China - continued

by

Prof. Hu Zizhi and Dr Zhang Degang

Grassland is defined, in China, as land mainly covered by herbaceous vegetation, or with sparse shrubs or trees concurrently present in the community. It can provide food for livestock and wildlife; it is also a kind of land-organism resource that can provide a graceful environment, organic products and other functions for the human population (Hu Zizhi, 1997). Land sown to grazeable forages is defined as artificial grassland.

China is one of the countries with the most plentiful grassland resources in the world. The total area (see Table 9) is 392,832,633 ha. (1994), which accounts for 11.82 percent of the world’s grassland - and takes third place after Australia and Russia. The area of usable grassland is 330,995,458 ha. (excluding Hongkong, Macao and Taiwan); 34.49 percent of the national land area. Most of China’s grassland is in the northern arid and cold areas. For grassland area and number of livestock the six major pastoral areas are, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Sichuan and Gansu. The grassland of these regions accounts for 74.68 percent of the national total and the grazing herbivorous livestock accounts for around 70 percent (see Table 10).
[References: Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine Division of Agriculture Ministry of China, 1994, 1996; China Resource Information Editorial Committee, 2000)

Grassland Classification

Because of the huge territory, complex terrain, diverse climate and long history of grassland utilization, there are many grassland types in China and this led to in-depth research on grassland classification. Currently, there are two systems of grassland classification with more than 40 years' research behind them.

The Vegetation-habitat Classification System This was created by Prof. Liao Guofan, Prof. Su Daxue, Prof. Xu Peng, Prof. Liu Qi, and Prof. Zhang Zutong. It is a compendious and non-numerical system based on the subjective judgement of the surveyor. It was used for the national survey of grassland resources from 1980 to 1990 (Rangeland Resources of China, 1996). Most of the data cited in this document are from that investigation. The system has four grades.

The Comprehensive and Sequential Classification System (see Figure 13) This was created by Prof. Ren Jizhou, Prof. Hu Zizhi, Prof. Zhang Degang, Prof. Long Ruijun and Dr. Gao Caixia etc. Its features are:

1. the basic unit, Class, is divided through humidity grade and thermal grade. This method enables quantitative classification and computer retrieval;
2. the Classification index chart can visually indicate the different classes, sort order of classes, the grassland development relation and zonal features among classes;
3. it can be used for grassland classification all over the world within a unified system.

There are four grades in this system.

• First grade: Class Group, after the Class is determined the Classes can be merged into Class Groups according to cumulative temperature or humidity.
• Second grade: Class, is divided in terms of thermal and moisture conditions. Thermal grade is determined with >0 ºC accumulative temperature (see Table 11). Humidity grade is determined with humidity (see Table 12). Class is named with thermal grade, humidity grade and representative zonal vegetation climax consecutively.
• Third grade: Subclass, is divided according to land condition, including soil and terrain. Soil type is used in flat area and terrain type in hilly area. Subclass is named with the name of soil or terrain.
• Fourth grade: Type, is divided and named with the dominant species in the plant community.

Figure 13. Index Chart of Class of Comprehensive and Sequential Classification System

According to the Vegetation-habitat Classification System, grassland in China can be divided into nine classes and 276 types. The names of classes and subclasses and their areas are shown in Table 13. There are 69 types in Temperate Steppe Class, 39 types in Temperate Desert Class, 25 types in Warm Shrubby Tussock Class, 39 types in Tropical Shrubby Tussock Class, 51 types in Temperate Meadow Class, 24 types in Alpine Meadow Class, 17 types in Alpine Steppe Class, 4 types in Alpine Desert Class and 8 types in the Marshes Class. See Figure 14 for broad grassland distribution and Figure 15 for photographs of some grassland types.

