PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST JOINT WORKSHOP HELD IN LILONGWE, MALAWI
5-9 DECEMBER 1988
by the
PASTURES NETWORK FOR EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA (PANESA)
and
AFRICAN RESEARCH NETWORK FOR AGRICULTURAL BY-PRODUCTS (ARNAB)
edited by
B.H. Dzowela, A.N. Said, Asrat Wendem-Agenehu and J.A. Kategile
MARCH 1990
PANESA/ARNAB
International Livestock Centre for Africa PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Correct citation: PANESA/ARNAB (Pastures Network for Eastern and Southern Africa/African Research Network for Agricultural By-products). 1990. Utilization of research results on forage and agricultural by-product materials as animal feed resources in Africa. Proceedings of the first joint workshop held in Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988. PANESA/ARNAB, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 833 pp.
This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software and careful manual recorrection. Even if the quality of digitalisation is high, the FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version.
Preamble to the meeting
ILCA, ADDIS ABABA
Statement by Jackson A. Kategile
K.O. Adeniji, chief, animal production section OAU/IBAR Nairobi, Kenya
Speech by Honourable L.J. Chimango, MP, minister of finance, Malawi
Keynote address: The institutional and research factors that affect the optimisation of research results use
Utilisation of pasture research results in Tanzania
Abstract
Introduction
Past pasture research and development
Current pasture research
Impact of pasture research
Lack of national objectives, co-ordination and integration
Manpower situation
Research funds
Extension service
Pasture utilisation systems
Availability of farm inputs and input-output delivery channelsPossible objectives and priorities
Abstract
Introduction
Agricultural by-product feed resources available in Ghana
Abstract
Introduction
Research technology generation
Dissemination of research results
Gap Between Research and Extension
Dissemination Methods
LinkagesUtilisation of forages and farm by-products by small-scale farmers
Adoption of research results on Napier grass
Technology development and adoption through on-farm trials
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
ReferencesAbstract
Introduction
The livestock industry
Research recommendations
Management
Discussion
Dissemination of research results to users by extension agents
Inputs supply
Prices
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Selected Farmers
Cattle Used
Roughage Used
Concentrate
Technological PackageMilk yield
Number of Inseminations per conception
Calving interval
Occurrence
Constraints observedA review of forage production and utilisation in Nigerian savanna
Abstract
Introduction
Forage species evaluation
Forage production
Utilisation by livestock
Utilisation of research results by farmers
Suggestions to improve utilisation of research results to farmers
ReferencesAgricultural By-Products Research Undertaken
Applicability of the Research ResultsForage production and utilisation at the small-scale holder level in Tanga district, Tanzania
Assessment of the grazing value and carrying capacity of the natural flora.
Improvement of the natural pastures
Grazing management and animal performance studies on natural pastures
Adaptability and compatibility of improved grasses and legumes
Limitations on the Use of Research ResultsTypes of the smallholder systems
Feed supply and utilisation in the three smallholder systemsProblems in the use of some technologies
Forage utilisation
Availability of inputs
Lack of specialisationUtilisation of research results in range production and management systems in Kenya1
Abstract
Introduction
Nature of available results
Record of utilisation of available results
Constraints in the adoption of new interventions
Local Involvement
Land Tenure Problems
Appropriateness of Technology
Cost of inputs
Research Extension Methodology
Social Acceptability of InterventionsFuture directions for agricultural research - some thoughts on what needs to be done.
ReferencesThe use of crop residues for livestock feed by small farmers in the Gambia
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Results
Discussion and implications of results
The role of Animals in Gambian Farming Systems
Land Tenure Effects on Livestock, Crop, and Forage Production
Forages in Gambian Farming Systems
The success of the Crop Residue Feeding InnovationForage research and development for livestock production in Uganda
Review of forage research programme since 1900
Type of research
Descriptive research
Quantitative research
Forage Development Phases
Current Research Programmes
Major constraints in Uganda and possible remedies
Strategies to generate utilisable research data
Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Survey Findings
4. Implementations of the evaluation resultsBudgeting and allocation of feed resources
Introduction
Materials and supplies
Results
Discussion
ReferencesIntroduction
Available technology
Utilization of research results
Suggestions to improve the utilization of forage research results
ReferencesAbstract
Introduction
Crop residues
Forage conservation
Use of research results
Conclusion
ReferencesFeeding systems for milk production in the high potential areas of Kenya: on-farm trials
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Analyses
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
ReferencesCrop production systems and animal feed resources in Mzuzu
PasturesReview of research to date
Materials and methods
Experimental animals and feed resources
Experimental measurements
Evaluation of improved forages on - farmAdoption of forage innovations by Malagasy small-scale dairy producers
Legume supplementation of maize stover
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Acknowledgements
ReferencesAbstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Forage production and preparation
Digestibility study
Intake study
Growth study
Chemical and data analysesIntake and digestibility study
Growth study
Nitrogen balanceResearch on maize stover as livestock feed on Swazi nation land
Abstract
Introduction
Cropping patterns
Animal performance on natural pastures in Swaziland
The pattern of crop residue utilisation on SNL
Responses of west African dwarf sheep fed cassava peel and poultry manure based diets
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgements
ReferencesAbstract
Introduction
Methodology - Study area
Feeding value of Sesbania and Leucaena browse
Abstract
Introduction
Material and methods
Results and methods
Molasses energy blocks for beef cattle
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Block quality
Block stability
Block consumption by beef cattleBlock quality
Block hardness
Block consumption by beef cattle
Block costingsAbstract
Introduction
Study area
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
ReferencesAbstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Experimental Designs
Feeding and growth period
Digestibility
Statistical analysisUse of sorghum bran and groundnut haulms in sorghum stover based diets for crossbred cows
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Results
Partial replacement of maize with graded levels of corn cobs in pig weaner/grower diets
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
ReferencesSummary
Introduction
Materials and methods
Can agro-industrial by-products and crop residues save the Nigerian livestock industry
Introduction
Supply of agro-industrial by-products and crop residues
Livestock to benefits from agro-industrial by-products and crop residues
Constraints on the country-wide utilisation of research results on agro-industrial by-products and crop residues
Lack of appropriate terms.
