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THE CATTLE INDUSTRY

Beef and buffalo

Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development (1986) pointed out that with the exception of a few large government run and privately run cattle/buffalo farms, almost all of the draft and beef cattle are kept by smallholders. Their view was that in this situation animals are well integrated into the economic structure of the farm and village life. Although the Winrock report was produced over a decade ago, the beef industry is still mainly in the hands of smallholders. Most cattle are found in the provinces of Java, Madura, Bali and Lombok where the population density is high. The smallholders use few cash inputs in rearing the animals, and labour supplied usually by the farmer or some other family member is the major input. The labour requirements vary depending on how the cattle are managed. Many smallholders leave the cattle in pens and bring feed to them. This confinement management is referred to as “cut and carry”. As this name implies, grass is cut by the farmer or by labourers and carried to stalls or yards where the animal is held. Other smallholders tether their animals in grazing areas during the day and confine them at night. In still other cases, children or older people may herd the animals during the day. In some areas, cattle are permitted to run free in designated areas during the cropping season and are permitted to graze crop residues during the dry season. Since recycling of crop residues is an important function of cattle, keeping them tethered makes it easier for manure to be collected. Allowing the cattle free range requires close supervision to maintain the security of the animals.

Table 26 shows the number of beef cattle raising households while Table 27 shows the number of beef cattle from 1985 to 1997 in each of the provinces. The number of households remained almost unchanged for the country as a whole although there have been some fairly dramatic changes when the data for individual provinces are examined. For example, the government statistics showed Lampung and Bengkuku had no beef cattle raising households in 1963, but by 1993, Lampung had 125000 and Bengkuku had 13000. Similar changes occurred to the provinces in Sulawesi

The change in the numbers of beef cattle in Indonesia between 1985 and 1997, while large, was nothing like the magnitude of the changes in the poultry numbers. The government statistics indicate that cattle numbers increased from 9110000 to 12149000 or by about 33 per cent between 1985 and 1997. Lampung, Jambi, Irian Jaya and Kalimantan Timur had the largest relative increase in beef cattle numbers between 1985 and 1997. In each of these provinces, cattle numbers at least tripled. The highest beef cattle populations in 1997 were in Jawa Tengah (Central Java) and Jawa Timur (East Java). These were the provinces that had the highest numbers of cattle at the start of this decade as well (Figure 10).

The Indonesian government nominated seven provinces (Jawa Timur, Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta, Lampung, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Barat and Nusa Tenggara Barat) for its cattle intensification program (INSAPP) in 1997-98. The objective of this program was to increase the beef cattle population by natural increase of 318340. Under the program, semen from pure breed bulls was to be distributed to farmers. The program was to be extended to other provinces in following years. At the time of writing, it was not clear whether the program was to be shelved.

Table 26. Number of beef cattle household 1963, 1973, 1983 and 1993

Provinces

1963

1973

1983(a)

1993(b)

DI Aceh

57921

70873

39366

75000

Sumatera Utara

39852

41414

37184

50000

Sumatera Barat

94700

99233

49918

63000

Riau

5304

5535

8173

24000

Jambi

8525

8843

13535

17000

Sumatera Selatan

53783

41364

40627

65000

Bengkuku

0

6299

4446

13000

Lampung

0

52614

50040

125000






DKI Jakarta

560

821

1302

0

Jawa Barat

59097

67321

57622

53000

Jawa Tengah

578127

563177

412957

473000

DI Yogyakarta

98813

120240

66843

95000

Jawa Timur

1311646

1301426

1078578

1180000






Bali

169486

189774

100227

127000

Nusa Tenggara Barat

66766

82024

79237

107000

Nusa Tenggara Timur

81676

66393

70649

79000

Timor-Timur

0

0

7159

20000






Kalimantan Barat

12020

18028

21840

38000

Kalimantan Tengah

3334

4314

3647

7000

Kalimantan Selatan

4509

8035

13237

26000

Kalimantan Timur

1716

1009

3133

12000






Sulawesi Utara

65101

61439

53298

57000

Sulawesi Tengah

0

42481

42640

44000

Sulawesi Selatan

46695

118921

179292

164000

Sulawesi Tenggara

0

2346

13735

32000






Maluku

0

6249

6827

16000

Irian Jaya

0

0

7159

20000






Indonesia

2759631

2980220

2458164

2976000

Notes: (a) beef cattle and dairy cattle; (b) preliminary figures

Source: Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan (1996), p. 50

Table 27. Beef cattle numbers by province, 1985 to 1997

Provinces


1985

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997(a)

