ANNEXES

Annex 1: Technical Data

THE RSGFSA METHOD

· Establish dialogue with a village community group on a theme concerned with management of forestry resources;

· Increase awareness of the participants on the theme, stimulate the voice of participants to identify and analyze the problem raised;

· Promote the suggestion of solutions and decision-making on activities to undertake and the involvement of different groups in the programming of activities.

Actors: Village communities, training officers (foresters, popularizers, community animators, NGO animators, etc.)

Place in the participatory approach cycle:

· Stage 2: awareness-building and consciousness-raising;

· Stage 3: identification of activities/search for solutions;

· Stage 4: programming.

Impact/community capacity to use the tool: Important potential impact, but implies well-conducted animation. The capacity of the population to use the tool is important, particularly if the figure drawings are realized by a local artist; the training of a community animator is necessary.

Linkages with other tools: Important: the RSGFSA method takes place after information phases and before training and programming phases. It complements the tools used in the course of these phases.

Cost: low

Conditions for implementation:

· Figure drawings adapted to the local context;

· Animators trained in group methodology and animation.

For more information:

Contacts:

· RSGFSA (Research and Support Group for Farmer Self-Advancement) 01 BP 785, Bobo Dioulasso - Burkina Faso

· WECESS (West African Centre for Economic and Social Studies) 01 BP 305, Bobo Dioulasso - Burkina Faso

Source: "Participatory approach, communication and forest resource management in Sahelian Africa - Balance and perspectives", FAO, Rome, 1995

RURAL RADIO

· Inform/raise awareness on the stakes of forest resource management;

· Gather opinions, expectations and solutions put forward by village communities in the field of forest resource management and make them available to planners and decision-makers;

· Provide village communities with a forum for expression;

· Exchange information, ideas and technical knowledge among villages and regions;

· Gather and disseminate knowledge and traditions in the field of forest resource management.

Actors: Village communities, radio station animators at national, regional and local level, water and forest technicians, village communicators.

Place in the participatory approach cycle: rural radio comes into play before and after the participatory approach cycle and can accompany all stages of the cycle.

Impact/community capacity to use the tool: Very important impact because of the use of local languages, the popularity of radio, the potential interactivity of the tool. The capacity of communities to use the tool is important as regards local and community stations.

Linkages with other tools: Strong: radio comes into play:

· before the different phases of the approach, to inform and raise awareness;

· during each phase, to make known and encourage positive initiatives and activities;

· at the level of follow-up and evaluation, to draw the balance of what has been done, to gather the opinions of the protagonists of activities, to disseminate information on successful initiatives, thus creating an "oil stain" effect in other communities.

Cost: Low for local stations, relatively high for national and regional stations primarily due to the costs of transfer to the field and transmission costs.

Conditions for implementation:

· Need for clear agreements with national, regional or local radio stations;

· Need to train forest officers in radio production techniques to create mixed production and animation teams;

· Need for good coverage by radio stations of the zone concerned and good transmission times for programmes.

For more information:

Reading:

· One Thousand and One Worlds: rural radio manual, FAO

· The Radio Passion, GRET, 21 rue Lafayette, 75010 Paris, France

· Convergences Magazine, CIERRO, BP 385, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Source: "Participatory approach, communication and forest resource management in Sahelian Africa - Balance and perspectives", FAO, Rome, 1995

ACCELERATED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH METHOD (APRM)

Participatory method of rapid diagnosis of physical and socio-economic conditions at the rural level and design of an outline of integrated development.

Objective:

Understand potentialities, the state of natural resources and the constraints of the physical and socio-economic environment, as well as people's strategies in terms of natural resource management.

Characteristics:

· Multi-disciplinary, rapid diagnostic tool;

· Easy use, permitting the acquisition of a certain knowledge of rural situations;

· Enhancement of local know-how;

· Useable at different stages of the participatory approach:

· Stage 1: exploratory research;

· Stage 3: thematic research;

· Stage 4: planning;

· Stage 6: evaluation;

· Fixing a situation of reference.

