Prepared by R.J.Beare Esq., Chief Technical Adviser, Senior Fisheries Development
Specialist. K.E.Rushoke Esq., Regional Fisheries Officer, Project co-ordinator.
During the development phase, the programme will seek to
address the integrated, multi-sectoral and interlinked problems of the
households of the fishing /farming communities of the Lake Victoria coastline of
Kagera. This will be achieved by seeking to improve the efficiency and incomes
of existing artisanal fishermen and their families and establishing a catalytic
and facilitating role in support of additional socio-economic and farming
interventions. This aim will be achieved by implementing a "core" fisheries
development programme that recognises the need for the fisheries sector to adopt
a catalytic and facilitating role to bring development to these communities in
fields outside their area of expertise.
For ease of treatment, the overall development programme has
been divided into "core" fisheries activities, on one side of the income earning
equation, and "core" farming activities on the other. Between the two poles, the
"interface" activities include those social and economic areas of development,
which apply equally to fishing and farming.
Again, for ease of treatment and to clarify the role of the
planned fisheries programme the suggested "core" farming and "interface"
activities have been covered by a catalytic and facilitating objective included
in the "core" fisheries programme. At the same time the suggested objectives and
outputs for the "core" farming and socio-economic objectives of the "interface"
(HIV/AIDS, health, nutrition etc) have been placed in appendices 1 & 2 for
reference.
The Regional Authorities would co-ordinate the fisheries
programme activities with interventions expected from other donors and agencies
thereby creating a joint programme that treats fishing and farming issues as
related parts of the same equation.
(1) Improved access to fishing inputs (nets, outboard engines etc) -
Establishing an expanded system to provide fishing gear,
outboard engines and spare parts through a Revolving Credit Fund and cash sales
facility operated on a sustainable basis through the Co-operative and Rural
Development Bank (CRDB) with equal co- operation of the Department of Fisheries
and CRDB staff (Module 1).
(2) Improved income earning opportunities-in fishing communities (Module 2).
Improved income-earning opportunities for women and youth
through a substantive and small-scale loan scheme and an apprenticeship scheme
for unemployed youth to learn fishing.
(3) Increased range of sustainable fishing techniques (Module 3).
Increasing incomes of artisanal fishermen by demonstrating and
encouraging the adoption of more efficient, selective and sustainable fish
capture techniques such as the lift net for Dagaa and gill nets for Nile Perch.
At the same time spreading fishing effort through increased canoe range.
(4) Increased sales of improved quality fresh and processed fish. (Module 4)
Enhancing quality and reduced post harvest losses by improving
current fish processing practices and testing and encouraging the adoption of
alternative more environmentally sustainable processing methods.
Improving market outlets for traditionally processed and fresh
fish through the encouragement of improved handling practices and encouraging
the establishment of alternative sources of fishing gear finance through the
operation of the fish trading system.
(5) Sustainable resource development through a more effective fisheries
administration (Module 5).
Improved Department of fisheries administration, especially in
those areas that affect the management of fish and lake resources and the
control of unsustainable fishing practices.
(6) Fisheries programme catalytic and facilitating role (Module 6).
The Kagera Regional Administration will co-ordinate the
socio-economic "interface" and "core" farming programmes with the fisheries
programme which will also establish a catalytic and facilitating role in the
encouragement of others to help the fishing communities in their respective
areas of expertise.
The "core" fishing programme will facilitate interventions in
the "interface" and "core" farming activities which are briefly set out below
and include suggested objectives, outputs and activities based on pilot phase
investigations and experience.
A more detailed description of suggested "interface" and "core," farming
activities is set out in appendix 1 & 2; and appendix 4 gives an overall
diagrammatic view of the programme.
(1) Improved social services to fishing communities including attention to
HIV/AIDS and other educational, health, nutrition and food security issues
(Module 7).
(2) The encouragement of private enterprise in the fishing/farming
communities (Module 8).
(3) Sustainable agricultural and rural develop sustainable use or woodland
products (module 9).
(4) Improved communications between islands and lakeshore landing
sites/markets and inland markets (Module 10).
(5) Improved development co-ordination through the Regional Administration
(Module 11).
Module 12.
(1) Increased production, with more varied cash and food crops, from
small-scale farms.
(2) Improved variety of livestock kept in fishing farming communities.
(3) Improved extension services reaching the fishing/farming villages.
(4) Improved availability of farm inputs.
(5) Improved access to credit.
(6) Improved observance of bylaws.
(7) Island and lakeshore farmer/fishermen better able to market their produce
to lakeshore and inland markets.
1. 0 Development Context.
Analysis of general country situation.
With World Bank assistance Tanzania is engaged in a structural
adjustment programme through a series of initiatives which. began in the mid
eighties. The latest tool for the implementation of those initiatives is the
Revolving Plan Forward Budget (RPFB), which is intended to be a flexible and
responsive guide to improving the performance of the public sector. Other
initiatives have led to the liberalisation and encouragement of the private
sector.
At the same time as the government has been pressing for
increased domestic production and expert earnings from both the private and
public sectors there has been a substantial increase in national and
international awareness of the adverse environmental effects that such
development could cause. In consequence there is a severe danger that the alarms
raised by researchers and others may lead donors and the government to become
sufficiently concerned to defer or cancel important development opportunities in
potentially acceptable as well as unacceptable fields.
With these often-conflicting aims a need has arisen for
development programmes associated with the development of natural resources to
be based, wherever possible, on a balanced assessment of the effects of such
development. However, this is not always possible, and many initiatives from
necessity proceed without such information being available. In the context of
Lake Victoria, it is necessary to ensure that programmes to develop fisheries
are based as far as possible on the sustainability of the resource. This will be
facilitated through the encouragement of selective exploitation according to
known information regarding the target s-Locks. In this way the government and
donor community will be able to promote developments, which are both sustainable
and environmentally acceptable.
Nowhere in Tanzania is the need for a balanced assessment of the available
information more needed than in the field of fisheries, which currently presents
the government with several major areas of potential development. Among the
areas with potential for additional fishing effort are the southern section of
Lake Tanganyika, the Tanzanian sector of Lake Nyassa and most important of all,
the Tanzanian sector of Lake Victoria. The inland fisheries of Tanzania are by
far the most important in terms of fish products and their contribution to the
nutritional state of the population (especially the poorest sections), the
provision of gainful employment and potential export earnings. In comparison,
the coastal fisheries are of relatively minor importance.
1.3 National Development Objectives.
With these potential areas of conflict in mind the Revolving
Plan Forward Budget (RPFB) sets out the parameters within which to establish
policies achieve the following Overall National objectives:
Increase output in all productive sectors.
Improve efficiency in all sectors.
Improve the welfare of all Tanzanians, particularly the poorest.
Reduce dependence on external sources of finance.
Employment creation.
Environment sustainability.
The Formulation Framework for the extension of the Kagera
Fisheries Programme has derived its coherence and rationale from the national
objectives and the sectoral guidelines outlined below.
2. Analysis of sector or theme/National Objectives/Strategy.
2.1 Status of the sector.
The artisanal fisheries sector of Tanzania has a very low
status in terms of its perceived importance in the economy in spite of the fact
that this sector produces some 30% of the animal protein consumed by the
country. This low status has hitherto been accurately reflected by the very low
levels of technical and financial assistance to the artisanal fishermen and
their communities. Finance has, however, been directed towards industrial
fisheries where for a variety of reasons the results have not been commensurate
with the funds provided.
2.2 Reappraisal of the role of artisanal fishing communities.
With the poor performance of the industrial fishing sector in
mind there has been a gradual reappraisal of the role of the small-scale
fishermen especially in view of their unaided increase in fish landings. It is
also being increasingly recognised that the real strength of the fishing
Industry lies in the multitude of small-scale artisanal fishing communities
scattered along the coast and especially around the major inland lakes, rivers
and swamps. These small-scale fisheries employ some 2.5 million people and could
provide more employment if assistance is given to the development of these often
remote and deprived communities. In many cases, these communities still operate
in areas where the resource base has not been overexploited and where
considerable potential exists for sustainable increases in the efficiency of
existing artisanal fishermen. Likewise, low levels of incomes among fishermen
are a direct result of very low levels of investment and the employment of
fishing techniques with a low level of efficiency.
2.3 Encouragement of artisanal fishing versus environment.
Such a strategy of supporting the artisanal fisheries requires
an equally serious attempt to match increased efficiency with improved awareness
and actions and techniques to minimise potential adverse effects to the
environment within which the fisheries operate. Such assistance can, at this
stage, only come from external technical and financial assistance.
2.4 The fisheries sector.
The fisheries sector of Tanzania can be broadly divided into
the coastal salt-water fisheries and the fresh water inland fisheries. Of the
two, the inland fisheries are by far the most important and provide over 80% of
total fish landings while Lake Victoria alone provides some 60% of the total
national catch.
The fishing sector is recovering from the economic crisis that
afflicted the country during the late seventies and early eighties. However, the
continuing shortage of foreign exchange exerts a negative impact on capital
investment and the supply of fishing gear, outboard engines spare parts and
equipment. This has also severely restricted the ability of local net producers
to meet demand on a continuous and sustained basis and has led to the closure of
one net making company and to a temporary halt in production at the other.
Hand in hand with the problems of low status and poor gear
supply it has been almost impossible for the artisanal fishermen to raise the
finance to make even the most rudimentary improvements to their gear and thereby
improve the efficiency and incomes of their families and communities. The low
availability of credit for the artisanal sector can be attributed to lack of
funds and different priorities within the banking/credit organisations, lack of
understanding of the fishing and the fishing communities as well as a lack of
security and the historically nomadic nature of the fishermen themselves. All
these problems are small, and manageable, in relation to the potential benefits
that could be achieved with continuing encouragement to the artisanal sector in
areas, such as Kagera, where sustained exploitation is possible with positive
discrimination against certain fishing techniques and support to others, which
are favourable.
2.5 Fisheries Programme Objectives
The main objective of the fisheries sub sector is to increase
the utilisation of under-utilised resources and to improve the quality of
products, increase exports of surplus production while maintaining rational and
sustainable utilisation of fisheries resources.
