Cover
A field guide for
THE DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF AFRICAN ANIMAL TRYPANOSOMOSIS

Contents


G. Uilenberg
(adapted from the original edition by W.P. Boyt)


The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.


M-27
ISBN 92-5-104238-1


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Contents

Preface

INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1
AFRICAN ANIMAL TRYPANOSOMES

Life cycles

Cyclical transmission

Mechanical transmission

Transmission by other means

Morphology

Basic morphology of trypanosomes

Locomotion

Reproduction

Differential morphology

Taxonomy and nomenclature

Taxonomy and nomenclature of trypanosomes

Specific morphology

The pathogenic trypanosomes

Epidemiology

Distribution

Chapter 2
AFRICAN ANIMAL TRYPANOSOMOSIS

Clinical aspects

Post-mortem findings

Pathogenesis

Economic aspects

Tsetse-transmitted trypanosomisis

Mechanically transmitted trypanosomosis

Chapter 3
DIAGNOSIS

Laboratory methods

Parasitological diagnosis

Indirect methods

Chapter 4
CONTROL

Control of the trypanosome

Chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis

Vaccination

Vector control

Past methods

Use of insecticides

Sterile male technique

Use of traps or screens

About eradication and control

Innate resistance to trypanosomosis

Integrated control

Chapter 5
NON TSETSE-TRANSMITTED TRYPANOSOMOSES

Trypanosoma evansi

The disease in camels

Surra in domestic buffalo, cattle and small ruminants

Surra in horses

Trypanosoma vivax

Trypanosoma equiperdum

Trypanosomes of livestock in Latin America

PRACTICAL TIPS FOR FIELD PERSONNEL

SAMPLE SIZE CONSIDERATIONS

FURTHER READING

Tables

Table 1
Classification of the pathogenic African trypanosomes

Table 2
The occurrence of African trypanosomes in domestic animals

Table 3
Normal temperatures of domestic animals

Table 4
Commercial trypanocides

Table 5
Cross-resistance between trypanocidal drugs

Figures

Figure 1
Diagram of a trypanosome

Figure 2
Division of a trypanosome

Figure 3
Trypanosoma congolense as seen in a stained blood smear

Figure 4
Trypanosoma simiae blood stream forms

Figure 5
Trypanosoma vivax blood stream forms

Figure 6
Trypanosoma brucei blood stream forms

Figure 7
Tsetse distribution in Africa

Figure 8
Temperature curve in a bovine suffering from T. congolense infection

Figure 9
The components of blood

Figure 10
Blood components after centrifugation

Figure 11
Microhaematocrit centrifuge

Figure 12
Sealing haematocrit tubes

Figure 13
Section through a slide adapted to hold haematocrit tubes

Figure 14
Immunofluorescent antibody test

Figure 15
Plasma concentration curves for two trypanocides with different excretion rates

Figure 16
Diagrammatic representation of a prophylactic situation

Figure 17
Taking a blood sample

Figure 18
Preparing blood films

Preface

This new edition of the well-known field guide on African animal trypanosomosis adheres as much as possible to the original style and, particularly, to the intention of the author of the first edition in that it is essentially meant to be a guide for field control personnel. Its scope has been extended somewhat beyond that of the African continent, as trypanosomes of African origin have spread to the Americas as well as to Asia, and even to Europe, but the main emphasis remains on Africa. More attention is also given to methods of control of the disease other than those using chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis, as it is being realized that drugs alone are not a sustainable answer, and have to be integrated into a multidisciplinary and flexible approach to control of the disease. For instance, the first edition did not touch upon the important subject of control of trypanosomosis through vector control.

Molecular methods have considerably changed virtually all aspects of our knowledge of African trypanosomosis, particularly in the fields of taxonomy, immunology and diagnosis. Nevertheless, this progress has not (yet) had much impact on the situation in the field, as will be evident from this second edition.

I am very grateful to Jan Slingenbergh and Brian Hursey of the Animal Health Service of FAO, Ron Dwinger of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division for Animal Health and Production, and Peter van den Bossche of the Regional Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control Project in Harare, for all the time they spent in reading the manuscript and for their many valuable corrections, comments and suggestions. Thanks are due to Joachim Otte of the Animal Health Service of FAO for compiling the appendix on considerations of sample size and also to Giorgio Beccaloni of the same service for his skilful rendering of several of the original drawings and for creating new ones.

G. Uilenberg