Figure 14. Grassland Distribution and Classes

Figure 15. Landscape (photographs) of different grassland classes (click to view full image)
15a) Alpine steppe type, Tibet	15b) Alpine desert type, Tibet	15c) Temperate steppe type, Inner Mongolia
15d) Alpine meadow steppe type, Quinghai	15e) Temperate meadow steppe type, Inner Mongolia	15f) Temperate desert steppe type, Quinghai

Because grassland is used for livestock production, its productivity may be measured by three indexes:

1. dry herbage yield, indicates the essential productivity of grassland;
2. carrying capacity, indicates the intermediate productivity of grassland;
3. animal product units, indicates the end productivity of grassland.

Index of Grass Yield Herbage yield varies greatly among different classes and types since most grassland is in arid and alpine areas with low productivity. The dry grass yield is 911 kg/ha. on average, the highest is 2,544 kg/ha. from Tropical Shrubby Tussock Class and the lowest is 117 kg/ha. from Alpine Desert Class (see Table 14).

Carrying Capacity Index Carrying capacity is the number of animals and the time of grazing that a specified class can support per unit, it can be expressed in animal units, time units or grassland units. The theoretical carrying capacity of the national total grassland is 448,920,000 sheep units (the sheep unit is defined as one 40-kg ewe with lamb, the daily intake is 5 to 7.5 kg of fresh grass); a sheep unit needs 0.93 ha. of grassland. The carrying capacity of Tropical Shrubby Tussock Class is the highest with 0.33 ha. per sheep unit per year and Alpine Desert Class is the lowest with 9.27 ha, which is around 10 times the average (see Tables 15 and 16).

Figure 16. Carrying capacity pattern chart of different grassland classes

Animal Product Unit Index

An animal product unit (APU) is defined as the output of standard animal product unit per unit grassland area in a specified time. All animal products from grassland should be converted into standard animal product units [Ren Jizhou et al. (1985) and Hu Zizhi (1979)].

One APU equals 1 kg of liveweight of grazing beef cattle with medium nutrition condition; it contains approximately 26.5 MJ of digestible energy or 22.5 MJ of metabolisable energy or 13.9 MJ of net energy for liveweight gain. The following rules should be followed when converting animal products into APU:

1. liveweight is carcass of cattle and sheep with medium fatness;
2. milk is standard milk with 4 percent fat and 8.9 percent solid-not-fat matter;
3. wool is scoured wool;
4. draught animal is an adult of medium body weight;
5. work output of draught animal is low-grade;
6. hides should meet common processing requirements;
7. lamb-wool should meet common requirements.

The norms used for converting animal products into APU are based on comparing energy requirement with APU. For convenience, the conversion rates for different animal products are shown in Table 18. These rates are determined according to the proportion of different parts of slaughtered beef cattle or mutton sheep of at least medium size (Table 17).

This can truly show the amount of animal products which a unit of grassland could provide for humans in a specified period when APU is used to evaluate grassland productivity. Moreover, it avoids the inaccuracy caused by carrying capacity and it is convenient to compare grassland productivity among different regions or countries. According to the statistics, the average grassland productivity of China is 7.02 APUs per ha, which is 7.02 kg carcass or 0.45 kg net wool or 70.2 kg milk if converted into sole animal product. This productivity is very low compared with developed countries.

There are many factors which can ruin grass growth and grassland ecology. Apart from over-grazing, these include grassland rodents, pests, diseases, toxic plants, harmful plants and fire. Of these rodents and pests are most important. The area of grassland destroyed by rodents ranges from 1,700,000 to 2,000,000 ha. (see Table 19) and pests damage 6,500,000 to 7,500,000 annually. The economic loss caused by rodents and pests is 1,300,000 to 1,400,000 RMB Yuan (equivalent to 160 to 170 million US dollars). In some areas, farmers have to move to other places or even become ecological refugees because the grassland has been totally destroyed by rodents and no forage remains.

China has set up a remote sensing grassland disaster monitoring system for grassland (mainly for fire and snow). This system can estimate the area of snow-covered grassland and depth of snow.

Grassland Rodents

1)Species of harmful grassland rodents. There are more than 80 species distributed in different grassland types.

