BROILER CHICKENS

The production of meat through the broiler industry has increased dramatically in Indonesia. Up until the 1997 crisis in the economy, large intensive farms that for the most part are operated by the private sector were operating. Production of broiler meat in 1997 was 653600 t., about double the level of five years earlier and more than five times the production level in 1985. Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java) and Sumatera Utara were the main producing provinces, providing in aggregate more than 65% of Indonesia’s broiler production. Jawa Tengah, Timur Timur and DI Yogyakarta all showed production increases of more than 500% between 1985 and 1997 (Table 16).

The farms producing broiler chickens employ modern technologies. This also involves the use of imported feed grains, imported grand parent stock and vaccines and medicines. The dependence on imports has created substantial problems for the Indonesian authorities following the rapid and substantial depreciation of the Indonesian rupiah in late 1997. According to some reports, poultry numbers on broiler farms in the early part of 1998 were down to 30% of their “normal” level. Most small farms had reportedly ceased operation. Consumer demand for chicken meat had been sharply reduced by the doubling of poultry prices. Dressed broilers for example doubled in price from Rp. 5500 in late November 1997 to Rp. 11000 per bird by March 1998. Likewise egg prices over this period increased from Rp. 2650 per kg to Rp. 5000 per kg.

Table 17 presents data for the period 1985 to 1995 on the numbers of broilers turned off for processing. The production in 1995 was almost 670 million birds, over 50 times the number produced in 1985. Sixteen provinces at least tripled the number of broilers produced between 1985 and 1995. Not surprisingly, the pattern of turn off was similar to the production pattern for broiler meat with the highest production occurring in Jawa Barat and Jawa Tengah, provinces close to Jakarta. Industry sources say that about 93% of the broiler production is consumed on Java and Bali.

Table 16. Broiler meat production 1985 to 1997 by province

Provinces	1985	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997(a)		1997/ 1985
	(Kt)	(Kt)	(Kt)	(Kt)	(Kt)	(Kt)	(Kt)	(Kt)	(Kt)	(%)
DI Aceh	0.6	0.4	1.1	0.6	0.8	1.3	0.5	0.8	0.9	0.14	1.43
Sumatera Utara	19.7	28.2	30.5	33.0	37.2	45.1	52.1	59.2	67.3	10.30	3.42
Sumatera Barat	0.0	2.7	3.0	5.0	4.6	5.3	5.6	6.6	8.2	1.25	nc
Riau	0.0	16.4	16.9	20.4	16.4	10.9	11.0	12.6	12.8	1.95	nc
Jambi	3.7	6.2	6.5	7.8	7.3	8.7	1.9	2.4	2.4	0.37	0.65
Sumatera Selatan	2.9	9.0	16.3	3.0	5.5	5.5	5.9	10.1	13.0	1.99	4.48
Bengkuku	1.3	2.8	2.8	3.0	2.8	3.5	4.9	2.5	2.5	0.39	1.93
Lampung	0.0	1.4	3.5	6.8	8.0	8.6	15.7	20.4	24.9	3.81	nc
DKI Jakarta	0.0	3.6	3.6	2.3	1.5	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.1	0.17	nc
Jawa Barat	44.4	63.8	87.3	106.2	129.3	143.5	189.4	233.2	247.8	37.91	5.58
Jawa Tengah	1.4	32.5	52.0	60.6	78.8	92.4	134.5	116.8	118.3	18.10	84.51
DI Yogyakarta	1.9	6.0	6.1	6.2	6.8	7.7	9.2	12.0	13.6	2.09	7.14
Jawa Timur	10.6	24.1	27.1	39.5	59.1	76.7	38.6	38.6	40.2	6.15	3.79
Bali	3.9	6.8	7.0	7.1	7.4	10.5	13.7	12.9	15.5	2.37	3.97
Nusa Tenggara Barat	0.1	1.1	1.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.4	0.0	0.0	0.00	0.00
Nusa Tenggara Timur	0.0	2.1	2.2	0.7	2.1	4.6	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.10	nc
Timor-Timur	0.0	1.5	2.0	2.2	2.2	2.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.07	21.85
Kalimantan Barat	2.9	4.4	5.4	5.1	5.6	9.7	8.0	11.7	14.3	2.18	5.00
Kalimantan Tengah	2.8	16.4	18.0	0.0	4.0	10.8	1.4	1.7	1.7	0.27	0.63
Kalimantan Selatan	0.0	5.1	5.2	6.3	4.2	5.6	5.2	5.6	5.8	0.88	nc
Kalimantan Timur	6.7	10.3	12.3	10.8	10.0	16.3	19.4	18.3	19.8	3.03	2.98
Sulawesi Utara	2.5	5.1	5.5	7.3	8.8	10.3	1.9	2.4	2.5	0.38	0.99
Sulawesi Tengah	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	1.0	2.8	5.0	5.7	0.86	nc
Sulawesi Selatan	0.0	1.4	1.6	21.7	12.3	4.4	24.7	27.9	32.1	4.92	nc
Sulawesi Tenggara	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.00	nc
Maluku	1.3	4.2	5.0	4.3	3.8	6.2	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.14	0.71
Irian Jaya	7.8	5.7	4.5	4.6	4.5	6.5	0.9	1.1	1.2	0.18	0.15
Indonesia	114.5	261.4	326.4	367.4	422.7	498.5	551.7	605.0	653.6	100.00	5.71

