THE CATTLE INDUSTRY

Beef and buffalo

Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development (1986) pointed out that with the exception of a few large government run and privately run cattle/buffalo farms, almost all of the draft and beef cattle are kept by smallholders. Their view was that in this situation animals are well integrated into the economic structure of the farm and village life. Although the Winrock report was produced over a decade ago, the beef industry is still mainly in the hands of smallholders. Most cattle are found in the provinces of Java, Madura, Bali and Lombok where the population density is high. The smallholders use few cash inputs in rearing the animals, and labour supplied usually by the farmer or some other family member is the major input. The labour requirements vary depending on how the cattle are managed. Many smallholders leave the cattle in pens and bring feed to them. This confinement management is referred to as “cut and carry”. As this name implies, grass is cut by the farmer or by labourers and carried to stalls or yards where the animal is held. Other smallholders tether their animals in grazing areas during the day and confine them at night. In still other cases, children or older people may herd the animals during the day. In some areas, cattle are permitted to run free in designated areas during the cropping season and are permitted to graze crop residues during the dry season. Since recycling of crop residues is an important function of cattle, keeping them tethered makes it easier for manure to be collected. Allowing the cattle free range requires close supervision to maintain the security of the animals.

Table 26 shows the number of beef cattle raising households while Table 27 shows the number of beef cattle from 1985 to 1997 in each of the provinces. The number of households remained almost unchanged for the country as a whole although there have been some fairly dramatic changes when the data for individual provinces are examined. For example, the government statistics showed Lampung and Bengkuku had no beef cattle raising households in 1963, but by 1993, Lampung had 125000 and Bengkuku had 13000. Similar changes occurred to the provinces in Sulawesi

The change in the numbers of beef cattle in Indonesia between 1985 and 1997, while large, was nothing like the magnitude of the changes in the poultry numbers. The government statistics indicate that cattle numbers increased from 9110000 to 12149000 or by about 33 per cent between 1985 and 1997. Lampung, Jambi, Irian Jaya and Kalimantan Timur had the largest relative increase in beef cattle numbers between 1985 and 1997. In each of these provinces, cattle numbers at least tripled. The highest beef cattle populations in 1997 were in Jawa Tengah (Central Java) and Jawa Timur (East Java). These were the provinces that had the highest numbers of cattle at the start of this decade as well (Figure 10).

The Indonesian government nominated seven provinces (Jawa Timur, Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta, Lampung, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Barat and Nusa Tenggara Barat) for its cattle intensification program (INSAPP) in 1997-98. The objective of this program was to increase the beef cattle population by natural increase of 318340. Under the program, semen from pure breed bulls was to be distributed to farmers. The program was to be extended to other provinces in following years. At the time of writing, it was not clear whether the program was to be shelved.

Table 26. Number of beef cattle household 1963, 1973, 1983 and 1993

Provinces	1963	1973	1983(a)	1993(b)
DI Aceh	57921	70873	39366	75000
Sumatera Utara	39852	41414	37184	50000
Sumatera Barat	94700	99233	49918	63000
Riau	5304	5535	8173	24000
Jambi	8525	8843	13535	17000
Sumatera Selatan	53783	41364	40627	65000
Bengkuku	0	6299	4446	13000
Lampung	0	52614	50040	125000
DKI Jakarta	560	821	1302	0
Jawa Barat	59097	67321	57622	53000
Jawa Tengah	578127	563177	412957	473000
DI Yogyakarta	98813	120240	66843	95000
Jawa Timur	1311646	1301426	1078578	1180000
Bali	169486	189774	100227	127000
Nusa Tenggara Barat	66766	82024	79237	107000
Nusa Tenggara Timur	81676	66393	70649	79000
Timor-Timur	0	0	7159	20000
Kalimantan Barat	12020	18028	21840	38000
Kalimantan Tengah	3334	4314	3647	7000
Kalimantan Selatan	4509	8035	13237	26000
Kalimantan Timur	1716	1009	3133	12000
Sulawesi Utara	65101	61439	53298	57000
Sulawesi Tengah	0	42481	42640	44000
Sulawesi Selatan	46695	118921	179292	164000
Sulawesi Tenggara	0	2346	13735	32000
Maluku	0	6249	6827	16000
Irian Jaya	0	0	7159	20000
Indonesia	2759631	2980220	2458164	2976000