Main information gathered:

· Characteristics of the physical, human and socio-economic land environment, systems of exploitation and the dynamics of land occupation;

· History of the land, training (training structures, projects in the zone of intervention, etc.), modes of social organization.

Main tools used:

· Animation sessions, individual or group discussions (semi-directive);

· Observation/listening;

· Reading the land on a participatory basis;

· Production of maps, cartographic documents and figure drawings: land maps, transects (morphopaedological units), calendar of agricultural and other activities.

Observations:

Importance of knowing the objective from the outset.

Source: "Participatory approach, communication and forest resource management in Sahelian Africa - Balance and perspectives", FAO, Rome, 1995

MICRO-REALIZATION (MRL)

Small rural development operation that involves a limited number of coherent activities and which, through local control, constitutes a means of self-development for populations. It is an operation of reduced dimensions from a geographical point of view in which recurrent responsibilities are light and the time-span of execution relatively short.

Objective:

To satisfy the needs expressed by populations themselves thanks to technology they can control and through which they can guarantee sustainable exploitation.

Characteristics:

· The village which identifies an MRL ensures the design and management in whole or in part. It participates physically and financially in its execution;

· MRLs comprise development operations characterized by:

· taking into account needs expressed by populations;

· reduced size in terms of the human, material and financial resources necessary for their realization;

· unimportant recurrent costs borne by the village community;

· short implementation time-span;

· use of technology controllable by beneficiaries;

· active participation of the population at all stages, including the design phase;

· total or partial control of the operation by populations as soon as they begin to operate.

· Development of ponds, shallows and small irrigated areas (market garden areas);

· Installation of and equipment for market garden wells;

· Development of anti-erosion protection;

· Raising of small ruminants;

· Introduction of grain mills, improved ovens.

Source: "Participatory approach, communication and forest resource management in Sahelian Africa - Balance and perspectives", FAO, Rome, 1995

Annex 2: Administrative and demographic information of the Previnoba zone

In 1988, the Office of Forecasting and Statistics published a list of villages in Senegal's 10 administrative regions. The demographic data for each village and hamlet are broken down by gender. In terms of the project intervention zone, demographic data broken down by gender are available for the 20 villages in which a land development and management plan has been drawn up.

Of the 23 PREVINOBA officers with technical expertise, one is a woman, responsible for coordinating women's activities. Women teachers or supervisors employed in the 23 rural communities covered by the project cooperate, as needed, with the project.

Annex 3: A woman's Senegal: figures from the Women's Action Plan (1997-2001)

Percentage of women: 52%

Synthetic index of fertility: 6

Average age women at first marriage: 16.6 years

Contraceptive spread in rural areas: 3.3%

Rate of male illiteracy: 63%

Rate of female illiteracy: 78%

Cultivable surface area in millions of hectares: 28,162

Cultivated surface area: 3.8%

Cultivated food-producing surface area: 40%

Cultivated income-earning surface area: 60%

Number of groups with membership in the National Federation of Women's Advancement Groups: 4,000

Number of members: 500,000

Percentage of women municipal and rural councillors: 9.09%

Percentage of women ministers: 9.3%

Percentage of women MPs: 10%

Percentage of women village chiefs: 0%

Percentage of women mayors: 0%

Annex 4: Examples of participatory tools used

· Transect

· Calendar of women's activities and

· Calendar of men's activities on the land in Darou Nguer, rural community of Koul, district of Mérina Dakhar

