Non-Wood Forest Products from Temperate Broad-Leaved Trees


Non-Wood Forest Products 15

by

William M. Ciesla

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Rome, 2002


Table of Contents


ADDITIONAL DISCLAIMER

This paper discusses some traditional and contemporary uses of non-wood products from trees and shrubs in medicine. This material is presented for information only and does not imply endorsement by the author or by FAO. Use of these products is not recommended unless taken under the care and guidance of a qualified physician.

Transport of some non-wood forest products (e.g. foliage, seeds, landscape or ornamental plants) across international boundaries poses a risk of accidental introduction of insects, fungi or other potentially destructive agents. It is recommended that anyone planning to move plant materials across international boundaries check with appropriate authorities in the country from where the products are to be exported and the countries into which the products are to be imported for import perrmit requirements, phytosanitary certificates or restrictions that might apply.

Movement of certain non-wood forest products across international boundaries may be subject to trade restrictions (both tariff and non-tariff). Appropriate authorities should be contacted prior to planned movement of any non-wood forest products across international boundaries. A review of trade restrictions affecting international trade in non-wood forest products may be found in:

FAO 1995. Trade restrictions affecting international trade in non-wood forest products, by M. Iqbal. Non-wood Forest Products, No. 8. Rome.

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

ISBN 92-5-104855-X

All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to the Chief, Publishing Management Service, Information Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to [email protected]

© FAO 2002


Table of Contents


FOREWORD

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1

AN OVERVIEW OF TEMPERATE BROADLEAF FORESTS

THE TEMPERATE ZONE
TEMPERATE FORESTS

SCLEROPHYLLOUS FORESTS
WARM TEMPERATE EVERGREEN FORESTS
TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FORESTS
BOREAL FORESTS

CHAPTER 2

TEMPERATE BROAD-LEAVED TREES IN HUMAN CULTURE

FOLKLORE, MYTHOLOGY AND RELIGION
SYMBOLS
HISTORY

HISTORICAL ANECDOTES
HISTORIC TREES AND FORESTS

CHAPTER 3

WHOLE TREES

LANDSCAPE AND ORNAMENTAL TREES

HISTORICAL ASPECTS
BENEFITS
DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS

Genetic variability
Foliage colour
Growth
Colourful flowers and fruits
Ability to tolerate harsh conditions

USES

Shade and roadside trees
Specimen and character trees
Shelters, screens and buffers
Wall trees

PESTS AND DISEASES

BONSAI

TEMPERATE BROAD-LEAVED TREES USED IN BONSAI

CHAPTER 4

FLOWERS AND FOLIAGE

HONEY

FORMS OF HONEY
RELATED PRODUCTS
NECTAR SOURCES

Eucalyptus spp.
Castanea sativa
Liriodendron tulipifera
Nyssa ogeche
Prosopis spp.
Robinia pseudoacacia
Tilia spp.

PRODUCTION AND TRADE

LEAF OILS AND FLAVOURINGS

EUCALYPTUS OILS

Types of oils and uses
Production and trade

BAY LAUREL
MINOR LEAF OILS

YERBA MATÉ
DECORATIVE FOLIAGE
MINOR AND TRADITIONAL USES OF FOLIAGE

CHAPTER 5

SAP AND RESIN

SYRUPS, SUGAR AND CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS

MAPLE SYRUP AND RELATED PRODUCTS

Historical aspects
Species
Products
Sap collection
Production and trade
Grading
Pests and diseases

BIRCH SYRUP AND RELATED PRODUCTS

STYRAX

USES
COMPOSITION
SPECIES
HARVESTING
PRODUCTION AND TRADE

MASTIC GUM

HARVESTING, PRODUCTION AND TRADE
USES

CHAPTER 6

BARK

CORK

HISTORICAL ASPECTS
CORK OAK
STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS

Density
Elasticity
Impermeability
Low conductivity
Other desirable characteristics

HARVESTING AND PROCESSING
USES
PRODUCTION AND TRADE
PESTS AND DISEASES

TANNIN

HISTORICAL ASPECTS
COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES
PRINCIPAL SOURCES
MINOR SOURCES

DYES

QUERCITRON
TRADITIONAL DYES

CASCARA
SAPONIN
MINOR AND TRADITIONAL USES

CHAPTER 7

FRUITS

TUNG OIL

HISTORICAL ASPECTS
COMPOSITION
USES
HARVESTING
PRODUCTION AND TRADE

CAROB
PROSOPIS PODS
MOUNTAIN ASH AND RELATED TREES - SORBUS SPP.
PERSIMMONS
HAWTHORN
SEA BUCKTHORN
BLACK ELDER
MEDLAR
BLACK RASPBERRY
OTHER MINOR FRUITS

CHAPTER 8

NUTS

ACORNS

HUMAN CONSUMPTION
DYES
FOOD FOR DOMESTIC ANIMALS AND WILDLIFE

BEECH NUTS

HUMAN CONSUMPTION
BEECH NUT OIL
FOOD FOR DOMESTIC ANIMALS AND WILDLIFE

CHESTNUTS

HISTORICAL ASPECTS
IMPORTANT SPECIES
NUTRITIONAL VALUE
PRODUCTION AND TRADE

China
Korea
Japan
Europe
United States of America
Australia

CULTIVATION
HARVESTING AND STORAGE
PREPARATION AND USE

NUTS OF CASTANOPSIS AND CHRYSOLEPIS
HAZELNUTS
HICKORY NUTS
PISTACHIOS
WALNUTS

HUMAN CONSUMPTION
DYE
OTHER PRODUCTS
HARVESTING AND PROCESSING
PRODUCTION AND TRADE

ALMONDS
MINOR NUTS

CHAPTER 9

NON-WOOD PRODUCTS FROM ORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH TEMPERATE BROAD-LEAVED TREES

EDIBLE MUSHROOMS

BOLETUS EDULIS

Distribution
Historical aspects
Harvesting and use

TRICHOLOMA MAGNIVELARE
TRUFFLES

Important species
Historical aspects
Commercial cultivation
Harvesting
Production, trade and regulation

SHIITAKE

Historical background
Cultivation
Harvesting and processing
Production and trade
Uses

MORELS
CYTARRIA SPP.
TRAMETES VERSICOLOR
MINOR FUNGI

INSECTS

SILK

Historical aspects
Silkworm culture
Production
Wild silk

DYES
GALL NUTS

Aleppo gall
Other galls

MISTLETOES

CHAPTER 10

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX 1

GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS

APPENDIX 2

SELECTED RECIPES

APPENDIX 3

SUMMARY OF MAJOR NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS OF TEMPERATE BROAD-LEAVED TREES BY FAMILY, GENUS AND SPECIES

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