Notes: ^(a) beef cattle and dairy cattle; ^(b) preliminary figures

Source: Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan (1996), p. 50

Table 27. Beef cattle numbers by province, 1985 to 1997

Provinces	1985	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997(a)		1997/ 1985
	(000)	(000)	(000)	(000)	(000)	(000)	(000)	(000)	(000)	(%)
DI Aceh	384	392	398	515	531	558	599	635	703	5.79	1.83
Sumatera Utara	162	200	207	214	172	231	251	259	268	2.21	1.65
Sumatera Barat	333	369	376	384	392	390	411	414	418	3.44	1.26
Riau	49	99	106	109	110	115	121	129	139	1.14	2.84
Jambi	41	88	110	104	113	123	133	143	149	1.23	3.63
Sumatera Selatan	285	347	358	422	441	446	448	516	522	4.29	1.83
Bengkuku	73	92	93	95	96	94	93	94	94	0.77	1.29
Lampung	119	252	267	269	426	477	462	522	585	4.82	4.92
Jawa Barat	150	157	157	182	184	187	196	215	219	1.80	1.46
Jawa Tengah	1083	1162	1191	1184	1193	1249	1253	1260	1267	10.43	1.17
DI Yogyakarta	184	190	190	191	191	193	196	197	197	1.62	1.07
Jawa Timur	2791	3005	3062	3157	3163	3328	3302	3339	3383	27.84	1.21
Bali	424	456	436	472	484	500	514	528	544	4.47	1.28
Nusa Tenggara Barat	300	368	346	409	413	423	433	450	477	3.93	1.59
Nusa Tenggara Timur	585	659	676	749	767	786	785	717	717	5.90	1.23
Timor-Timur	50	68	77	85	93	122	124	137	151	1.24	3.02
Kalimantan Barat	87	108	117	132	142	148	150	154	169	1.39	1.94
Kalimantan Tengah	46	47	50	51	47	48	48	48	49	0.40	1.07
Kalimantan Selatan	75	120	130	129	134	148	159	167	170	1.40	2.27
Kalimantan Timur	20	56	71	67	74	76	81	83	88	0.72	4.40
Sulawesi Utara	209	246	253	260	264	265	272	283	285	2.35	1.36
Sulawesi Tengah	305	348	358	368	379	271	273	250	252	2.07	0.83
Sulawesi Selatan	1176	1218	1226	1236	643	785	806	828	841	6.92	0.72
Sulawesi Tenggara	106	244	285	290	233	249	265	277	285	2.35	2.69
Maluku	55	77	83	87	90	94	98	105	107	0.88	1.95
Irian Jaya	22	40	46	51	55	57	63	65	70	0.57	3.18
Indonesia	9111	10410	10667	11211	10929	11368	11534	11816	12149	100	1.33

Notes: ^(a) Preliminary figures

Source: Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan (1997), p89 for 1990 to 1997 data; Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan (1988), p3 for 1985 data.

Despite an increase in cattle numbers of around 27%, Indonesia managed to increase production of beef by just under 50% between 1985 and 1995 (Table 28). The increase in cattle numbers came about through natural increase and also through imports of live cattle. Indonesia has been importing cattle from Australia since the 1970s. The breeds are primarily Bos indicus and Bos taurus. The purebred Bos indicus have been imported for mating. Specialised beef producers supplying the Jakarta market also use a Fresian breed called the “Grati”.

The data in Table 27 on cattle numbers and the data in Table 28 on production when considered together indicate an improvement in productivity between 1985 and 1995. This is shown by the percentage increase in production being greater than the percentage increase in numbers. However, examination of the data for each of the provinces shows the change in cattle numbers was not always related to the change in production. For example, cattle numbers in Kalimantan Timur in 1995 were over four times their 1985 level, but production was only 50% higher. On the other hand, cattle numbers in Jawa Barat increased by about 31% and production increased by over double this - by 64%. The situation in Jawa Tengah was similar. Cattle numbers increased by about 16% and production by 39%. These differences could be due to any of a number of factors, including agronomic characteristics of the regions, managerial ability of the farmer, the quality of the animals or differences in the cattle cycle between the regions.