Temperate Steppe: Microtus arvajis, M. brandtii, M. gregalis, Myospalax aspalax, M. fontanieri, M. psiluris, Allactaga sibirica, Lepus capensis, L. mandschurica, Ochotona daurica, Citellus daurica, Marmota sibirica, Cricelulus barobensis, Meriones unguiculatus, and M. meridiaus

Temperate Desert: Lepus yarkandensis, Ochotona pallasi, Citellus dauricus, Citellus erythrogenys, Citellus Pygmaeus, Rhombomys opimus, Meriones unguiculatus, M. meridianus, Lagurus sagitta, and Stylodpus telum

Alpine Grassland: Lepus oiostolus, Ochotona curzoniae, O. Tibetana, O. Thomasii, O. cansus, Marmota himalayana, Pitymys irene, P. lencurus, P. oeconomus, Myospalax fontanieri, and Allactaga sibirica

2) Measures for rodent control. The guidelines for rodent control in China are "To make a full-scale plan and focus on the key regions, to strengthen the monitoring and comprehensively control in safe and efficient ways". The measures are as follows:

(1) Trapping. This involves catching rodents manually with simple tools. It is safe for people and animals and the skin and bone of captured rodents could be utilized, but it is time and labour costly and cannot be carried out on a large scale at the same time.

(2) Poisoning. This is a simple, easy and efficient method to kill rodents and can be done on a large scale at the same time. But it is costly and causes environmental pollution. Attention must be paid to safety of people and animals when toxic chemicals are used.

(3) Biological measures

(4) Ecological measures The rodent population could be reduced dramatically by establishing perennial artificial grassland since forbs (favourite food of rodents) could be eliminated from the community. This is very efficient where the grassland is completely damaged and has become bare ground. Ochotona curzoniae and Myospalax fontanieri on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau could be effectively controlled thus.

Many pest insects threaten natural grassland, such as locusts, meadow caterpillar, meadow moth, leaf beetle, long-horned grasshopper, and carabid beetle.

1) Locusts There are more than 50 species of locust on natural grassland, the important ones are Locusta migratoria, Myrmeleotettix palpalis, Calliptamus italicus, Ghorthippus fallax, Comphocerus sibiricus sibiricus, Haplotropis brunneriana, Oedaleus infernalis, Epacromius coerulipes, Chorthippus dubius, Bryodema gebleri etc.

Both chemical and biological techniques are used to control locust in practice.

(1) Chemical control. A suitable pesticide is applied by air when locusts occur on a large scale.

(2) Biological control.

a. Chickens: Locusts can be predated by chicken that graze on grassland.

b. Sturnus (starling): The distribution of Sturnus is closely related with locusts, they can be attracted by setting up artificial nests and a bird can eat 120 to 180 locusts daily.

c. Microsporidium of locusts is a protozoon of the Sporozoa which parasitises locusts and causes the host insects to kill each other. This protozoon affects the offspring of the host. Microsporidia of locust can be commercially produced for large scale locust control.

2) Meadow Caterpillar. Meadow caterpillar, of Lymantriidae family of Lepidoptera, only exists on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The major species are Gynaephora alpherekii, G. qinghaiensis, G. aureata, G. ruoergensis, G. minora etc. Their larvae eat a large amount of grass and also can cause disease in the mouths of livestock. Apart from pesticide, a sex attractant, a parasitical fly and a virus are used to control them.

3) Meadow Moth. Meadow moth (Loxostege sticticatis), exists both in temperate and alpine grassland and often causes severe damage. It is important to eliminate the eggs by weeding, inter-cultivation in artificial grassland and crop fields.

4) Meadow Leaf Beetle Meadow leaf beetle (Geina invenusta), is found in hilly grassland. The adult eats the growing points of plants and the larva feeds on new leaves and young stems. Pesticide is usually used to control this pest.

As with rodents and pest insects, diseases are a major factor limiting the development of animal husbandry in China. It is estimated that the economic loss of grassland caused by disease is around 2,600,000 RMB Yuan per year (Nan Zhibiao, 2000). Because they have been long ignored, damage from plant diseases have increased considerably in recent years and now require major attention from farmers and researchers.