Notes: ^(a) preliminary

Source: Direktor Jenderal Peternakan (1997), p. 112 for 1994 to 1997 data; Direktor Jenderal Peternakan (1996), p. 100 for 1990 to 1994 data; Direktor Jenderal Peternakan (1988), p. 32 for 1985 data

Table 17. Broiler turnoff 1985 to 1995, by province

Provinces	1985	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995a	1995/ 1985
	(000)	(000)	(000)	(000)	(000)	(000)	(000)
DI Aceh	65	58	152	74	106	196	299	4.63
Sumatera Utara	2049	3796	4107	4444	5012	6943	8021	3.91
Sumatera Barat	0	363	400	673	616	807	863	nc
Riau	439	2214	2276	2746	2210	1675	1894	4.32
Jambi	390	828	870	1056	986	1344	2090	5.36
Sumatera Selatan	302	1210	2196	810	735	853	904	2.99
Bengkuku	136	379	383	407	373	540	749	5.50
Lampung	0	191	475	912	1076	1330	1330	nc
DKI Jakarta	668	487	487	312	208	183	167	0.25
Jawa Barat	4620	8587	11760	14306	17409	22086	29151	6.31
Jawa Tengah	143	4380	7001	8154	10605	14224	20704	144.48
DI Yogyakarta	199	813	815	830	913	1187	1416	7.11
Jawa Timur	1102	3242	3643	5321	7951	11806	6923	6.28
Bali	406	911	936	958	999	1609	2109	5.20
Nusa Tenggara Barat	9	146	146	0	0	0	0	nc
Nusa Tenggara Timur	0	288	297	95	278	700	732	nc
Timor-Timur	2	205	272	299	289	358	405	183.88
Kalimantan Barat	297	597	723	682	753	1488	1081	3.64
Kalimantan Tengah	288	2214	2420	0	534	1654	1676	5.82
Kalimantan Selatan	0	692	701	845	568	865	937	nc
Kalimantan Timur	693	1385	1656	1449	1342	2511	2992	4.32
Sulawesi Utara	262	690	744	976	1180	1579	1582	6.03
Sulawesi Tengah	0	1	1	5	7	159	160	nc
Sulawesi Selatan	0	189	213	2924	1650	681	738	nc
Sulawesi Tenggara	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	nc
Maluku	132	568	674	580	514	951	951	7.22
Irian Jaya	817	762	610	614	600	992	960	1.18
Indonesia	13018	326612	407908	459097	528159	622965	669793	51.45

Notes: ^(a) Preliminary figures

Source: Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan (pers.comm.) for 1995 data; Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan (1996), p. 87 for 1990 to 1994 data; Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan (1988), p. 8 for 1985 data.