Table 28. Beef meat production 1985 to 1994 by province

Provinces	1985	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997		1997/ 1985
	(kt)	(kt)	(kt)	(kt)	(kt)	(kt)	(kt)	(kt)	(kt)	(%)
DI Aceh	4.8	5.73	6.13	5.62	5.53	5.91	4.77	5.22	5.23	1.40	1.09
Sumatera Utara	3.73	3.37	3.48	4.57	4.37	6.19	7.58	9.60	9.93	2.67	2.66
Sumatera Barat	5.8	6.23	6.52	7.77	8.73	9.6	9.39	9.43	9.54	2.56	1.65
Riau	0.7	1.24	1.39	1.42	1.36	2.12	2.18	3.19	3.45	0.93	4.93
Jambi	0.63	1.52	1.76	1.68	2.19	2.26	2.26	2.35	2.44	0.66	3.87
Sumatera Selatan	6.1	7.69	8.19	8.03	11.45	10.78	10.61	11.35	11.87	3.19	1.95
Bengkuku	0.32	0.48	0.57	0.72	0.73	0.76	0.91	1.16	1.17	0.31	3.65
Lampung	2.42	4.22	4.22	5.39	3.86	3.71	3.95	4.36	4.93	1.32	2.04
DKI Jakarta	33.65	34.52	34.52	53.81	53.98	53.98	35.51	42.23	42.77	11.49	1.27
Jawa Barat	29.43	35.81	35.24	35.93	68.57	43.18	46.90	56.07	67.47	18.13	2.29
Jawa Tengah	26.06	28.44	29.06	30.66	33.74	40.94	36.17	39.75	43.69	11.74	1.68
DI Yogyakarta	4.02	4.45	4.4	4.85	5.27	5.33	5.13	4.61	4.64	1.25	1.15
Jawa Timur	66.97	71.28	78.94	81.46	85.27	94.91	89.42	95.61	102.02	27.41	1.52
Bali	12.75	11.54	10.15	10.31	10.19	7.5	6.93	6.84	6.84	1.84	0.54
Nusa Tenggara Barat	3.35	5.19	2.98	5.47	5.48	6.18	4.00	5.72	5.88	1.58	1.76
Nusa Tenggara Timur	1.43	4.47	1.74	3.11	3.54	4.06	4.69	4.43	4.19	1.13	2.93
Timor-Timur	0.49	0.71	0.8	0.81	0.91	0.73	0.92	1.02	1.12	0.30	2.28
Kalimantan Barat	2.18	2.94	2.94	3.95	4.92	2.78	3.17	3.13	3.27	0.88	1.50
Kalimantan Tengah	1.01	1.39	0.08	1.42	1.75	1.52	1.35	1.97	2.03	0.54	2.01
Kalimantan Selatan	2.27	3.42	3.42	3.05	3.38	3.29	3.46	4.06	3.48	0.93	1.53
Kalimantan Timur	4.4	5.02	4.86	5.17	5.67	6.38	6.60	6.76	6.88	1.85	1.56
Sulawesi Utara	1.65	1.36	1.36	4.37	5.55	5.36	5.39	5.42	5.53	1.49	3.35
Sulawesi Tengah	2.13	2.92	3.04	3.24	3.46	3.51	3.91	3.95	4.01	1.08	1.88
Sulawesi Selatan	8.51	9.87	9.91	10.36	10.37	9.73	9.99	10.25	10.52	2.83	1.24
Sulawesi Tenggara	1.06	2.64	3.47	1	3.17	3.17	3.31	3.96	4.11	1.10	3.87
Maluku	0.84	1.7	1.96	1.78	1.79	1.63	1.65	2.19	2.21	0.59	2.63
Irian Jaya	0.7	1.07	1.06	1.06	1.05	0.95	1.82	2.60	2.96	0.80	4.23
Indonesia	227.4	259.22	262.19	297.01	346.28	336.46	311.97	347.20	372.16	100.0	1.64

Notes: ^(a) Preliminary figures

Source: Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan (1997), p. 104 for 1994 to 1997 data Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan (1996), p. 92 for 1990 to 1993 data; Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan (1988), p. 32 for 1985 data.

