Utilization of renewable energy sources and energy-saving echnologies by small-scale milk plants and collection centres
FAO ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH PAPER 93
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Utilization of renewable energy sources and energy-saving echnologies by small-scale milk plants and collection centres |
by
G. Riva
Institute of Agricultural Engineering
University of Milan, Italy
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
M-05
ISBN 92-5-103102-9
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
This publication of the Meat and Dairy Service of the Animal Production and Health Division was prepared with the active cooperation of the Research and Technology Development Division. It gives the theoretical background to the use of renewable sources of energy in the collection, storage and processing of milk and outlines some applications. It is hoped that future publications will develop and refine these applications to facilitate smallholder dairy development.
Acknowledgemts: The author would like to thank Gustavo Best for his comments on this report and Sharon Krenger for revising the text.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, © FAO 1992
Hyperlinks to non-FAO Internet sites do not imply any official endorsement of or responsibility for the opinions, ideas, data or products presented at these locations, or guarantee the validity of the information provided. The sole purpose of links to non-FAO sites is to indicate further information available on related topics.
2. ENERGY AND ASPECTS CONCERNING THE USE OF RENEWABLE SOURCES
2.1 Basic Concepts
2.2 Existing Plants: Criteria for Action
2.3 Selection of the Most Suitable Sources
and Energy Plants
3. ENERGY REQUIREMENTS IN MILK PROCESSING
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Energy Requirements
3.2.1 Milk Collection
3.2.2 Milk Processing
3.2.3 Observations
3.3 Comments on Renewable Sources in Relation to Their Use in Milk Treatment and Processing Centers
4. RENEWABLE SOURCES: CHARACTERISTICS AND AVAILABILITY
4.1 Introduction and Definitions
4.2 Solar Energy
4.2.1 Basic Characteristics
4.2.2 Measurement and Evaluation Methods
4.2.3 Availability
4.3.1 Basic Characteristics
4.3.2 Measurement and Evaluation Methods
4.3.3 Availability
4.4.1 Basic Characteristics
4.4.2 Measurement and Evaluation Methods
4.4.3 Availability
4.5.1 Basic Characteristics
4.5.2 Measurement and Evaluation Methods
4.5.3 Availability and Methods for Utilization
4.6.1 Basic Characteristics
4.6.2 Measurement and Evaluation Methods
4.6.3 Availability
5. ENERGY CONVERSION PROCESSES AND RELATED TECHNOLOGIES
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Combustion
5.3 Gasification
5.4 Anaerobic Fermentation
6. TECHNOLOGIES FOR FINAL ENERGY CONVERSION
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Final Product: Thermal Energy
6.2.1 Combustion Systems
6.2.2 Solar Collectors
6.2.3 Heat Pumps (Refrigerating Machines)
6.2.4 Wind- and Water-Powered Machines
6.2.5 Heat Exchangers
6.3 Final Product: Electric Energy
6.3.1 Internal Combustion Engines Combined
with Generators
6.3.2 External Combustion Engines Combined
with Generators
6.3.3 Hydraulic Engines Combined with
Generators
6.3.4 Photovoltaic Flat-Plate Collectors
6.3.5 Wind Generators
6.4 Combined Production of Electric and Thermal Energy: Cogenerators
7. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF ENERGY PLANTS
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Main Aspects of Energy Investments
7.3 Basis of the Method and Important Concepts
7.4 An Example Applying These Basic Concepts
7.5 Comments on the Basic Procedure
7.6 The Complete Method
7.7 Additional Information Provided by This Method
7.8 An Applicative Example
7.9 Application of the Method to Feasibility Studies
7.10 Application of the Method in the Study of
Financial Subsidies
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Evaluation of Energy Consumption and
Selection of Possible Energy Sources
8.3 Evaluation of Conversion Technologies
8.4 Initial Observations
8.5 Economic Analysis
9. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
APPENDIX 1: The Basic Characteristics of Energy
1. Main Definitions
2. Energy Sources and Forms
3. Energy Quality and Operative Flexibility
4. Energy Conversions and Their Efficiencies
5. Energy Features and Units of Measure
APPENDIX 2: Useful Formulas (Thermodynamics)
APPENDIX 4: Renewable Liquid Fuels
APPENDIX 5: Storage of Electric Energy
Energy sources:
SOLAR RADIATION
WIND
HYDRO
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
DRY BIOMASS
WET BIOMASS
Energy Conversion:
Thermal Energy Production:
BOILERS
SOLAR COLLECTORS
HEAT PUMPS
WIND TURBINES
HEAT EXCHANGERS (for thermal recovery and to
reduce refrigeration requirements)
HEAT EXCHANGERS (for geothermal media)
Electric energy production:
GENERATOR-SETS FED BY GASIFICATION GAS
GENERATOR-SETS FED BY BIOGAS
GENERATOR-SETS FED BY ALCOHOL
GENERATORS-SETS FED BY VEGETABLE OILS
STEAM SETS FED BY VARIOUS FUELS
STIRLING-SETS FED BY VARIOUS FUELS
WATER WHEELS
WATER TURBINES
PV SYSTEMS
WIND TURBINES
Cogeneration:
GENERATOR-SETS (internal and external combustion engines)
Figure 1: Thermal requirements versus daily quantity of milk processed in complete plants
Figure 2: Electric requirements versus daily quantity of milk processed in complete plants
Figure 3: Thermal requirements versus daily quantity of milk processed in simplified plants
Figure 4: Electric requirements versus daily quantity of milk processed in simplified plants
Table 1: Specific energy requirement in milk collection and processing (from [49], modified)
Table 2: Specific energy requirement in modern milk processing plants (from [49], modified)