1997/ 1985


(000)

(000)

(000)

(000)

(000)

(000)

(000)

(000)

(000)

(%)

DI Aceh

384

392

398

515

531

558

599

635

703

5.79

1.83

Sumatera Utara

162

200

207

214

172

231

251

259

268

2.21

1.65

Sumatera Barat

333

369

376

384

392

390

411

414

418

3.44

1.26

Riau

49

99

106

109

110

115

121

129

139

1.14

2.84

Jambi

41

88

110

104

113

123

133

143

149

1.23

3.63

Sumatera Selatan

285

347

358

422

441

446

448

516

522

4.29

1.83

Bengkuku

73

92

93

95

96

94

93

94

94

0.77

1.29

Lampung

119

252

267

269

426

477

462

522

585

4.82

4.92













Jawa Barat

150

157

157

182

184

187

196

215

219

1.80

1.46

Jawa Tengah

1083

1162

1191

1184

1193

1249

1253

1260

1267

10.43

1.17

DI Yogyakarta

184

190

190

191

191

193

196

197

197

1.62

1.07

Jawa Timur

2791

3005

3062

3157

3163

3328

3302

3339

3383

27.84

1.21













Bali

424

456

436

472

484

500

514

528

544

4.47

1.28

Nusa Tenggara Barat

300

368

346

409

413

423

433

450

477

3.93

1.59

Nusa Tenggara Timur

585

659

676

749

767

786

785

717

717

5.90

1.23

Timor-Timur

50

68

77

85

93

122

124

137

151

1.24

3.02













Kalimantan Barat

87

108

117

132

142

148

150

154

169

1.39

1.94

Kalimantan Tengah

46

47

50

51

47

48

48

48

49

0.40

1.07

Kalimantan Selatan

75

120

130

129

134

148

159

167

170

1.40

2.27

Kalimantan Timur

20

56

71

67

74

76

81

83

88

0.72

4.40













Sulawesi Utara

209

246

253

260

264

265

272

283

285

2.35

1.36

Sulawesi Tengah

305

348

358

368

379

271

273

250

252

2.07

0.83

Sulawesi Selatan

1176

1218

1226

1236

643

785

806

828

841

6.92

0.72

Sulawesi Tenggara

106

244

285

290

233

249

265

277

285

2.35

2.69













Maluku

55

77

83

87

90

94

98

105

107

0.88

1.95

Irian Jaya

22

40

46

51

55

57

63

65

70

0.57

3.18













Indonesia

9111

10410

10667

11211

10929

11368

11534

11816

12149

100

1.33

Notes: (a) Preliminary figures

Source: Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan (1997), p89 for 1990 to 1997 data; Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan (1988), p3 for 1985 data.

Figure 10. Beef cattle numbers in 1990 and 1997 in each of Indonesia’s provinces

Despite an increase in cattle numbers of around 27%, Indonesia managed to increase production of beef by just under 50% between 1985 and 1995 (Table 28). The increase in cattle numbers came about through natural increase and also through imports of live cattle. Indonesia has been importing cattle from Australia since the 1970s. The breeds are primarily Bos indicus and Bos taurus. The purebred Bos indicus have been imported for mating. Specialised beef producers supplying the Jakarta market also use a Fresian breed called the “Grati”.

The data in Table 27 on cattle numbers and the data in Table 28 on production when considered together indicate an improvement in productivity between 1985 and 1995. This is shown by the percentage increase in production being greater than the percentage increase in numbers. However, examination of the data for each of the provinces shows the change in cattle numbers was not always related to the change in production. For example, cattle numbers in Kalimantan Timur in 1995 were over four times their 1985 level, but production was only 50% higher. On the other hand, cattle numbers in Jawa Barat increased by about 31% and production increased by over double this - by 64%. The situation in Jawa Tengah was similar. Cattle numbers increased by about 16% and production by 39%. These differences could be due to any of a number of factors, including agronomic characteristics of the regions, managerial ability of the farmer, the quality of the animals or differences in the cattle cycle between the regions.