1. Fisheries department aims.
2. Increased fish landings to raise average per a capita fish consumption
from 16 kg to about '20 kg by 1992
3. To enhance the income of the artisanal fishermen and their communities
4. To favour employment for persons living in areas with abundant exploitable
fish resources
5. Increase the operational efficiency of national training, research and
fishing institutions
6. Promote and consolidate co-operation with neighbouring countries for the
rational exploitation and management of fish resources in shared water bodies
7. Pursue efforts to provide adequate. Fishing gear
8. Improve monitoring, surveillance and management of fisheries and
consolidate environmental conservation activities
9. Produce surplus for manufacture of animal feeds
10. Improve fishing craft based on boatyard rehabilitation and the promotion
of motorization
The development programme will seek a positive contribution to
the achievement of all these aims except 4 & 5, which need to be tackled at
the national level, and numbers 8 & 10, which lie outside the present scope
of the programme.
2.6 The Programme Area.
Within the national context the programme area lies in the
northwest periphery of the country and many hundreds of kilometres from the
major national consumer markets, with which communications are difficult with
many roads impassable during the rains. In the past, the natural and nearest
market outlets were with Uganda and moves to improve communications to the
north, although planned, are far from being started and still prove difficult.
This situation creates considerable problems for the fishermen with regard to
access to markets and supplies of the inputs needed to maintain production. It
also creates considerable problems for the fisheries authorities with respect to
the planning and conduct of such activities as data collection, extension work
and the enforcement of fisheries legislation.
Within the context of Lake Victoria itself, the Programme area
of Kagera is relatively isolated and spread out over an extended island and
lakeshore coastline of some 500 kilometres. The area is also under-developed in
terms of services and infrastructure in comparison with most other areas of Lake
Victoria. As a whole, the Tanzanian area of Lake Victoria is exposed only to
local over exploitation through the concentration of unmotorised fishing canoes
into a narrow coastal band centred in particular around fairly scattered fishing
camps and villages. Attempts to reduce the concentration of effort in Kagera
through a canoe motorization programme aimed at current fishermen as opposed to
new entrants, should prove beneficial to the fishery by spreading catch effort
over a wider area. This would enable fishermen to access currently
under-utilised fishing grounds outside current paddling range and help reduce
pressure on those stocks in the immediate vicinity of the fishing villages and
camps.
Isolation from markets is a major factor, which affects all
fishermen in the project area and attempts to improve island and lakeshore fish
processing should facilitate improved long distance marketing with reduced post
harvest losses. Continued support to the processing units at Bukoba and
Nyainirembe should also assist with the marketing of fresh fish with the
additional advantage that ice will be available for the improved distribution of
fresh fish of higher quality to local markets. Sustained supplies in this
respect would also require that no further encouragement be given to the
construction of additional fish processing factories in the Kagera Region.
2.7 Research verification for Kagera resource base.
With regard to the" Programme" area along the Kagera coastline,
the Netherlands funded HEST/TAFIRI research programme reported in 1990 that;
"the trawl surveys in the Bukoba area revealed a good potential stock of the
Nile perch which is exploited very lightly. The reason for this might be the
wind, which is usually rather strong in this area and results in high onshore
waves. For a paddled canoe without an outboard engine, it seems to be impossible
to operate regularly. If an extension of the fishery in this region is desired,
support to the provision of outboard engines should be considered.” In addition,
the HEST/TAFIRI reports states “the strong increase in the standing stock of
Dagaa could lead to recommendations for intensifying the Light Attraction
Fishery". Especially a shift of the fishery to relatively offshore waters
(10-20m depth), using "Purse Seines" and" Lift Nets "instead of "Beach Seines".
This would also reduce the destruction of Tilapia spawning pits by beach seines,
a serious problem. Furthermore, the report goes on to say, “exploitation of
remote areas such as those offshore of Bukoba and along the Kagera coastline,
could be a fruitful way to expand the fishery in Lake Victoria". In another
equally important statement the HEST/TAFIRI report states that inadequate boat
transport between offshore fishing grounds and the mainland as well as transport
from the shoreline up the precipitous escarpment to mainland markets places a
serious constraint to the development of these under utilised offshore fishing
grounds. Any such development programme should therefore seek to address this
constraint (UNCDF-possible feeder road programme).
Given the state of knowledge concerning the resources and
environment of the Kagera coastline the fisheries development programme detailed
in this document is entirely consistent and compatible with all those who have
voiced concern about the state of the Lake Victoria basin. Every aspect of the
proposed development programme from the Revolving Loan Fund to fuel efficient
smoking ovens to the fishing techniques themselves have only been included on
the basis of their environmentally acceptable effects and sustainability.
3. Prior and ongoing assistance and co-operation to the pilot phase.
The Kagera Integrated Fisheries Project Pilot Phase URT/90/005
was started as a direct follow on to the successful provision of credit by the
FAO Kigoma Project- Integrated Technical Assistance and Credit for Artisanal
Fishermen GCP/URT/066/NET.
The Lake Tanganyika based project provided the model upon which
the FAO/TCP mission TCP/UR/0053 - Fisheries Credit for small- scale Fisher folk
proposed a national scheme for the provision of Revolving Credit funds to be
operated through the Credit and Rural Development Bank (CRDB) in all Regions of
Tanzania. The first extension of this proposal was the Pilot phase project
Integrated Fisheries Development in Rural Fishing Villages URT/90/005. This
programme is due to end in July 1993 and following a satisfactory Tripartite
Review in Novemberl992 it was agreed by UNDP that further support would be
forthcoming for a full development phase.
During the Pilot Phase support was received from the UNDP/FAO
Project URT/87/016 - Strengthening of the Fisheries Statistical Unit.
Regretfully this project has now been concluded but there is a distinct need to
continue the improvements started in order to continue to provide reliable
information on the state of exploitation of Lake Victoria resources. This
information will be needed more than ever when a Riparian State Control Body is
instituted for the improvement of Lake Victoria management. As a result
attention should be given to ensuring that fisheries data continues to be
collected and processed.
The Regional FAO project Inland Fisheries Planning, Development
and Management RAF/87/099 based in Bujumbura also provided assistance with the
preparation of the Fish processing programme and the design of a questionnaire
for a Fishing Village Household Census which was carried out in 1992. This work
was supplemented by a Rapid Rural Appraisal carried out in October 1992 by
Fisheries Department staff financed and trained by project GCPIINT/467/NOR based
in FAO Rome.
3.1 Assistance from the UNDP Planning Project in Bukoba.
In future, it is recommended that the UNDP Project URT/89/018 -
Strengthening the Kagera Regional Administration in Development Planning,
Project monitoring and Data Management - which is based in Bukoba- play a much
more active role in assisting the co-ordination of development inputs of this
Fisheries/ Agriculture/ Social Programme. It is envisaged that the planning
project could directly assist the local administration to co-ordinate the varied
efforts of all those engaged in the development of Kagera. This could also
involve this proposed programme and include such diverse activities as livestock
improvements to bringing AIDS education to remote fishing communities. That the
Fisheries Department should be the catalyst and facilitator in promoting such
diverse development activities in the fishing communities is derived from the
fact that fishing is a "core" productive activity in the communities studied and
therefore plays a vital role in maintaining household livelihoods and incomes.
The reason for addressing both occupations of fishing and
Preliminary discussions have been carried out with a, lumber of
international and local organisations concerning possible future involvement in
co-ordinated action in the lakeshore and island fishing / farming communities of
Kagera. As none, including the regional and district authorities, has so far
been able to establish contacts with either the mainland or offshore fishing
communities the proposed catalytic and facilitating role for the fisheries
programme appears to be essential to improving the social and economic
development prospects of these communities.
Note: The precipitous escarpment along the entire lakeshore of
Kagera isolates the fishing/farming communities from mainland roads and prevents
the provision of services by government departments and other organisations.
Similarly, lack of transport boats precludes the provision of services to the
island communities.
4.2 Assistance to the programme already agreed in principle.
1. HESAWA. Health, Sanitation and Water. Their programme, which covers all
Kagera, does not to date, include the fishing communities.
2. RED CROSS. Have actively sought out the assistance of the
programme in helping them to address the problem of HIV/ AIDS in the offshore
and coastal fishing communities. To date, no other programme is addressing the
HIV/ AIDS problem in any of these communities, in spite of over exposure among
easily accessible communities. Therefore, much work needs to be carried out with
respect to HIV / AIDS education, alternative income earning schemes for women,
medical advice to those who have the illness etc. as well as in every other area
of social input, which have never been addressed in these communities.
3. The Netherlands financed Livestock improvement programme has
expressed an interest in taking their programme to lakeshore communities as well
as the offshore islands. This could significantly assist tree and crop growth by
promoting zero grazing practices.
4. The Netherlands financed Assistance to the District Councils
of Kagera could also play a role in the proposed fisheries programme.
5. There are many other potential contributors who may be able
to assist with the overall programme. Such assistance includes the various
agencies of the United Nations whose combined attention could be brought to bear
through the co-ordinating role of the Regional Administration (UNCDF-feeder
roads, WFP- food for work etc)
6. Finally, it should not be forgotten that the private sector
is now being actively encouraged by donors and the government as well as Kagera
regional and district authorities. In this respect, two private concerns, one in
Nyamirembe and one in Bukoba, have agreed to help fisherman with canoe
construction (100 to be built and dispersed through the CRDB credit scheme).
Other similar contributions to the programme are envisaged.
B. Summary of National Programme.
1.0 Problem to be addressed.
1.1 Present situation: Identify and describe the main problem to be addressed
by a national programme.
The pilot phase has made it possible to validate all the
original assumptions about the Kagera fishing communities and the problems
detailed for attention in the original product proved both valid and significant
to the local communities.
The problems of the Kagera coastline and offshore fishing communities can now
be listed as follows:
1.1.1 Lack of fishing inputs.
Very limited access to fishing inputs especially in respect to
canoes and their motorization (see HEST / TAFIRI research recommendation).
Unlike other areas of Lake Victoria Motorization is crucial to spreading the
fishing effort over a wider area, i.e., to more distant fishing grounds. This is
because of the influence of high onshore winds and waves that severely limit
paddled canoe range. Motorization of canoes (only 49 outboard engines along the
entire 500 km coastline at start of the pilot phase) will have a beneficial
effect by dispersing fishing effort, improving
communications between offshore islands with markets, health
facilities (there are none on the islands), mainland farms (shambas) etc.
Without improved access to credit through an extended Revolving loan fund such
benefits will not be achieved.
Note: The promotion of sail power could be contemplated in the
future but will require patient and extended training and the development of
suitable cheap craft - the lateen type sail does not appear appropriate along
this coastline. Local people are not natural seafarers.
1.1.2 Limited range of fishing techniques.
Reliance on a very limited range of fish capture techniques.