Lack of biological screening
Contrasting responses of animals of different species, physiological states and ages.
Composition differences of crops
Conflict between the goals of the researcher and the farmerPotential of rubber seed as protein concentrate supplement for dwarf sheep of Cameroon
Abstract
Introduction
Material and methods
The unexploited potential of improved forages in the mid-altitude and lowland areas of Ethiopia
Abstract
Introduction
Livestock population
Cattle production systems
Livestock productivity
Natural pastures
Economic importance of cattle
Tested cultivated pasture and fodder crops
Establishment of improved forages in natural pastures
Seed production potential of improved forages
Present status of improved forages in the farming systems of the mid-altitude and lowland areas of Ethiopia
Conclusion
ReferencesAbstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Experiment 1: Fibrous root development
Experiment 2: Tuber development and vine quality
Experiment 3: Effect of supplement sweet potato vines and cottonseed cake (SCS) on growth of weaned Boran calves.Fibrous Roots
Freshy roots
Tops dry weight
Chemical composition of tops
Calf responses
Practical implications
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Discussion
Intercropped methodology
Effect of soil and climatic factors
Factors affecting adoptionStrategy of SADCC/ICRISAT regional programme on the improvement of sorghum and millets as forages
Introduction and Evaluation
Cereal forage yield trial
Forage Sorghum Introduction Nursery
Breeding Programme
1988-89 TrialsIntroduction
Breeding habit
Germplasm assessments
Variety assessment
Breeding programme
Prospects
Route to agricultural application
ReferencesPractical applications of in vitro techniques to forage germplasm
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Materials
Surface sterilisation
Inoculation
Incubation
Rooting
Transfer to soilCollection
Initiation and multiplication
Slow growth conservation
Adventitious regeneration
Establishment in SoilProductivity of oversown natural pastures in northern Tanzania
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Grazing Experiment
Stocking Rates
Experimental design
Measurements
Botanical composition
Dry matter production
Liveweight gains measurementsAnnual dry-matter yield
Presentation yield (kg/ha) during the grazing period.
Botanical composition of pastures
Pasture quality
Liveweight gains (LWG) of grazing animalsDry-matter (DM) yield
Presentation yield
Botanical composition
Pasture quality
Liveweight gains
Relevance of oversowing to pasture improvement in TanzaniaAbstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Introduction of legumes into farming systems
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
ReferencesAbstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Experiment 1: Urea treatment of dry-processed coffee pulp.
Treatment procedure
Sample processing and method of analysis
Experiment 2: Laboratory evaluation of wet-processed pulp obtained from 15 cultivars of coffee cherries in Ethiopia.
Separation of the pulp from the cherries
Preparation of the pulp for analysis
Chemical Analysis
Statistical analysisExperiment 1: Effect of dry processing and urea treatment.
Utilisation of the research results
Problems concerned with full utilisation of the research results - Extension and research linkageAn integrated approach to natural resource management: experience from northern Kenya
Abstract
Introduction
IPAL project
Study area
Evolution of the programme
Inventory and descriptive phase.
A gunny-bag ensiling technique for small-scale farmers in Western Kenya
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Maize stalks
Sorghum stalks
Sugarcane tops
Bana grass
MethodsSummary
Introduction
Pre-extension 'component' technology testing approach
Results
The 'whole-farm' package approach
Discussion and conclusion
ReferenceAbstract
Introduction
Methodology
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgements
ReferencesPasture research conducted in niari valley ranches
Mineral composition of forages
Chemical composition of mineral block licksSome constraints to adoption of agro-byproducts research results by the communal farmers of Zimbabwe
Abstract
Introduction
The constraints
Restricted flow of information
Lack of cash to buy inputs
Lack of appropriate processing equipment
Low quantities of complementary crop residues
Multiple role of communal area livestockAbstract
Introduction
Constraints to on-farm urea utilisation in sahelian countries
Urea processing
Technical constraints to dissemination of urea treatment of cereal straws
Physical treatment of straw
Tools of treatment
Ensiling time
Cost of urea treatment of strawConclusion
Constraint to utilisation of browse plants in the diet of ruminants in the sahel
Nutritive value of browse plants
Intake and toxicity
Digestibility and intra-ruminal degradation.
On-farm utilisation of trees and shrubs
Storage of trees and shrubs
Supplementation of ruminants
Browse management in pastureAdoption of the rhizobium inoculation technology for pasture improvement in sub-Saharan Africa
Abstract
Introduction
Rationale for using rhizobium inoculants
Benefits from inoculation with Rhizobium spp
Importance of effectively nodulated pasture legumes
Rhizobium inoculant demand
Constraints to adopting inoculants for pasture improvement
Conclusions and recommendations
ReferencesProblems and utilisation potential of seasonally waterlogged lands in Zimbabwe: a brief review
Introduction
Soils
Towards a defination of views
Dambo distribution and morphology
Dambo vegetation
Significance of dambos in peasant farming communities
Conclusion
References
Workshop summary and recommendations