Bovine meat also comes from the indigenous cattle and swamp buffalo. Both of these are small, slow growing animals (Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development 1986). The age of first calving is late in comparison to temperate animals and calving intervals range from 18 to 24 months.

There are three major breeds of cattle used for draft/beef. These are Ongole, Bali and Madura. The less well know breed- the Aceh - is found in the Aceh province. Swamp buffalo are also used for draft power and beef in lowland areas and the Central Sumatra uplands. The breeds of cattle are shown in Table 29. These data are for 1984 since more up-to-date data were unavailable.

Table 29. Breeds of cattle in Indonesia, 1984

Breed	Number
Ongole	4400000
Bali	1000000
Madura	300000
Aceh, North Sumatra	400000
Grati	80000

Source: Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development (1986).

Table 30. Number of households with buffalo 1963, 1973, 1983 and 1993

Province	1963	1973	1983	1993(a)
DI Aceh	55942	67755	45474	37000
Sumatera Utara	32756	43348	31606	37000
Sumatera Barat	31717	48848	23666	28000
Riau	5563	6369	7051	8000
Jambi	10260	13191	11741	12000
Sumatera Selatan	39477	15351	10474	10000
Bengkuku	0	11633	5879	7000
Lampung	0	12526	8385	13000
DKI Jakarta	3170	2330	410	0
Jawa Barat	274613	248572	122991	92000
Jawa Tengah	253904	173812	99353	54000
DI Yogyakarta	14604	10854	5191	3000
Jawa Timur	112391	79721	52838	39000
Bali	4484	5276	1979	2000
Nusa Tenggara Barat	40301	43478	39073	38000
Nusa Tenggara Timur	42139	39810	27534	26000
Timor-Timur	0	0	6134	10000
Kalimantan Barat	362	164	238	1000
Kalimantan Tengah	507	340	502	1000
Kalimantan Selatan	1298	2015	2546	4000
Kalimantan Timur	526	4330	1195	4000
Sulawesi Utara	3863	360	199	0
Sulawesi Tengah	0	2909	2294	2000
Sulawesi Selatan	94978	113880	84311	57000
Sulawesi Tenggara	0	2922	1919	1000
Maluku	0	600	834	3000
Irian Jaya	0	0	113	0
Indonesia	1022855	950394	593930	489000

Notes: ^(a) preliminary figures

Source: Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan (1996), p. 52

Table 31. Buffalo population 1985 to 1997 by province

Provinces	1985	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997(a)		1997/ 1985
	(000)	(000)	(000)	(000)	(000)	(000)	(000)	(000)	(000)	(%)
DI Aceh	434	362	367	383	393	409	421	430	454	14.01	1.05
Sumatera Utara	180	207	212	223	229	237	248	256	265	8.19	1.47
Sumatera Barat	167	194	201	206	209	196	205	216	228	7.03	1.36
Riau	37	40	42	42	43	44	45	50	55	1.71	1.49
Jambi	49	65	69	71	74	77	81	86	87	2.69	1.77
Sumatera Selatan	122	134	138	137	140	136	128	150	152	4.68	1.24
Bengkuku	79	94	95	96	97	91	86	87	88	2.72	1.11
Lampung	38	33	34	35	44	45	48	51	54	1.65	1.41
DKI Jakarta	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	0.02	0.25
Jawa Barat	470	501	506	525	529	522	501	491	487	15.04	1.04
Jawa Tengah	325	287	282	278	265	265	256	244	232	7.16	0.71
DI Yogyakarta	14	15	14	11	11	10	10	9	9	0.28	0.64
Jawa Timur	221	184	177	171	166	158	156	160	168	5.20	0.76
Bali	8	10	11	10	11	11	11	11	11	0.35	1.43
Nusa Tenggara Barat	221	227	234	212	215	214	214	220	227	7.01	1.03
Nusa Tenggara Timur	174	175	176	184	182	165	191	165	167	5.16	0.96
Timor-Timur	35	45	48	50