This limits yields, fishing range and potential for generating more income. Low
incomes and poor or non-existent access to credit reinforces the tendency to
employ only a limited range of fishing techniques. FAO ( TCP/URT/0053) Credit
for artisanal fishermen, recommended the provision of credit only where the
resources were adequate and for particular selective fishing techniques. This
excluded Beach seines and all assistance to trawling but favoured those
techniques that exploited Dagaa and Nile Perch such as the lift net, surrounding
net, hooks and lines and gill nets of above six inches. The provision of gear to
exploit Tilapias was excluded thereby initiating a highly selective and
ecologically sound approach to the provision of credit. The pilot phase of
URT/90/005 Integrated Development of fishing villages- Kagera region has
followed these recommendations closely thereby encouraging improved efficiency
in the catching of under utilised stocks of Dagaa and Perch. Such activity
actually promotes a diversion of fishing effort away from species that are under
pressure. Evidence of this effect has been observed by rising catches of
Tilapias and the endangered Haplochromines from reduced fishing effort.
1.1.3 Low quality fish processing.
Inadequate fish processing and marketing techniques leading to
high levels of post harvest losses and restriction of the range over which fresh
and smoked fish is marketed. This also reduces the value of the catch (Dagaa
from Bukoba, for example, is sold at 20% to 30% below that brought and processed
in the Mwanza area). Long distance marketing of both fresh and processed fish
has considerable potential in internal as well as export markets. Results are
however restricted by the limited shelf life caused by inadequate fish
processing techniques. The best techniques in current use are adequate and a
prime aim of the fisheries programme will be to seek the general adoption of
these best techniques. This alone would ensure a considerable improvement in
overall quality. At the same time the programme would seek to build on
encouraging current product developments.
Note: marketing in this context is defined as care of the fish
from the point of capture to the point of sale and therefore includes handling
in the boat as well as all other activities concerning pre - sale product care
and distribution.
1.1.4 Poor employment opportunities.
Opportunities for employment are severely restricted due to
lack of investment in all sectors of the local economy and the prevailing
conditions, which discourage enterprise. The poor producer prices for cash crops
have had a downward multiplier effect on farm and farm linked incomes. As a
result, it would appear from research that more members of the farming community
are turning to fishing as a means of supplementing falling farm cash incomes.
Fishing and associated activities have, in consequence, become more important to
the local economy than in the past.
1.2 Other problems identified in the Kagera Region are as follows :
1. Low levels of access and exchange of existing fishing and
fish processing techniques, which have proved acceptable elsewhere in Tanzania.
2. Considerable difficulty in transporting and storing
processed fish especially between the offshore islands and mainland markets.
3. Inability to provide frozen fillets of Nile Perch for export
markets due to the lack of freezer facilities. (this problem is being addressed
by private enterprise but will take time to become fully active).
4.A chronic inability to finance even small improvements in
fishing canoes, technology and fish processing due to low incomes and low levels
of creditworthy security.
5. Lack of access to credit among all fishermen, including the
best, to adopt more capital intensive and efficient methods of fish capture. In
this context capital intensive does not mean industrial fishing it means
employing a slightly safer and more seaworthy fishing canoe (most are seriously
inadequate) and adopting the slightly more efficient forms of fish capture such
as the catamaran
operated lift net and surrounding net ("hurry up") as recommended for the
credit Programme.
This would allow and encourage fishermen to follow mesh size
and other fishing regulations thereby causing less damage to fish resources.
6. Increased concentration of effort by the artisanal fishermen
into the paddling (unmotorised) range, which fisheries biologists suggest, may
lead to local overexploitation. As already pointed out motorization would assist
in the dispersal of effort. This would be favourable to maintaining fish stocks.
7. Under-exploitation of existing Dagaa and Nile Perch stocks on both the
coastal areas and offshore islands of Kagera.
8. Increasing fuel wood consumption and cost, which is leading
to overexploitation of fuel wood, resources around all the fishing/farming
communities of the Kagera coast.
9. Severe unemployment and underemployment of rural youth. 10.
Pilot phase investigations have highlighted the almost total lack of contact
between government and aid agencies and the coastal and island fishing
communities. When one considers the severity of the HIV/ AIDS problem it is
surprising, in view of excessive effort in some places, that these communities
have somehow been ignored for assistance with this problem as well as help in
other fields. The proposed identification of an "interface" section of
socio-economic areas of concern and the "core" fisheries and farming programmes
aim to highlight the types of interventions that, from field experience appear
necessary. However, when other agencies are encouraged to assist and bring their
expertise to the fishing communities the suggested objectives, outputs and
activities may alter to accommodate the requirements of their respective
programmes. See Appendix 1&2.
11. Finally, pilot phase research has emphasised the need for
an integrated multidisciplinary approach to the solution of the problems
outlined above. The need has also been identified to direct the fisheries
programme towards what have proved to be fishing/farming communities rather than
specialised fishing communities. These links between fishing and farming in
terms of food and income security have proved to be significant in the Kagera
context and it would not be logical for a development programme to be aimed at
the fishing communities while ignoring the strong and complex interrelationship
between the occupations of fishing and farming at the household level. The
interactions and interrelationships between these two occupations are much
closer and more complex than hitherto realised. The same
households juggle constantly with a range of income earning/survival strategies
in both fishing and agriculture.
A sensitive and realistic approach to the development of
lakeshore and island communities is to set up a joint farming and fisheries
programme and treat fishing and farming issues as closely related parts of the
same livelihood equation. This approach would also complement the Tanzanian
Government's own wishes in the RPFB sector guidelines.
Note: Research indicates that it is the women and children who
are left to run the Shamba (field) while the men go fishing.
1.2.1 Summary of the present situation.
Pilot phase research and experience has established the way in
which the development programme should proceed. This includes establishing and
verifying the methods for the successful operation of the Revolving Credit Fund,
the fishing techniques to encourage and discourage the types of fish processing
ovens, products and drying floors and how to encourage their adoption. The pilot
phase has also exerted a positive effect on the awareness of the possibilities
for co-operation between the public and private sector in the development of the
Kagera fishery.
1.2.2 Pre-pilot phase situation.
Before the beginning of the pilot phase the artisanal fishermen
of Kagera received no assistance in the pursuit of their trade. In consequence,
there were very low levels of motorization with most canoes being of poor
construction and restricted in range. Due to a combination of poverty and poor
access to fishing gear and credit the fishermen employed a restricted range of
fishing techniques with attendant low skill levels, which tended to reinforce
their low standard of living.
With respect to fish processing the techniques employed are
generally inefficient and fuel intensive for smoking/drying operations while
Dagaa (sardines) continue to be largely sun dried on sand and grass which
although an appropriate technique, results in a very low quality product which
commands a low price more suited to chicken feed than human consumption. Whether
cleaner, drier and more expensive Dagaa processing techniques are employed
appears to be determined by the lack of incentive for producing a better
product. Buyers are reluctant to pay a premium price for a better product and
the high cost of current alternative drying methods.
The marketing of fish especially for island communities
represents a serious problem with lack of outboard engines and large distances
to travel e.g. Ekerebe Island is 24 nautical miles from Bukoba, Makibwa 14nm,
Nyaburo 18 nm, Kinagi 22 nm. In addition, many of the lakeshore communities are
from 4 to 70 kms from the main north/south road. The drying/smoking/salting of
fish for long-range marketing is essential but in many island and lakeshore
communities, the standard of processing is very low. The sale of fresh fish is
confined to the immediate hinterland of the fishing villages concerned.
The activities of fishing/farming have led to considerable
degradation of the woodlands especially those on the offshore islands where some
have been completely stripped of trees.
The pilot phase was initiated at a time when background
information on the widely scattered lakeshore and island communities was
inadequate to ensure successful initiatives in all those fields appropriate to
integrated development. However, actions were possible in the fields of
providing more fishing gear, outboard engines and spares, establishing methods
of delivery through the Credit and Rural Development Bank (CRDB) and informal
loan systems for income earning activities. Catamaran canoes were introduced and
training given in their use and in the construction of the lift and surrounding
nets. Actions were also possible in fish processing and bringing near derelict
fish stations into service for the artisanal fishermen. Help was also given to
the improvement of the data collection system of the Kagera lakeshore.
3. Pilot phase impact.
The net effect of the pilot phase of the programme has been seen in the
following: -
1. Fish stations at Bukoba and Nyamirembe have been and
continue to be refurbished (private and public funds) with repaired and new ice
facilities and serve the fishing community by buying fish, providing employment
and construction of canoes.
2. Fishing gear dispersal and the adoption of new fishing
techniques have led to significantly more efficient catches of both Dagaa and
Nile perch with additional employment prospects for those in catching,
processing/marketing of these two types of fish. All along the coast and
offshore islands there are now fishermen using introduced techniques. Indicative
results show that other fishermen are either copying or interested in adopting
the lift net and employing more gill nets and long lines, all selective in the
type of fish caught, and therefore likely to contribute to a sustainable
fishery.
3. DANIDA funding and the assistance of private enterprise has
made it possible to achieve more than intended in the original programme. In
this respect, some six hundred thousand trees have been grown for sale and
planting in the fishing/farming communities and the marketing situation for the
Nile perch has been significantly improved. In this respect agreements have been
made to purchase fish above a certain size for filleting, thereby leaving the
smaller more marketable and palatable Nile perch for sale in local markets.
4. Finally, pilot phase field experience and research has
provided sufficient background information for the development programme to be
carried out with improved prospects of successful and sustainable development in
the fishing/farming communities of the region.
Note: Pilot phase investigations have been carried out in the following
areas: -
a. Fishing gear practices and requirements.
b. Current and proposed fish processing methods.
c. Household census.
d. Rapid Rural Appraisal (covering most of the sociological aspects of
development).
e. Village/camp name and basic information survey of the Kagera lakeshore.
f. Forestry survey.
g. Women's income earning/ activities survey.
h. Extensive credit demand survey.
Improved Income Security and Access to Social Services for
Households of The Kagera Coastline and Offshore Islands Engaged in Fishing and
Farming Through the Use of More Efficient, Sustainable and Environmentally
Sensitive Fishing and Fish Marketing Methods.
The proposed PFF is designed to address the problems of the
communities of the Kagera coastline and offshore islands. These communities have
been shown to be linked with both fishing and farming activities in a way, which
makes it logical to prepare an integrated approach to their development.