The study of grass diseases in China and their control is quite underdeveloped because study only began in the 1970s. Along with the increasing development of artificial grassland, grass pathological research has made some progress. 1,200 fungal diseases of forage grasses and 1,240 pathogens have been reported.

Research on the poisonous and harmful plants of grassland started in 1950 and a full-scale survey was carried out in 1990. The survey indicates that toxic and harmful plants propagate in large amounts where the grassland is severely degraded. Therefore, the control of these noxious plants is an important part of any programmes for grassland improvement.

1. Toxic Plants There are 49 families, 152 genera and 731 species of toxic plants in the grasslands of China. The major families are Ranunculaceae (13 genus and 186 species), Leguminoseae (22 genus and 153 species), Gentianaceae (7 genus and 100 species), Euphorbiaceae (11 genus and 59 species), Papaveraceae (3 genus and 45 species), Compositeae (11 genus and 40 species), Solanaceae (7 genus and 22 species) and Ericaceae (4 genus and 12 species). The most harmful plants are Oxytropis glabra, Oxytropis gansuensis, Astragalus variabilis, Euphorbia helioscopia, Euphorbia lunulata, Euphorbia hirta, Solanum nigrum, Solanum septemlobum, Stellera chamaejasme, Achnatherum inerbrians etc.

2) Harmful Plants. Plants which could be distinctly harmful to livestock and animal products and can be sorted into three groups.

1. Spiny shrubs: The spine of shrubs might hurt animals or contaminate wool and cashmere.
2. Awned grasses: The awns of seeds might hurt the skin and mouth or even pierce skin and hurt the internal organs. The quality of wool may be affected by the awn.
3. Prickly forbs: Similar to awned grasses.

There are 64 species of harmful grassland plants in 13 families and 23 genera. It should be noticed that harm by these plants is seasonal and relative. So, many harmful plants need not be cleared, the alternative practice being to open the grassland (with harmful plants) to livestock at a suitable time.

Grassland Fire. Hundreds or even thousands of grassland fire disasters occur annually, the grassland burnt may be hundreds or several millions of hectares (see Table 20). The frequency of fire is much higher in drought years. Its seasonal pattern is very significant: in arid Inner Mongolia, fire normally occurs in winter and spring. In the semiarid northeast and north China, it usually occurs in spring and autumn. In south China, it occurs in winter and spring.

The establishment of grassland nature reserves began in the nineteen-eighties and 11 have already been set up with a total area of 2,068,968 ha, 0.5 percent of all grassland (see Table 21). Of them, the Xilingele Steppe Nature Reserve in Inner Mongolia has been approved by the United Nations as part of the International Biosphere Network. However, the number of grassland reserves is very low compared with 85 forest nature reserves; the central government plans to create another 17 grassland nature reserves in the near future, of which five are under construction.

There are 6,352 species, 29 subspecies, 303 varieties, 13 variant types and 7 cultivars of forage plants in China. These belong to 1,545 genera of 246 families (Tables 22 and 23).

Of all families, nine have more than 100 species: Leguminoseae, Gramineae, Compositeae, Cyperaceae, Rosaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Liliaceae, Polygonaceae, and Salicaceae. Both Leguminoseae and Gramineae have over 1,000 species. There are in all 3,873 species, 26 subspecies, 219 varieties and 10 variant types in these 9 families, which account for 61.67 percent of the total of China. 43 families have less than 100 species, covering 1,568 species, 1 subspecies, 67 varieties and 3 variant types, which accounts for 24.45 percent. 30 families have 10 to 20 species, covering 430 species, 12 subspecies, which accounts for 6.59 percent. 105 families have 2 to 9 species, covering 422 species and 6 variant types, which accounts for 6.38 percent. Some families only have 1 species, covering 59 species, which accounts for 0.88 percent (see Table 23).

Out of all genera, Astragalus and Oxytropis of Leguminoseae and Carex of Cyperaceae contain more than 100 species, covering 581 species, 2 subspecies, 18 varieties and 1 variant types, which accounts for 8.99 percent. 784 genera only have 1 species, totally covering 757 species, 7 subspecies, 12 varieties, 3 variant types and 5 cultivated varieties, which accounts for 11.69 percent (see Table 24).