Table 28. Beef meat production 1985 to 1994 by province

Provinces


1985

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1997/ 1985


(kt)

(kt)

(kt)

(kt)

(kt)

(kt)

(kt)

(kt)

(kt)

(%)

DI Aceh

4.8

5.73

6.13

5.62

5.53

5.91

4.77

5.22

5.23

1.40

1.09

Sumatera Utara

3.73

3.37

3.48

4.57

4.37

6.19

7.58

9.60

9.93

2.67

2.66

Sumatera Barat

5.8

6.23

6.52

7.77

8.73

9.6

9.39

9.43

9.54

2.56

1.65

Riau

0.7

1.24

1.39

1.42

1.36

2.12

2.18

3.19

3.45

0.93

4.93

Jambi

0.63

1.52

1.76

1.68

2.19

2.26

2.26

2.35

2.44

0.66

3.87

Sumatera Selatan

6.1

7.69

8.19

8.03

11.45

10.78

10.61

11.35

11.87

3.19

1.95

Bengkuku

0.32

0.48

0.57

0.72

0.73

0.76

0.91

1.16

1.17

0.31

3.65

Lampung

2.42

4.22

4.22

5.39

3.86

3.71

3.95

4.36

4.93

1.32

2.04













DKI Jakarta

33.65

34.52

34.52

53.81

53.98

53.98

35.51

42.23

42.77

11.49

1.27

Jawa Barat

29.43

35.81

35.24

35.93

68.57

43.18

46.90

56.07

67.47

18.13

2.29

Jawa Tengah

26.06

28.44

29.06

30.66

33.74

40.94

36.17

39.75

43.69

11.74

1.68

DI Yogyakarta

4.02

4.45

4.4

4.85

5.27

5.33

5.13

4.61

4.64

1.25

1.15

Jawa Timur

66.97

71.28

78.94

81.46

85.27

94.91

89.42

95.61

102.02

27.41

1.52













Bali

12.75

11.54

10.15

10.31

10.19

7.5

6.93

6.84

6.84

1.84

0.54

Nusa Tenggara Barat

3.35

5.19

2.98

5.47

5.48

6.18

4.00

5.72

5.88

1.58

1.76

Nusa Tenggara Timur

1.43

4.47

1.74

3.11

3.54

4.06

4.69

4.43

4.19

1.13

2.93

Timor-Timur

0.49

0.71

0.8

0.81

0.91

0.73

0.92

1.02

1.12

0.30

2.28













Kalimantan Barat

2.18

2.94

2.94

3.95

4.92

2.78

3.17

3.13

3.27

0.88

1.50

Kalimantan Tengah

1.01

1.39

0.08

1.42

1.75

1.52

1.35

1.97

2.03

0.54

2.01

Kalimantan Selatan

2.27

3.42

3.42

3.05

3.38

3.29

3.46

4.06

3.48

0.93

1.53

Kalimantan Timur

4.4

5.02

4.86

5.17

5.67

6.38

6.60

6.76

6.88

1.85

1.56













Sulawesi Utara

1.65

1.36

1.36

4.37

5.55

5.36

5.39

5.42

5.53

1.49

3.35

Sulawesi Tengah

2.13

2.92

3.04

3.24

3.46

3.51

3.91

3.95

4.01

1.08

1.88

Sulawesi Selatan

8.51

9.87

9.91

10.36

10.37

9.73

9.99

10.25

10.52

2.83

1.24

Sulawesi Tenggara

1.06

2.64

3.47

1

3.17

3.17

3.31

3.96

4.11

1.10

3.87













Maluku

0.84

1.7

1.96

1.78

1.79

1.63

1.65

2.19

2.21

0.59

2.63

Irian Jaya

0.7

1.07

1.06

1.06

1.05

0.95

1.82

2.60

2.96

0.80

4.23













Indonesia

227.4

259.22

262.19

297.01

346.28

336.46

311.97

347.20

372.16

100.0

1.64

Notes: (a) Preliminary figures

Source: Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan (1997), p. 104 for 1994 to 1997 data Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan (1996), p. 92 for 1990 to 1993 data; Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan (1988), p. 32 for 1985 data.

Buffalo

Bovine meat also comes from the indigenous cattle and swamp buffalo. Both of these are small, slow growing animals (Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development 1986). The age of first calving is late in comparison to temperate animals and calving intervals range from 18 to 24 months.