Figure 9. The ratio of production to turnoff in the broiler industry, selected provinces, 1985 and 1995

As well as obtaining poultry meat from native chickens and the intensive broiler industry, cull chickens from egg producing farms are also providers of poultry meat. In 1997, culls provided about 43000 t of poultry meat (Table 18).

Table 18. Cull chicken meat production 1990 to 1997 by province

Provinces	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997(a)		1997/ 1990
	(Kt)	(Kt)	(Kt)	(Kt)	(Kt)	(Kt)	(Kt)	(Kt)	(%)
DI Aceh	0.08	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.1	0.098	0.084	0.091	0.21	1.14
Sumatera Utara	1.15	1.2	1.67	1.33	2.05	1.979	0.242	0.254	0.60	0.22
Sumatera Barat	0.75	0.77	0.89	0.83	0.67	0.678	0.647	0.666	1.56	0.89
Riau	0.22	0.29	0.35	0.31	0.21	0.248	0.248	0.302	0.71	1.37
Jambi	0.08	0.07	0.1	0.1	0.09	0.102	0.119	0.138	0.32	1.73
Sumatera Selatan	0.45	0.57	0.42	0.38	0.25	0.321	0.327	0.347	0.81	0.77
Bengkuku	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.01	0.012	0.018	0.026	0.06	1.30
Lampung	0.42	0.54	1.02	0.97	0.84	0.916	0.987	1.409	3.30	3.35
DKI Jakarta	0.02	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0	7.3	7.6	17.82	380.00
Jawa Barat	4.02	4.11	6.69	5.82	11.27	7.112	6.179	7.511	17.61	1.87
Jawa Tengah	2.11	2.29	2.74	2.36	3.55	10.505	9.867	9.268	21.73	4.39
DI Yogyakarta	0.93	0.93	1.06	0.96	0.96	0.993	0.916	0.95	2.23	1.02
Jawa Timur	4.75	5.38	7.3	6.03	0.66	6.891	7.786	7.717	18.10	1.62
Bali	0.53	0.62	0.73	0.65	0.64	0.927	1.115	1.475	3.46	2.78
Nusa Tenggara Barat	0.07	0.1	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.106	1.68	1.863	4.37	26.61
Nusa Tenggara Timur	0.21	0.22	0.21	0.19	0.04	0.045	0.049	0.053	0.12	0.25
Timor-Timur	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.08	0.013	0.015	0.016	0.04	1.60
Kalimantan Barat	0.26	0.31	0.57	0.56	0	0	0	0	0.00	0.00
Kalimantan Tengah	0.03	0.04	0.05	0.04	0.1	0.019	0.016	0.018	0.04	0.60
Kalimantan Selatan	0.14	0.14	0.22	0.21	0.13	0.153	0.233	0.273	0.64	1.95
Kalimantan Timur	0.23	0.18	0.19	0.17	0.22	0.226	0.25	0.267	0.63	1.16
Sulawesi Utara	0.31	0.33	0.03	0.38	0.37	0.386	0.392	0.393	0.92	1.27
Sulawesi Tengah	0.07	0.08	0.09	0.09	0.13	0.114	0.111	0.113	0.26	1.61
Sulawesi Selatan	0.81	0.92	1.23	0.89	0	1.165	1.408	1.74	4.08	2.15
Sulawesi Tenggara	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.019	0.03	0.07	3.00
Maluku	0.04	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.04	0.038	0.04	0.042	0.10	1.05
Irian Jaya	0.09	0.09	0.1	0.1	0.08	0.065	0.08	0.085	0.20	0.94
Indonesia	17.81	19.34	25.91	22.58	22.59	33.122	40.129	42.647	100.00	2.39

Notes: ^(a) preliminary

Source: Direktor Jenderal Peternakan (1997), p. 111 for 1995 to 1997 data; Direktor Jenderal Peternakan (1996), p. 99 for 1990 to 1994 data