The structure of the PFF is basically simple and treats the
interlinked problems of the fishing farming communities in one overall
development programme. For ease of treatment, the programme has been divided
into three main groups of individually costed development modules. Each module
represents a rational group of outputs and activities that are closely
interlinked with both the achievement of the immediate objectives of the
programme and to the overall development objective. See appendix 3.
This programme centres around the "core" fisheries activities
that also include a module, which describes the catalytic and facilitating role
of the fisheries programme in encouraging other agencies to bring their
expertise to bear on the problems of the fishing communities.
The "core" fishing and "core" farming sections are self
explanatory while the "interface" section refers to those aspects of development
which apply in equal part to both fishing and farming. The "interface"
objectives/outputs and activities are associated with interventions in fields
such as HIV/ AIDS control and education, health and nutrition, skills training
etc. Areas of expertise funding and direction, which are more, appropriate to
other co-operating agencies. For this reason the detail of the "core" farming
and "interface" activities have been placed in appendix 1 & 2 for reference.
The proposed programme has been derived from field experience,
which has highlighted the close inter-relationships between fishing and farming
activities in achieving income and food security among communities along the
coast and offshore islands. See appendix 4.
Finally, the entire programme is both horizontally and
vertically linked with the achievement of National and Regional objectives and
the content closely follows the, UNDP priorities outlined in the 5th Country
Programme. These priorities include
HIV/AIDS, Private Sector Development, Income and Employment
Generation and care of the environment.
Module 1
More Efficient, Sustainable and Safer Fishing Operations.
Objective: The Artisanal Fishermen of Kagera Employing A Wider
Variety Of More Efficient And Selective Types Of Fishing Gear And Better Canoes
With Improved Delivery Of Both Fresh And Processed Fish To Local And Export
Markets.
1.1. 0/PT 1. Some 300 existing fishermen receiving fishing gear
outboard engines and canoes for cash and credit by means of an expanded CRDB
Revolving Fund and cash sales facility.
A/TY 1.1.1 Enhance successful co-operative efforts between
Fisheries, CRDB and FAO staff to identify suitably qualified recipients of
fishing gear /outboards etc. for a sustained Revolving fund.
A/TY 1. 1. 2 Improve operational disbursement of credit in kind
to the fishermen. Help 100 with lift nets + outboard engines (OBEs)+canoe for
Dagaa; 150 with gill nets + OBEs; 50 with hooks and canoe. Revolve repayments to
help more existing fishermen.
A/TY 1.1.3 Encourage deals between fishermen and private companies for the
provision of canoes and other fishing gear. To supplement the CRDB scheme.
A/TY 1.1.4 Establish a project based cash sales facility to provide hooks,
lines, floats, spares, leads etc.
A/TY 1.1.5 Monitor and make improvements to all aspects of
Revolving Fund. Including repayments, liaison with fisheries staff, repurchases
of fishing gear from local and external sources etc.
1.2 0/PT 2 Some 20 strategically placed Canoe builders of
Kagera better trained employing better tools and construction techniques for
motorised and non motorised fishing and transport canoes.
A/TY 1.2.1 identify all existing canoe builders and establish a
skills enhancement-training programme.
A/TY 1.2.2 Construct 50 demonstration canoes for sale through the Revolving
Credit Fund.
A/TY 1.2.3 Initiate a canoe safety programme and provide 1000 life jackets
for sale to fishermen (Compulsory for credit recipients).
A/TY 1.2.4 Construct 2 appropriate sailing canoes for
demonstration and training. Encourage sailing. A/TY 1.2.5 Initiate a capsize
survival and canoe safety training programme in all major island and lakeshore
villages, including training in swimming.
Module 2
Improved. Income Earning Opportunities in the Fishing/ Farming Communities.
Objective: Fishing and Fishing Community Related Income Earning Activities
Established among Underemployed and Unemployed Women and Youth.
2.1 0/PT 1. Employment and income earning opportunities for 200
women and 150 youths identified in the field of private enterprise, feasibility
tested and established in fishing and fisheries related activities.
A/TY2. 1. 1 Start a substantive Revolving Women's Development
Fund operated through the CRDB for enterprises related to the needs of the
fishing/farming communities (e.g., Bakeries, small mills, fish oil extraction
processing schemes etc)
A/TY 2.1.2 Start a project/Natural Resources Department
controlled Small Scale Women's Credit fund for such fisheries related activities
as fish trading /processing.
A/TY 2.1.3 Select 100 youths for training with experienced
canoe owners (make formal apprenticeship agreements on content of learning etc).
A/TY 2.1.4 Initiate a Tsh/= for forex purchased equipment
support scheme to help establish two enterprises in the fishery waste
utilisation business with the machinery etc. they require to improve business
and employment opportunities.
A/TY 2.1.4 Encourage alternative credit outlets.
A/TY 2.1.5 Monitor progress of private enterprise /authorities
relations; identify potential areas of conflict; encourage greater understanding
and co-operation.
Module 3
Improved Sustainable Fishing Techniques.
Objective: Improved and Technically Appropriate Fishing Techniques Tested and
Packaged for Adoption through More Effective Regional Fisheries Extension
Services for Artisanal Fishermen.
0/PT 1. Appropriate sustainable fishing techniques (including
scoop net, lift net, gill nets mesh 6 " +-, hooks and lines) popularised through
a comprehensive training and demonstration programme in gear construction and
outboard engine operation implemented in all major fishing/farming communities.
A/TY 3. 1. 1 Continue to identify credible experienced
fishermen to train in new techniques (for others to copy) in conjunction with
the CRDB revolving credit programme.
A/TY 3.1.2 Hold fishermen's workshops, training sessions on
methods/ results and markets to popularise and increase variety of sustainable
fish capture techniques employed. Discourage unsustainable fishing methods/
practices.
A/TY 3.1.3 Purchase spare parts for selected old outboard
engines for refurbishment. (many lie idle). A/TY 3.1.4 Initiate a continuous
training programme to upgrade the operational skills of outboard users to
maximise engine life/fuel efficiency, and hence returns.
A/TY 5. Convert MV heron to "lift net" operations to
demonstrate commercial Dagaa techniques as a means of diverting investment away
from ecologically harmful trawlers and proving prospects of offshore fishing
grounds and dispersal of fishing effort.
3.2 O/PT 2. Fisheries and CRDB staff working together providing an extension
support service to those who have taken loans and others as the demand arises.
A/TY 3.2.1 Monitor credit scheme and identify those in difficulty or not
employing new technology to optimum.
A/TY 3.2.2 Initiate training, technical and managerial, assistance to
encourage increased catches and improved loan repayment rates.
A/TY 3.2.3 In conjunction with the CRDB carry out education and
information training sessions in fishing farming/ communities to improve
understanding of loans processing/repayments etc. Possibly in conjunction with
farming credit exercises.
A/TY 3. 2. 4 In co-operation with the CRDB devise more streamlined loan
procedures for the issue of
loans. especially for small-scale loans to women). A/TY 3.'2.5
Devise alternative ways of educating villagers in the various aspects of the
programme e.g. use of actors/plays in absence of videos etc.
3.2 0/PT 3, 'Community based sustainable resource management
established through improved information on fishing grounds, environment /
conservation, markets, fisheries legislation etc accepted, understood and acted
upon in all lakeshore island fishing/ farming communities.
A/TY 3.-2.1 Make a survey of underused fishing grounds,
identify potential and bring potential to notice of fishermen. Help disperse
effort in conduction with outboard motorization programme/location new grounds.
A/TY 3.2. 2 Encourage community based policing/solution of fisheries
legislation and conservation practices through training and meetings/workshops
etc.
A./TY 3.2.3 Improve linkage between appropriate
research/findings etc and fishing/farming communities through fisheries
extension services.
A/TY 3.-2.4 Encourage sustainable exploitation practices in fishing/farming
communities through education in conservation practices, effects of fires,
forestry/fuel wood etc.
Module 4.
Objective: Increased Sales of Improved Quality, and a Wider
Variety of Fresh and Processed Fish Products from Traditional Processors
Reaching Local Consumers and Export Markets for Better Prices to Fishermen and
Improved Prospects of Local and National Nutrition.
4. 1 0/PT 1 300 Fish processors employing a wider variety of
environmentally sound and appropriate fish processing methods with increased
fresh and processed sales to local, regional and export markets and reduced
post-harvest losses.
A/TY 4.1.1 Continue pilot phase programme of kiln improvement
through self-help/grant kiln construction to 300 traditional processors for
increased fuel efficiency/better longer lasting product.
A/TY 4.1.2 Continue to develop the processing capacity of the dual-purpose
Dagaa / Nile perch kiln for move versatile approach to catches and improved fuel
efficiency.
A/TY 4. 1. 3 Improve fish handling practices from catching
point (insulated canoe containers etc) to final sale at local markets by foot
and bicycle, regional markets with motorcycles using insulated containers and
fish factory supplied ice.
A/TY 4.1.4 Build on success of pilot phase developed new Dagaa
products by expanding the marketing effort and training to improve/develop and
popularise new tastes and products (construct 50 Dagaa ovens).
A/TY 4.1.5 Encourage and popularise alternative processing methods-
especially those which avoid the use of fuel wood (salting and sun
drying/smoking, icing) Programme to supply salt, plastic covers etc.
A/TY 4.1.6 Continue to identify and link new uses for fish by-products to
improving the marketing potential of local fish. (chicken feed, swim bladder
processing, fish oil, leather etc).
A/TY 4.1.7 Reduce post harvest losses of Dagaa by provision of
covers, salt, use of drying kiln and further develop the sand coated plastic
sheet as an improved and cost effective drying floor for Dagaa.
4.2 0/PT 2. Some 120 women identified/trained for an increased role in the
processing and marketing of fresh and processed fish in island and coastal
villages.
A/TY 4.2.1 Encourage women to involve themselves in fish sales and processing
as a supplementary source of income through in-village training schemes.
A/TY 4.2.2 Encourage small-scale loans by building on pilot phase CRDB and
individual loan schemes.
A/TY 4. 2. 3 Enhance probability that women with sufficient and necessary
skills have equal access t o loans.
4.3 0/PT 3 Requirements of local and export markets in approximate balance;
with fishermen linked into improved contacts with export and local market
A/TY 4.3.1 Encourage and establish a balance between local and export demand
for fresh and processed fish products.
A/TY 4.3.2 Identify and promote increased trading contacts between
fishing/farming communities and local, regional, national and export markets for
fresh and processed fish.
