good years to help survive the bad years. Animals are also seen as a way of recycling nutrients for cropland areas.

Table 9. Number of households engaged in animal husbandry by province

Province	Urban		Rural		Total		Ratio of 1993/1983
	1983	1993	1983	1993	1983	1993
	(000)	(000)	(000)	(000)	(000)	(000)
DI Aceh	2	5	110	152	112	157	1.40
Sumatera Utara	10	14	174	231	184	245	1.33
Sumatera Barat	9	2	88	117	97	119	1.23
Riau	2	5	37	68	39	73	1.87
Jambi	1	1	40	47	41	48	1.17
Sumatera Selatan	6	4	75	124	81	128	1.58
Bengkuku	1	1	23	27	24	28	1.17
Lampung	3	3	90	196	93	199	2.14
DKI Jakarta	4	1	0	0	4	1	0.25
Jawa Barat	20	46	415	441	435	487	1.12
Jawa Tengah	31	58	692	848	723	906	1.25
DI Yogyakarta	4	25	97	128	101	153	1.51
Jawa Timur	50	72	1232	1454	1282	1526	1.19
Bali	5	10	161	195	166	205	1.23
Nusa Tenggara Barat	6	6	135	163	141	169	1.20
Nusa Tenggara Timur	3	6	184	243	187	249	1.33
Timor-Timur	0	1	33	59	33	60	1.82
Kalimantan Barat	2	4	98	140	100	144	1.44
Kalimantan Tengah	2	1	21	29	23	30	1.30
Kalimantan Selatan	2	1	35	58	37	59	1.59
Kalimantan Timur	5	3	18	34	23	37	1.61
Sulawesi Utara	3	4	72	87	75	91	1.21
Sulawesi Tengah	1	2	56	66	57	68	1.19
Sulawesi Selatan	9	9	306	301	315	310	0.98
Sulawesi Tenggara	0	2	23	40	23	42	1.83
Maluku	2	2	21	41	23	43	1.87
Irian Jaya	2	3	62	103	64	106	1.66
Indonesia	185	291	4298	5392	4483	5683	1.27

Source: Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan

Table 10. Characteristics of Indonesian livestock producers, 1993

Item	Number	Percentage
Household size
< 4	1377817	25.5
4 - 5	2401156	44.5
6 - 7	1224886	22.7
> 7	390409	7.2
Total	5394268	100.0
Age
< 20 years	18114	0.3
20 -39	1740276	32.3
40 - 59	2814542	52.2
> 59	821336	15.2
Total	5394268	100.0
Education
no education	1149056	21.3
not completed primary school	1833111	34.0
primary school	1874353	34.7
junior high	305691	5.7
senior high	210038	3.9
university	22019	0.4
Total	5394268	100.0

Source: Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan

Table 11. Main income source of Indonesian farmers, 1993

Source	Number	Percentage
Other agriculture	4215204	78.1
Mining and quarrying	54275	1.0
Industry/handicraft	87786	1.6
Trade	254098	4.7
Transport	78987	1.5
Services	334288	6.2
Income earner	110697	2.1
Other	228406	4.2
No other	30527	0.6
Total	5394268	100.0

Source: Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan

Now that a broad overview of the numbers of farmers involved in livestock production has been provided, the next part of this appendix will examine the industries making up the sector.