There are three major breeds of cattle used for draft/beef. These are Ongole, Bali and Madura. The less well know breed- the Aceh - is found in the Aceh province. Swamp buffalo are also used for draft power and beef in lowland areas and the Central Sumatra uplands. The breeds of cattle are shown in Table 29. These data are for 1984 since more up-to-date data were unavailable.

Table 29. Breeds of cattle in Indonesia, 1984

Breed

Number

Ongole

4400000

Bali

1000000

Madura

300000

Aceh, North Sumatra

400000

Grati

80000

Source: Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development (1986).
The number of households with buffalo fell by over 50% between 1963 and 1993. The falls were not uniform across Indonesia. On Java island, the number of households with buffalo in each of the provinces fell by between 79% (Jawa Tengah and DI Yogyakarta) and 65% (Jawa Timur). Going against this trend, in some other provinces, the number of households with buffalo increased. For example, in Riau on Sumatra, the number of households with buffalo in 1993 was 44% higher than in 1963 while in each of the four provinces on Kalimantan the number of households with buffalo showed increases of between 97% and 660%. For most of the households with buffalo, the main use of the buffalo would be as a draft animal. Table 30 shows how the number of households with buffalo changed between 1963 and 1993.

Table 30. Number of households with buffalo 1963, 1973, 1983 and 1993

Province

1963

1973

1983

1993(a)

DI Aceh

55942

67755

45474

37000

Sumatera Utara

32756

43348

31606

37000

Sumatera Barat

31717

48848

23666

28000

Riau

5563

6369

7051

8000

Jambi

10260

13191

11741

12000

Sumatera Selatan

39477

15351

10474

10000

Bengkuku

0

11633

5879

7000

Lampung

0

12526

8385

13000






DKI Jakarta

3170

2330

410

0

Jawa Barat

274613

248572

122991

92000

Jawa Tengah

253904

173812

99353

54000

DI Yogyakarta

14604

10854

5191

3000

Jawa Timur

112391

79721

52838

39000






Bali

4484

5276

1979

2000

Nusa Tenggara Barat

40301

43478

39073

38000

Nusa Tenggara Timur

42139

39810

27534

26000

Timor-Timur

0

0

6134

10000






Kalimantan Barat

362

164

238

1000

Kalimantan Tengah

507

340

502

1000

Kalimantan Selatan

1298

2015

2546

4000

Kalimantan Timur

526

4330

1195

4000






Sulawesi Utara

3863

360

199

0

Sulawesi Tengah

0

2909

2294

2000

Sulawesi Selatan

94978

113880

84311

57000

Sulawesi Tenggara

0

2922

1919

1000






Maluku

0

600

834

3000

Irian Jaya

0

0

113

0






Indonesia

1022855

950394

593930

489000

Notes: (a) preliminary figures

Source: Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan (1996), p. 52

Table 31. Buffalo population 1985 to 1997 by province

Provinces


1985

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997(a)

1997/ 1985


(000)

(000)

(000)

(000)

(000)

(000)

(000)

(000)

(000)

(%)

DI Aceh

434

362

367

383

393

409

421

430

454

14.01

1.05

Sumatera Utara

180

207

212

223

229

237

248

256

265

8.19

1.47

Sumatera Barat

167

194

201

206

209

196

205

216

228

7.03

1.36

Riau

37

40

42

42

43

44

45

50

55

1.71

1.49

Jambi

49

65

69

71

74

77

81

86

87

2.69

1.77

Sumatera Selatan

122

134

138

137

140

136

128

150

152

4.68

1.24

Bengkuku

79

94

95

96

97

91

86

87

88

2.72

1.11

Lampung

38

33

34

35

44

45

48

51

54

1.65

1.41













DKI Jakarta

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0.02

0.25

Jawa Barat

470

501

506

525

529

522

501

491

487

15.04

1.04

Jawa Tengah

325

287

282

278

265

265

256

244

232

7.16

0.71

DI Yogyakarta

14

15

14

11

11

10

10

9

9

0.28

0.64

Jawa Timur

221

184

177

171

166

158

156

160

168

5.20

0.76













Bali

8

10

11

10

11

11

11

11

11

0.35

1.43

Nusa Tenggara Barat

221

227

234

212

215

214

214

220

227

7.01

1.03

Nusa Tenggara Timur

174

175

176

184

182

165

191

165

167

5.16

0.96

Timor-Timur

35

45

48

50