A/TY 3. Liaise with local authorities and visitors to encourage exports of
fresh and dried fish.
Module 5
Objective: Improved departmental training, use and exchange of
research information, monitoring, surveillance and canoe registration
contributing towards a community-based approach to the management and
sustainable development of fisheries resources along the Kagera coastline.
5.1 O/PT 1 Kagera Regional and District Fisheries Officers
trained in the encouragement of sustainable fisheries development through the
adoption of participatory self-regulatory practices in the fishing communities.
AT/Y 5.1.1 train 30 Fisheries officers in participatory
approach to self-regulation of sound fishing and environment practices in the
fishing communities.
AT/Y 5.1.2 Initiate an extension programme including village-based
seminars/meetings to popularise the self-regulatory approach.
AT/Y 5.1.3 Maintain self-regulatory approach 'through regular Fisheries
Officer/village liaison visits.
AT/Y 5.1.4 Encourage the consultative/participatory approach among other
agencies participating in the overall development programme.
5.2 0/PT 2 Improved regulatory practices contributing towards better resource
management, increases revenue and streamlined administrative practices.
AI/TY 5.2.1 Consolidate the improved statistical system for more effective
monitoring data.
A/TY 5.2.2 Monitor programme effects in fishing/farming communities.
A/TY 5.2.3 Improve effectiveness of export procedures and formalise
unregulated trade patterns. A/TY 5.2.4 Improve licensing of artisanal/trading
canoes, including safety checks.
A/ TY 5.2.5. Improve control of illegal fishing practices, especially the use
of farming chemicals (Thiodan) for fishing.
A/'rY 5.2.6 Promote sustainable fishing practices by refining/enforcing
current legislation and prepare and introduce new legislation on mesh sizes,
undesirable fishing techniques (e.g. poisons) and methods of capture (e.g.
trawling).
Module 6
Co-ordination of development effort in lakeshore and island fishing
communities.
Objective: Kagera regional authorities achieving more effective
development in the fishing/farming communities through co-ordination of
socio-economic and farming activities with those of the core fisheries
programme.
5.1 OP/T 1 The fisheries department adopting a catalytic and
facilitating role in the encouragement and implementation of development
initiatives in the fishing/farming communities of the lakeshore and offshore
islands of Kagera
AT/Y 6.1.1 Exert a catalytic role by identifying agencies,
donors etc who are willing to initiate their own development programmes in the
fishing/ farming communities in their particular areas of expertise. These
include the following:-
"Interface" Activities.
a. Improving health sanitation and water supplies.
b. Access to HIV/AIDS education programmes.
c. Access to advice on nutrition/medical problems.
d. Encouragement of private enterprise.
e. Skills training.
f. Improving the safety of lake transport canoes.
a. Improving availability of inputs.
b. Improving extension services.
c. Improving production.
d. Access to credit for buyers and producers.
d. Links to fertiliser programme GCP/URT/106/NET.
e. Improved marketing from small-scale farms.
g. Sustainable agriculture and rural development promoted.
h. Sustained exploitation of forest products promoted.
f. Improving communications between the lakeshore and main inland roads.
N.B. see appendix 1 & 2 for additional details of suggested "interface"
and farming modules.
AT/Y 6.1.2 Establish a facilitating role for the Regional
fisheries department by co-ordinating other donor inputs into the fisheries
programme through the Regional authorities by providing boat transport and
logistic advice to those involved.
AT/Y 6.1.3 Establish the catalytic and facilitating role of the
fisheries department programme by initiating and attending co-ordination
meetings between the regional authorities and other donors etc.
2.4. End of Programme Situation.
Results due to the Achievement of "Core" Fishing Outputs.
1. More fishermen will be operating safer canoes of improved
construction powered by increasing numbers of sails and outboard engines.
Fishing effort will in consequence be spread over a wider area with favourable
effects on fishing resource sustainability.
2. More fishermen will be repaying loans through a sustainable
CRDB Revolving Credit Fund with the co-operative efforts of the CRDB and
fisheries extension services leading to improved knowledge of fishermen clients
with high levels of repayment and improved possibilities for low collateral
loans.
3. More fishermen will be using more efficient fishing techniques and gear.
4. Fishing gear supplies will be available through normal retail channels
including agencies and traders as well as continuing supplies through the CRDB.
5. Fishermen with improved incomes will be in a better position to save the
money needed to purchase fishing gear through retail outlets.
6. Women will have equitable access to substantive as well as small-scale
loans and therefore will be playing an enhanced role in fishing related
activities.
7. Youths will have improved opportunities for employment and of learning
practical skills of fishing.
8. Fishing methods/techniques, which are not environmentally friendly, will
have been banned or controlled.
9. Significant investment in Lake Victoria fishing will be diverted away from
trawling towards deep water Dagaa catches using evolved catamaran craft.
10. Participatory fisheries community self management will have
been instituted in the fields of mesh size regulation, fishing techniques
regulation, trade regulation and environmental aspects of burning, forestry and
cattle regulation.
11. The Fisheries Department will be better placed to enforce fisheries
legislation through co-operative efforts.
12. Fish processors will have improved access to the inputs, skills and
markets for fresh smoked, salted and sun dried fish.
13. Fishing effort will be more widely dispersed through the effects of the
motorization programme.
14. Canoe builders making better-constructed and safer boats.
15. The fishing sector of Kagera will be playing an enhanced
role in fishing/farming household income generation food security and
contributing significantly to the economy of Kagera.
16. The fisheries department will be continuing its catalytic
and facilitating role in helping -those engaged in farming and socio-economic
initiatives to consolidate their work.
3.1 Programme Strategy.
3.1.1 Global Approach.
Define the strategy to be adopted to achieve the programme objectives. Also,
address critical issues and bottlenecks.
1. A co-ordinated rather than piecemeal approach to the problems of the
fish-production chain and of fishing villages.
2. Full village level participation in the identification, planning,
implementation and evaluation of project activities.
3. Mobilisation of local resources, human, financial and physical so that the
achievements of the project are sustained locally.
4. Long- term technical and managerial support through the Regional
Programmes.
5. Explicit attention to the particular needs of women and youth.
6. Protected access to and participation by the local fisher folk in the
ecologically and economically profitable management of the local fisheries
resources.
7. An integrated, locally based communications system for the planning,
monitoring, evaluation and revision of all project interventions.
During implementation the Kagera programme will continue the association with
the Regional Inland Fisheries Programme (IFIP) and, where appropriate, take
account of the internationally agreed principles for artisanal development.
3.2 Participation of National Institutions, UNDP and other Donors:
This fisheries development programme will be initiated through
the Fisheries Department of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Tourism and the
Environment and implemented at the local level by the Regional Fisheries
Department in Bukoba. The integration of other activities with the "core"
fisheries programme will be managed by the Regional Administration who has some
responsibilities for the sector.
Operational responsibility for the activities of the fisheries
programme will be through the offices of the Regional Fisheries Department while
the activities of those, such as the Red Cross, who have already expressed
interest in contributing to the programme will be co-ordinated through the
Planning Department of the Regional Administration.
Others who have agreed, in principle, to assist with the programme in the
fishing communities include the following: -
1. The Red Cross Organization Funded by DANIDA.
2. HESAWA, HEalth, SAnitation, WAter, funded by the Swedish aid organisation.
3. Various Netherlands assisted interventions including the long-term
Livestock programme and assistance to District authorities.
4. Others who have already provided assistance such as The Peace Corps and
the British High Commission will also be encouraged to provide further
assistance.
5. DANIDA, who have provided the funds for the fishing village based
tree-planting programme.
The Fisheries offices at Bukoba will be the administrative
centre for the programme and extension work with fishermen and fish processors
will be carried out under canvas on the offshore islands and along the
coastline. During the development programme, a secondary local Fisheries office
will be established at Nyamirembe with a senior fisheries officer to take charge
of local administration, extension services and the tree-planting programme in
the fishing villages.
Critical Issue: The Revolving Loan Fund has been successfully
implemented through the Credit and Rural Development Bank, which has started
collecting repayments after the initial grace period. This credit scheme
provides fishing gear, canoes, and outboard engine maintenance and extension
advice to the most disadvantaged groups of fishermen to be found anywhere in
Tanzania. The scheme closely follows the same programme first established in
Kigoma and operated through the CRDB.
For various reasons, there is concern over the financial
viability and capacity of the Credit and Rural Development Bank (CRDB) to
provide credit on a sustainable basis. These concerns, at the programme level,
include time-consuming and bureaucratic methods of processing loans; inability
to handle small-scale loans
efficiently and a poor record of debt recovery. With regard to
the pilot-phase fisheries credit programme local experience has indicated that
the scale of loans to fishermen have been appropriate to the requirements of
both fishermen and the CRDB with preliminary estimates of repayments of over
90%. Funds have also been remitted to the Headquarters of CRDB, where they will
be transferred into foreign exchange and the fund revolved with the purchase of
more fishing gear.
This programme seeks to continue the achievements of the pilot
phase through the tried and tested channels of the CRDB. These channels have
proved effective during the pilot phase and, given current performance and
continued reform could continue to provide an improving service.
Experience has, however, shown -that the CRDB is not, at
present, suitably organised for the disbursement of micro loans where
operational requirements are too cumbersome. In this respect, the fisheries
programme will continue to seek to increase the diversity of credit sources and
methods of financial control.
3.3 Rationale for UNDP Involvement:
UNDP helped with the preparation of the Kagera Region
Development Programme in liaison with the Ministry of Finance, Economic Affairs
and Planning. This document detailed some fifty potential development "projects"
of which fishing was one. As a result of this and local pressure for UNDP
assistance, the Kagera Fisheries Pilot Programme URT/90/005 was designed and
implemented. During the Tripartite Review held in November 1992 it was agreed
that progress had been satisfactory and UNDP agreed to continue its support for
a further period of five years.
The justification for continued UNDP support can be divided
into the benefits, which could continue to accrue to the fishing communities of
Kagera and the benefits to UNDP itself.
The benefits to the communities have already been detailed.
1) Benefits to UNDP.
Continued support would be a very efficient use of scarce UNDP
funds because support to the "core" fisheries programme will facilitate actions
in all the fields of major concern of the UNDP 5th Country Programme by: -
1. Encouraging poverty alleviation through income generation
and employment among severely disadvantaged fishing/farming households of the
Kagera coastline and offshore islands.
2. Improvements to fishing operations processing and marketing
will materially help encourage enterprise in the fishing/farming communities.