VENN DIAGRAM

TRANSECT

Ndiagne					Diaksaw
Occupation	Fallow	Village   Mosque   Literacy class   millet, groundnuts,   niébé, cassava	Shallow   sorghum, cassava,   niébé, sorrel,   gombo	Sorghum,   groundnuts, niébé	Shallow,   cassava,   groundnuts,   millet	Millet
Vegetation	Dambal,   Acacia albida,   Guiera   senegalensis,   Parkia biglobsa,   Piliostigma   toningii	Azadiracta indica,   Adansonia digitata,   Prosopis juliflora,   Acacia raddiana,   Eucalytpus camal,   Lawsonia inermis   Village wood	Acacia albida,   Lannea acida,   Guiera   senegalensis,   Acacia raddiana,   Andropogon   gayanus	Parinari macrophylla,   Acacia albida,   Sterculia setigera,   Tamarindus indica,   Balanites aegyptiaca,   Grewia bicolor,   Fekh,   Khouret	Sterculia   setigera,   Balanites   aegyptiaca,   Acacia   albida,   Adansonia   digitata,   Acacia   raddiana,   Calotropis   procera,   Tamarindus   indica,   Sawat	Comretum   glustinosum,   Acacia albida,   Ziziphus   mauritania,   Guiera   senegalensis,   Piliostigma   toningii,   Adansonia   digitata,   Balanites   aegyptiaca
Animals	Cattle   Sheep   Goats   Asses	Sheep   Cattle   Goats   Poultry   Asses		Livestock after harvesting		Livestock after harvesting
Soil	Dior   Deck-dior	Dior	Deck-dior	Dior	Deck-dior   Unsuitability of agricultural   material,   Lack of fertilizing species	Dior   Problem of fertility,   wind erosion,   parasites (striga, nematodes, insects, locusts)

CALENDAR OF WOMEN'S ACTIVITIES

January (Barakhlu)	- reconstruction of better ovens
	- production of soap and cosmetic products
	- small trade
February (Koor)	- collection and storing of fuel wood
March (Korri)	- sewing and small trade
April (Diggi)	- sewing and small trade
May (Tabaski)	- village cleaning
	- grain husking and seed preparation
June (Tamxarit)	- storing of fuel wood
	- seed preparation
July (Diggi)	- reafforestation
August (Gamou)	- weeding and hoeing
	- thinning out of millet, harvesting early niebe
September (Raki Gamou)	- husking, drying, storing
October (Rakati Gamou)	- harvesting of sorrel and millet, winnowing
November (Mamou Koor)	- threshing, winnowing, spice collection
	- drying of sorrel
December (Ndeye Koor)	- groundnut grinding
	- sale of husked grains
	- basketwork
	- sewing

CALENDAR OF MEN'S ACTIVITIES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ba Daouda, Ndiaye Khairy Oumy, Impact of forest projects on women, Support project for the national rural forestry programme, Dakar, Senegal, August 1996

Canadian Council for International Cooperation, Another kind of development: practical guide to women-men relations in development

FAP, Participatory approach, communication and forest resource management in Sahelian Africa - Balance and perspectives, Rome, 1995

FAO, Gender and development: Information dossier, Women in Development Service, Women and Population Division, Department of Sustainable Development, Rome, 1996

FAO, Gender Analysis and Forestry, International Training Package, Forests, Trees and People, Rome, 1996

MBOW Penda, Women and Islam in Dutch Cooperation in Senegal: The case of PREVINOBA

Ministry for Women, Children and the Family, Action Plan for Women 1997-2001, Dakar, Senegal

Ministry of the Environment and Protection of Nature, Senegalese Forestry Action Plan, Dakar

Office of Forecasting and Statistics of Senegal, List of villages in the region of Thies

PREVINOBA,

- Interim report on Phase 1, 1990

- Conclusions and recommendations of Phase 2, 1996

- Project document for Phase 3, 1995

- Work plan 1996

- Work plan 1997

- Introductory report for the tripartite mid-term evaluation mission, April 1997

- Integrated development and management plan for village land in Mbar Diop, Ndine and Darou Nguer

SITIKE Kupérus, Participation of women in forest activities in Senegal, Situation in the PREVINOBA intervention zone, July 1990

UNICEF, Analysis of the situation of children and women in Senegal, Dakar, 1995

Water and Forest Management, Ministry of the Environment and Protection of Nature, Report of the reflection workshop: Gender and sustainable development in the context of natural resource management, 8-9 March 1995