This will lead to a multiplier effect on local incomes and employment which
could, to some extent, alleviate the effects of reduced levels of income derived
from the agricultural sector.
3. Support to the catalytic and facilitating
rôle of the "core" fisheries programme will encourage a multiplicity of
social and farming interventions implemented by others in such fields as
HIV/AIDS education and control. In this area no other agency has yet become
involved in the fishing/farming communities of which there are over 100, along
the lakeshore and offshore islands, according to a recent survey.
Other interventions which would be encouraged include those of
health, which a Rapid Rural Appraisal Survey recently highlighted as a major
concern with no assistance being received from any source. Such problems as post
natal mortality, still births, relapsing fever (one project fisherman died from
this cause), worms, anaemia, TB and measles were encountered in the fishing
communities. Other areas of equal concern, and lack of attention, include
sanitary conditions, education and communications. The facilitating rôle
of the programme is designed to promote these interventions.
4. Although UNDP is not being asked to finance the whole
programme it would be possible for UNDP to use this programme to introduce a
very strong Technical Assistance component to this integrated approach. It would
also facilitate the co-ordinated interventions of other UN programmes such as
the Food Security Programme, UNICEF and UNFPA.
5. UNDP will be involved in a fisheries development
programme which is both environmentally sensitive and promoting the type of
development which is sustainable in terms of the resource.
6. The UNDP financed pilot phase has validated the
approach outlined in the original project document. Continuity to the
developments already initiated depends on continuity of funding.
4. Financial Summary and Estimated Input and Output Budget
4. 1 Input Budget To Cover All Development Modules
Staff, consultancies, national professors, universities,
equipment. 559,000
Lorry 7 Ton (1) 35,000 Four-by-four Vehicle (1 +2 small) 60,000 Operations and Maintenance 80,000 Travel 25,000 Three years total inputs $759,000
4.2 Output Budget to Cover "Core" Fisheries Programme for Three
Years
N.B *** = Revolving Loan Fund (RLF) Included.
RLF*** module 1 improved fishing efficiency's 702,000 UNDP module 2 improved income earning 301,000 UNDP module 3 improved fishing techniques 136,000 UNDP module 4 improved marketing 218,000 UNDP module 5 improved administration 41,000 UNDP module 6 catalytic rôle 12,000 UNDP Total $1,410,000 UNDP
Input Budget
$759,000
Output
Budget
$1,410,000
Total Budget for UNDP Contribution to the Programme:-
4.2 Projected Resources
Projected resources from external sources include the
following:-
1. The sum of £17,000 from the British High Commission for the
Refurbishment of the fisheries Motor Vessel Heron. This vessel will be used for
experimental fisheries work as well as transport.
2. Two Peace Corps Volunteers have been working
with the forestry component of the programme and will continue with the
programme until the end of 1993.
3. DANIDA provided $111,111 for the forestry
component, which should enable the forestry programme to continue to the end of
1993 and possibly the beginning of 1994.
4. Additional resources for the programme are
expected through agencies running their own programmes such as the Red Cross,
HESAWA, and the Netherlands are all potential sources of additional expertise as
well as funding.
5. The government has also given support to the existing
programme in terms of staff and a 3.5 ton lorry which has been used extensively
in project operations. In addition the Fisheries department and regional
administration have agreed to an improved recurrent expenditure budget and a
small development budget. This will be used to construct a roof at the boatyard
under which canoes and fishing gear construction and fish processing can be
carried out.
These positive signs of contribution from both official and
external sources will not however bridge the development needs of the whole
programme which still has a substantial shortfall. However, the intention is to
improve on the current situation and new budget estimates for mid 1993 to mid
1994 have been submitted for approval. It is anticipated that the programme will
not receive all the support it has asked for but over the three year period of
this proposal, substantial improvements will have been made. In this respect it
is anticipated that improved budget allocations will coincide with reduced
"core" fisheries "programme" requirements so that recurrent expenditure will
match commitments.
5. Implementation Arrangements
5.1 Management
Describe the arrangements envisaged for the execution and
management of the programme.
5.1.1 The programme outlined in this document is designed to
build on the favourable arrangement which was tested during the pilot phase. The
rationale of the pilot phase programme was that it would operate through the
existing administrative structure using existing government employees of the
Fisheries Department and the Credit and Rural Development Bank. The Revolving
Loan Fund has been successfully operated through the co-operative efforts of the
Fisheries Department, CRDB and technical support of FAO. This arrangement has
worked well and these efforts have been coordinated through the office of the
Regional Development Director who has acted as chairman of the committee which
finally sanctions loans to the fishermen.
In addition to the fisheries Department staff and staff of the
CRDB the pilot phase was also engaged in the DANIDA funded forestry programme.
This exercise was again operated through employees of the Forestry Department
and has operated smoothly with some very positive results. The only real problem
with the current administrative structure is the difficulties raised from having
a dual administrative system. This has not, however, prevented progress during
the pilot phase.
For the full development programme it is recommended that the
current co-operative arrangements are maintained and the programme continues to
be executed through the Fisheries Department with FAO Technical support for the
first three years of the five year programme. This should allow time for the
intended training programmes to facilitate a smooth transition to continued
operation through the Fisheries Department. It would also allow sufficient time
to elapse for interventions in the private sector to prove their durability in
continuing those aspects of the development programme which is best left in
private hands. Given that this programme is needed to provide an initial impetus
to the Kagera fishery it should not be necessary, at least in the “core”
fisheries aspects of the programme, for continued external assistance after the
elapse of the first three years. By this time the process of encouraging the
government to progressively take over the full weight of the departments
recurrent and development expenditure should also be complete. Likewise the
level of total commitment experienced during the initial will progressively
diminish leaving a Fisheries Department which is better equipped to carry out
its original and primary functions.
To deal with the ''catalytic" rôle of the programme in
"interface” and farming it is proposed that the fisheries programme takes the
initiative in encouraging other participants to co-operate in helping the
fishing/farming communities. However, to consolidate these different
interventions it will be necessary for the Regional Planning Department of the
Regional Development Director to take the lead rôle in coordination.
5.2 Coordination:
The need for the efforts of the various donors and
agencies to be coordinated has already been dealt with in some detail in section
3. Prior and ongoing assistance. Briefly It Is recommended that the UNDP
Planning Project “Strengthening the Kagera Regional Administration In
Development Planning, Project Monitoring and Data Management" URT/89/018 be
encouraged to assist the Regional Authorities to tackle the job of co-ordinating
the inputs of all donors. For the fisheries/farming programme this would be a
quite finite area as there are currently no other agencies acting In the fishing
communities especially those along the coastline and the offshore Islands. This
would make co- ordination of the fisheries activities a relatively simple
matter.
Apart from the need for some formal arrangement between
the fisheries programme and other line Ministries, who may become Involved, the
day to day coordination would operate on a much more informal basis and be
centred around the logistic problems of arranging transport, timing, safety etc.
5.3 Implementation:
5.3.1 Fishing
"Core" fisheries programme inputs will be achieved through the
efforts of the Fisheries Department staff operating normally under the Regional
Fisheries Officer who will continue to act as programme coordinator. This
arrangement has proven satisfactory during the pilot phase and will be continued
during the main development programme. The staff of the fisheries
department will be carrying out their normal functions of
statistical and revenue collection and ensuring fisheries legislation Is
followed etc.
5.3.2 Revolving Loan Fund.
In addition Fisheries Department Staff will continue to develop
their liaison and co-operative rôle with the Credit and Rural development
Bank (CRDB) In the disbursement and control of the Revolving Loan Fund. So
far this arrangement has proven satisfactory with funds remitted to the Head
Office of the CRDB for conversion to foreign exchange for the repurchase of more
fishing gear.
5.3.3 FAO/Fisheries/CRDB liaison»
Specifically the Fisheries staff will assist the staff of
the CRDB to Identify registered fishermen who are known to be good at their job
and who are likely to repay the loans provided. To Improve the performance of
the fisheries and CRDB staff in this function further training will be provided.
There will also be jointly agreed criteria which can be followed by all Involved
in the fair and open provision of loans.
In the recovery of loans the CRDB and Fisheries staff
will work together and thereby ensure the continuation of the initially
favourable rate of repayment.
As the area is remote and inaccessible and the recipients not
used to contacts with officials of any kind, especially those associated with
lending, additional efforts will be made to ensure that the loans in kind (nets,
engines canoes etc) are used to the optimum. This will Involve the
training of fishermen In the construction of the gear concerned as well
training In the proper use of the equipment concerned and In the proper
operation and maintenance of the outboard engines.
Note: experience of the programme area fishermen has emphasised
the low levels of practical skill available In all normal fishing activities.
This includes Inability to repair, construct or use alternative gear and
techniques. Much training will be needed.
5.3.4 Loan repayment problems.
In cases where an individual Is having difficulty in repaying
the loan extent Ion work will be carried out by a team consisting of the Credit
Control Officer and a senior Fisheries staff member. Together with the local
fisheries officer, or nearest available, they will ascertain the reasons for
default and Initiate actions to either call in the loan, or preferably If it Is
a technical matter, put the matter right through further training. In any case
the intention Is not to leave defaulters In any doubt about the commercial
nature of the loans or the willingness of the fisheries extension team to help
where possible.
5.3.5 Revolving Loan Committee.
Overall control of the Revolving Loan Fund will be through the
Regional Management Committee which will be convened at least every quarter or
more as the need arises. This Committee Is responsible for all final decisions
concerning disbursements of loans In kind (no cash Is Involved) and twice a year
will be attended by the Director of Fisheries. Others who will attend the
Committee on a regular basis will be the Regional Development Director or his
deputy; the Regional Natural Resources Officer, Regional Fisheries Officer
/Coordinator and his deputy. The Regional Planning Officer will also attend
together with the District Fisheries Officers from Biharamulo, Muleba and Bukoba
Rural and Urban Districts.
5.3.6 Rôle of the CTA.
Finally, the FAO Chief Technical Adviser will backstop all
operations and offer advice where needed. This will Include the day to day
operations of the programme which will be managed by the Regional Fisheries
Officer with technical and administrative advice and financial control
continuing through the Chief Technical Adviser. The Chief Technical Adviser will
also be responsible for raising additional funding and assistance In the
execution of the overall programme and will be held accountable for the overall
achievements of the programme.
The achievement of outputs In the fields of Fishing, Fish
Processing, Mechanical, Women’s Development Programme, Canoe
construction etc will be the responsibility of each Section Head respectively.
Their operational control and guidance will be through the means of fortnightly
meetings Chaired by the Regional Fisheries Officer / Coordinator or In his
absence the next most senior member of staff. The CTA will always be present at
these meetings to provide guidance where necessary.
5.3.7 Forestry
With regard to the forestry programme, this will continue to be
operated through a member of the regional forestry department Seconded to the
programme with back-up from two Peace Corps Volunteers. When visiting the
Districts liaison with the respective District Forestry Officers will be
maintained wherever practical. Arrangements for the continued operation of the
Nyamirembe nursery will also be made and efforts to increase exposure in the
fishing communities of Biharamulo will be achieved through establishing a
subsidiary fisheries office where most of the fishermen live and where there is
a need for closer links with what may become the most important mixed fishery of
the entire Kagera coastline. There may also be the need to place the District
Fisheries Officer in Nyamirembe and not, as at present, 70 km away at the
District Headquarters.
Island visits involve extended journeys over water and require
food and accommodation to be carried on board. To facilitate
this type of extension work tented camps will be necessary and sound transport
vessels will be needed. Suitable vessels have already been constructed locally
but will need the provision of additional lifejackets to reassure staff and
visitors who are not used to boat travel.
5.3.8 Fund raising and programme support.
It will be the responsibility of the CTA and counterpart to
raise the additional funding and co-operative assistance
required to achieve the full programme and to add other aspects as and when the
need arises. In this activity the programme will be backstopped by the head
offices of UNDP and FAO who will be able to bring the attention of the programme
management to potential sources of extra funding. This activity may prove vital
in view of likely reductions in external support
5.3.9 Liaison with other Agencies and Donors.
With success in encouraging other agencies to support the
programme it will be necessary to liaise with them on two levels. First, at the
formal level in conjunction with the Regional Planning Authorities, to prevent
duplication of effort, especially where AIDS/HIV interventions are concerned,
but it is equally important to avoid interventions which conflict with one
another. In this respect areas of easy access to a variety of uncoordinated
interventions often confuse the situation. Fortunately, the project area is
relatively difficult to get to, but with coordination through the Planning
Office of the RDD (helped by URT/89/018), there will be a reduced likelihood of
conflicting aid interventions.
5.4 Substantive support: Describe the support which may be
required from UN agencies.
This programme provides considerable scope for the coordinated
actions of a variety of United Nations Agencies and Technical Assistance inputs.
Such assistance could be forthcoming from e.g., UNCDF, WFP, UNFPA, UNICEF
etc.
6. Monitoring And Evaluation Arrangements.
6.1 This section will be completed when the
content of the programme and extent of UNDP commitment is known.
C. Sustainability Analysis.
Definition: This programme aims to achieve continuity in
Regional Fisheries Department activities in those areas which are essential
(Regulation, licensing etc) by the end of the programme. Those
interventions such as the Revolving Loan Fund will depend for their continuity
on the stability of the rate of exchange and the CRDBs' ability to continue its
restructuring policy. In marketing, repair and maintenance, and fishing gear and
outboard engine supply, sustainability will be achieved through the
normal operation of the retail system where the initial impetus to the
improvement of fishing community incomes in Kagera will enable fishermen to save
enough from fish sales to purchase their own gear without continuing
assistance.
The institutional support for this programme starts with the
Department of Fisheries which is in turn a part of the Ministry of Natural
Resources, Tourism and the Environment. In terms of levels which accord with the
planned reduction in the range of activities in which the Kagera Fisheries
Department will become involved during the main thrust of the development
programme. This approximate balance should be achieved by the end of the three
year period and largely depends on three main factors:-
a) The reform of the administrative system to facilitate direct
control over Regional and District fisheries policy, control and direction. In
turn the Regional fisheries authorities should have direct control over the
District authorities. Currently this is not the case and leads to a less
effective administration.
b) The control of the fisheries research institutions by the
Fisheries Department in order to make research more responsive to the needs of
fisheries management and the environment.
c) The success or otherwise of the National and local Fisheries
Departments to raise funds for their operations in competition with other
Ministries
Summary: The chances are that current attempts to raise funds
for capital and recurrent expenditure from both national and regional budgets
will, by the elapse of three years, cover the fisheries departments' normal non
- programme rôle of regulation, licensing, extension etc., as well as the
catalytic rôle envisaged for helping other agencies and government departments
to continue to provide administrative assistance to the island and mainland
fishing communities.(see attached capital budget). It will not cover those
programme inputs, which were designed to give the Kagera fisheries sector a
boost in improving its contribution to the regional economy. These activities
will be sustained by others.
Given the appropriate technologies that the programme intends
to introduce and the extent of programme coverage in the fields of fishing, fish
processing and canoe construction etc. It is likely that the programmes
technical inputs will become self self-sustaining through their relevance
to the needs of the fishermen The technologies introduced are aimed to be
slight, but significant improvement on existing practices , not radically
different, such as industrial fishing would cause. These new practices will be
adopted by other fishermen on the basis of the example of those others in the
fishing communities who will have successfully adopted the introduced
technologies.
As already mentioned, there is a good chance of the national
authorities sustaining those aspects of the programme, which were historically
their responsibility.
Also, the CRDB will be able to sustain its lending rôle to
fishermen if the currently established mark-ups and attention to the parallel
market exchange rate are taken into account when loan disbursements are made.
Attention to these commercial aspects of the loan programme should enable the
CRDB to continue to revolve the Fund for several years after the conclusion of
the inputs from external sources.
External events, which will seriously affect the revolving
value of the Fund include problems of national inflation and the
withdrawal of external financial support to the economic recovery plan.
Current intentions make this unlikely.
The project is currently engaged in the encouragement of small
scale loans to women. These loans are being disbursed by means of informal
channels through local banks, shops and trustworthy individuals. The scheme will
be monitored by project staff initially, but through the Regional Natural
Resources Department in future. One of the most important cultural factors,
which affect all loans to women in Kagera, is that the husband of the woman
receiving the loan is entitled to that money. This can remove the incentive to
repay the loan to revolve the fund. Cultural aspects of development are still
under scrutiny and more needs to be done, especially in relation to this and
similar problems.
This programme is concerned with the sustainable exploitation
of fish stocks in Lake Victoria vis-à-vis the types of fishing techniques
employed. It is also concerned with the sustainable exploitation of fuel wood
resources in relation to the methods of processing employed.
Fishing gear.
With regard to the provision of fishing gear, only appropriate
and sustainable fish capture techniques are being encouraged through the
Revolving Loan Fund. e.g., Minimum 6" mesh size nets do not catch
Tilapia or the endangered indigenous Haplochromines, but do catch sizeable
Nile perch which are found in abundance; likewise, the encouragement of lift
nets and scoop nets targets Dagaa (sardine), stocks of which have increased
dramatically since the reductions in the Haplochromines. In addition, the lift
net is used in deeper water than the traditional scoop net and therefore spreads
Dagaa fishing effort to areas which have not hitherto been exploited. Local over
concentration of effort is also relieved by the effects of the adoption of
outboard engines, which similarly help reduce the risk of over fishing from gill
nets lift and scoop nets, as well as long line fishing. The programme does not
encourage beach seines or trawling which, in the context of Lake Victoria, could
prove damaging to the lakebed and juvenile fish stocks and lead to conflict.
Fish processing methods.
Fish processing in the region is largely carried out by smoke
drying in simple open sided ovens or sun drying the product. This programme
seeks to encourage the adoption of more fuel efficient smoking ovens and at the
same time try to divert attention away from the use of wood resources in the
processing of fish. This will be done by encouraging the use of salt and sun
drying of Nile perch as well as improved sun drying methods for Dagaa.
Trees are being planted (1 million in two years) in the fishing
villages with a range of strategies to ensure survival (formal legal agreements,
individual and communal woodlots, reserves etc).
At the moment, the stock of trees, especially in the outlying
islands, is very poor and is receiving the immediate action of the programme.
The stocks of target fish, in terms of research and visual evidence, are more
than adequate to sustain many times the inputs considered under the proposed
programme.
As already argued elsewhere, the whole programme has been
conceived with the sustainability of the programme interventions in relation to
the environment as a major concern.
The major risk concerning the whole programme is that the
Revolving Loan Fund will not be increased to provide the very things the
fishermen need most. If the programme is to be responsive to the real needs of
the fishing communities, expansion of the Revolving Fund is an essential
element. The reason for this is that the lack of fishing gear is the primary
concern of the fishermen of the entire coastline. If further assistance is
unlikely to be forthcoming, it will affect the success of every other
intervention being considered. The fishing communities are, for example, more
likely to listen to the need for care with respect to HIV and AIDS and other
intangible social benefits if they also expect assistance with the important
business of making a living. There is also good cause to believe that providing
fishermen with the physical equipment to earn an increased income also helps
them to do without external assistance. At the same time, it raises their own
expectations of being able to live a better life; and with improved expectations
the fishing communities may be more open to suggestions for improving their own
immediate environment.
If nothing else, the pilot phase has emphasized the linkages
between interventions of different types in the fishing communities. Providing
loans to women, for example, without similar loans to fishermen would be
entirely counterproductive in the context of these fishing communities.
Likewise, many other interventions would be affected by the same problems.
Module 7.
Core Objectives Associated with the Interface
between Fishing and Farming Communities.
Improved access to social services in fishing and farming
communities.
Objective: Health, nutrition, and socio-economic agencies
reaching the fishing and farming communities (encouraged by fisheries programme
catalytic rôle).
1 0/PT 7.1 Where appropriate health, sanitation and
water improvements in operation in the fishing/farming
communities.
0/PT 7. 2 Aids control programmes reaching all island and
mainland fishing/farming communities.
0/PT 7.3 Access to advice on nutrition and medical problems
established.
0/PT 7.4 Transport by boat for health/aids etc. programme
workers available and in operation from fisheries Department. (covered by
fisheries programme).
A/TY 7.4.1 Fisheries programme to provide canoe
transport/advice on villages etc. to co-operating agencies in the execution of
their respective action programmes. (covered by fisheries programme).
A/TY 7.4.2 Construct six base camps in selected island and
coastal fishing/farming communities for erection of tents under a protective
corrugated iron roof. (covered by fishing budget)
0/PT 7 .5 Aids widows/single vulnerable women in alternative
forms of employment to prostitution.
0/PT 7.6 Additional funds and personnel from a variety of
donors and sources assisting in the implementation of the health and
socio-economic programme.
A/TY 7.6.1.
Identify and pursue funding in this field.
Module8.
Increased private enterprise activity in Kagera Fishing/farming
communities.
Objective: increased activity from businesses and
entrepreneurs in the private Sector contributing towards improved employment and
income earning opportunities.
0/PT 8.1 Private enterprise occupants of the fish receiving
stations and boatyard with improved business prospects and employment
potential.
A/TY 8.1.1.Help LIC engineering (situated in boatyard)
with working capital to purchase raw materials, steel, etc for
more effective fishing/farming related output.
A/TY 8.1.2 Encourage additional funding/finance for appropriate
capital development schemes.(small scale business support, loans for
machinery, feeder road construction etc.)
A/TY 8.1.3 Continue to monitor/encourage private enterprise
and mutual understanding of market economy with advice on
agreements in the fishing/farming communities.
A/TY 8.1.4 Promote saving schemes in fishing/farming
communities.
Module 9.
Improved production and conservation practices in the fishing
and farming communities.
Objective: sustainable agricultural and rural
Development practices adopted at household and Community level in the
fishing/farming communities.
0/PT 9.1 Appropriate actions taken for the
conservation of the environment in the fishing/farming villages of
the offshore islands and lakeshore.
A/TY 9.1.1 Improve environment monitoring capacity of the
Regional Administration.
A/TY 9.1.2 Strengthen the Regional Administration by recruiting
an environmental specialist to verify and co-ordinate the actions of
the participants fishing/farming/forestry programmes
preventing the actions of one undermining the actions of others
e.g., fires, goats eating crops/trees.( to be placed as adviser to
the Regional Natural Resources officer of Kagera and covering game
conservation as well).
A/TY 9.1.3 prepare recommendations for the Region to tackle its
environment problems.
0/PT 9.1. 2 Fuel wood and fruit tree resources of the lakeshore
and offshore islands utilised on a sustainable basis for fish processing, canoe
construction and domestic uses.
A/TY 9.2.1 Survey all coastal and offshore Islands for
camps/villages with regard to state of fuel wood resources establishing
priorities for action.
A/TY 9.2.2 Devise a variety of appropriate strategies,
including - community forestry- government
plantations-individual woodlots and other approaches, to ensure that fuel wood
and fruit trees meet the needs of the fishing/farming communities.
A/TY 9.2.3 Establish two nurseries for the
production and sale of fuel wood and fruit trees. Use nurseries for
training people in tree planting for personal source of income.
A/TY 9.2.4 Train foresters in establishment of a participatory
approach to tree planting where such an approach is appropriate.
A/TY 9.2.5 Initiate a tree planting programme in the
fishing/farming communities which Is sustainable through the efforts of the
community / individual / school based etc.,
A/TY 9.2.6 Devise strategies to give legal
protection to those who engage in tree planting (legal agreements, solve
land tenure problems, especially on islands etc.,).
A/TY 9.2.7 Encourage the planting of fruit/fuel wood trees
(including oil palm, coconut, citrus etc) for medium long term source of income
and nutrition. etc.,
Module 10
Improved Communications Between Fishing/Farming
Communities and Mainland and Inland Markets.
Objective: Improved Access to Markets Through Improved
Communications between Islands and The Lakeshore and Between the Lakeshore and
Main Inland Roads.
10.1 0/PT 10.1 Transport canoes better constructed
and operating with improved margins of safety.
A/TY 10.1.1 Implement appropriate safety changes to transport
canoes/boats through improved construction techniques.
A/TY 10.1.2 Improve fuel efficiency and safety of
transport canoes through the introduction for sale
of diesel outboard engines (credit scheme).
A/TY 10.1.3 Implement village based safety and
rescue procedures.
A/TY 10.1.4 Refurbish dredger for the deepening of the Kagera
River entrance to facilitate the transport of sugar, bananas, beans etc from
Karagwe to lake Victoria markets (the forgotten road to the interior of Kagera).
10.2 0/PT 2 Feeder roads constructed between eight
strategically situated lakeshore communities and the main north/south road.
A/TY 10.2.1 Encourage UNCDF or others to fund the construction
of the feeder roads.
A/TY 10.2.2 Construct feeder roads.
A/TY 10.2.3 Maintain roads.
Module 11
Improved Development Co-Ordination in Kagera Fishing/Farming
Communities
Objective: Improved Development Coordination and Integration of
Development Interventions Through Improved Regional Administration Practices.
0/PT 1 Regional Administration initiating
coordination activities for development initiatives in the fishing/farming
communities of Kagera
A/TY 11.1.1 Establish the co-ordination rôle of the Regional
Administration with the support of the UNDP Planning assistance project
URT/89/018.
A/TY 11.1.2 Identify and encourage potential and existing
contributors to co-ordinate their activities through the Regional Administration
with the "core" fisheries programme.
A/TY 11.1.3 Promote government department cooperation
with the fisheries/ farming programme through the Regional Administration.
A/TY 11.1.4 Promote the co-operation of UNDP
agencies through the Regional Administration. ( UNFPA, WFP, UNICEF, Food
security programme).
A/TY 11.1.5 Encourage the participation of the CRDB in
co-ordination meetings.
11.2 0/PT 2 Operational modalities established through formal
and informal links with others working in the interlinked programmes.
fisheries/sociological/farming
A/TY 11.2.1 Co-ordinate and integrate development initiatives
through formal and Informal meetings and logistics planning with the Regional
Administration.
A/TY 11.2.2 Liaise with the Regional Administration In the
selection of participants In the programme.
Results Due to the Achievement of Outputs in the Socio-Economic
Aspects of the Interface.
1. Health sanitation and water problems within many of
the fishing communities will have been identified and improved through a HESAWA
action programme.
2. AIDS control/information programmes will have
helped to curb the spread of AIDS/HIV in the fishing /farming communities.
3. Access to advice on matters of health and nutrition will
have improved through interventions from government and non- government
agencies.
4. Education opportunities in fishing/farming communities will
have improved due to NGO and government interventions.
5. A UNCDF funded feeder road programme will have improved
transport between the coast and hinterland main roads and markets.
6. Private enterprise will be playing amore important rôle in
the provision of jobs in fishing and fishing related enterprises.
7. Skilled and semi-skilled artisans will employ
improved methods and tools within their respective trades.
8. Private enterprise will have improved access to
working capital.
9. Canoe transport between the islands and mainland will have
improved.
10. The main thrust of development in Kagera
will be coordinated through the Regional Office of the RDD.(helped in this
rôle by the UNDP planning project URT/89/018)
11. By the end of the five year programme government internal
recurrent expenditure will be covering a much reduced level of direct input to
the fisheries and have reverted to the rôle of regulator. This will occur after
the initial kick start provided by the fisheries credit programme etc has
enabled the fishery to be self sustaining in its operations.
Core outputs associated with the farming programme.
Module 12
Increased production from small scale farms on the offshore
islands and lakeshore fishing/farming Communities.
Objective: increased production of more varied cash and food
crops marketed for increased income and food security.
(Suggested outputs)
0/PT 12.1 Farmers growing more varied food and cash crops in
fishing/farming camps and villages.
0/PT 12.2 Farmer/fishermen keeping a wider variety small 'and
large livestock (ducks, chickens to sheep and cows) on islands and coastal
strip.
0/PT 12.3 Improved extension services reaching those engaged in
crop and livestock production with particular emphasis on women as cow raisers
and the keeping of small livestock.
0/PT 12.4 Improved availability of farm inputs including
fertilizers (GCP/URT/106/NET).
0/PT 12.5 Improved access to credit for farming
operations(storag6Jacilities, implements, fertilizers etc. , )
0/PT 12 . 6 Improved observance of bye-laws regulating
farming/livestock practices.
0/PT 12. 7. Island and lakeshore farmer/fishermen better
able to market their mixed produce to lakeshore and inland markets.
Results Due To The Achievement Of Outputs In The Farming
Programme
1. Improved and more varied crop production from small scale
farms.
2. Fishing/farming communities keeping more small and large
livestock under better control vis-à-vis attempts to grow crops and trees.
3. More villages with access to milk and milk products.
4. Improved use of manure in small scale shambas.
5. Women receiving improved extension services in
animal husbandry.
6. Small scale cultivators in fishing/farming
communities employing better techniques of crop cultivation.
7. Improved incomes in fishing farming villages from improved
crop marketing through improved communications.
8. Village populations with improved
understanding of environmental issues and taking actions favourable
to their immediate environment-.
9. Regional and District authorities better advised on
the environmental impact of the policies they pursue through UNV
advice.
10.Sustained production of forest products.
11. Offshore islands and coastal farming fishing communities
engaged in a range of tree planting schemes from plantations to individual
woodlots.
12.Better communications between fishing/farming communities
and inland main roads and markets.
The combined effects of the achievement of the outputs detailed
in this integrated programme will lead to a measurable impact on the development
objective through environmentally favourable initiatives leading to
improved incomes and better standards of health and nutrition through improved
food security.
Integrated Development of Fishing Villages in Kagera Region,
Tanzania
Project Formulation Framework for the Proposed Development
Programme of Pilot Project URT/90/005.
Brief Description of the Programme:
The Fisheries Programme involves the following: -
"Core" fishing
activities.
"Interface" programme of activities.
"Core" farming programme of activities.
Suggested outputs have been made
under a single module.
Conflict: development versus environment.
Overall. Objective (RFPB).
Develop rural fish culture
This section is the core of the programme support document.
Development Objective of the Programme.
Core Outputs Associated with the Fisheries Programme
Improved Marketing of Fresh and Processed Fish.
Improved regional /district fisheries department administrative
practices.
"Core" Farming activities.
Describe their role in support of the national programme.
The continuation of the CRDB operated revolving loan fund to artisanal
fishermen is an essential component in supporting the development programme
envisaged in this document.
Describe the comparative advantage for UNDP involvement and the role
ascribed to it.
Total Estimated Cost of Inputs for 3 Years
Total Estimated Cost Of "Core" Fisheries Outputs
Total Estimated Development Cost of the Core Fisheries Programme for Three
Years.
$2,169,000 / 3 = $723,000
1. Institutional.
2. Technical:
3. Economic/financial:
4. Cultural/Sociological.
5. Environment:
6. Risks.
Appendix 1.
Appendix 1.
Appendix 2
Appendix 2.
This treatise was uploaded to the web in September-December,2001 and is
dedicated to the memory of the author, my old school friend, Roderick.J.Beare Esq..
Contact Richard D.
Kneller.