Species of Unique Forage Plants(Animal Husbandry and Veterenary Medicine
Division of Ministry of Agriculture, 1996)

With a vast territory, complex natural conditions and without Quaternary Glaciation, China has plenty of unique forage plants, including 10 species in 7 families of Pteridophyta, 35 species in 6 families of Gymnospermae, and 273 species in the following 24 families of Angiospermae.

Urticaceae (Elatostema ichangense, Elatostema sinense, Urtica dioica var. kansuensis, Urtica tibetica)

Polygonaceae (Oxyria sinensis, Atraphaxis manshurica, Atraphaxis jrtyschensis, Rheum tanguticum, Calligonum alaschanicum, Rumex kaschgaricus, Polygonum songaricum)

Chenopodiaceae (Cornulaca alaschanica, Baolia bracteata, Ceratoides arborescens, Kalidium cuspidatum var. sinicum, Suaeda stellatiflora, Suaeda rigida, Corispermum candelabrum, Corispermum dilutum, Corispermum platypterum, Corispermum puberulum, Corispermum retortum, Corispermum stenolepis, Corispermum falcatum, Chenopodium gracilispicum, Chenopodium intramongolica)

Amaranthaceae (Aerva hainanensis, Cyathula officinalis)

Caryophyllaceae (Psammosilene tunicoides, Arenaria tapanshanensis, Arenaria yunnanensis, Arenaria kansuensis, Arenaria giraldii, Arenaria przewalskii, Arenaria formosa, Arenaria forrestii, Stellaria chinensis)

Ceratophyllaceae (Ceratophyllum manschuricum)

Menispermaceae (Tinospora stinensis, Stephania sinica)

Magnoliaceae (Michelia yunnanensis)

Papaveraceae (Corydalis yanhuzuo)

Cruciferae (Megadenia pygmaea, Hedinia tibetica, Lepidium alashanicum, Lepidium cuneiforme)

Saxifragaceae (Saxifraga tangutica)

Rosaceae (Neillia sinensis, Chaenomeles cathayensis, Chaenomeles sinensis, Crataegus kansuensis, Cotoneaster moupinensis, Spiraea chinensis, Potentilla chinensis)

Leguminoseae (Gymnocladus chinensis, Stracheya tibetica, Cercis chinensis, Calophaca sinica, Alysicarpus vaginalis var. diversifolius, Amphicarpaea linearis, Albizia bracteata, Acacia delavayi, Acacia yunnanensis, Melilotoides ruthenica var. oblongifolia, Melilotoides ruthenica var. inschanica, Melilotoides tibetica, Uraria sinensis, Trigonella schischkinii, Glycyrrhiza yunnanensis, Dunbaria henryi, Rhynchosia yunnanensis, Shuteria sinensis, Tephrosia purpurea var. yunnanensis, Pueraria omeinsis, Pueraria yunnanensis. Mucuna hainanensis, Phaseolus yunnanensis, Gueldenstaedtia yunnanensis, Gueldenstaedtia yadongensis, Moghania yunnanensis, Millettia kweichouensis, Millettia heterocarpa, Dalbergia peishaensis, Dalbergia yunnanensis, Medicago alashanica, Bauhinia apertilobata, Bauhinia esquirolii, Lespedeza caraganae, Lespedeza hengduanshanensis, Lespedeza davurica subsp. huangheensis, Crotalaria hainanensis, Crotalaria heqingensis, Crotalaria yunnanensis, Campylotropis ichangensis, Campylotropis yajiangensis, Campylotropis yunnanensis, Vicia amurensis f. sanheensis, Vicia gigantea Vicia tibetica, Caragana jilungensis, Caragana tangutica, Caragana potanini, Caragana opulens, Caragana kansuensis, Caragana brevifolia, Indigofera ichangensis, Indigofera chuniana, Indigofera daochengensis, Indigofera hainanensis, Indigofera muliensis, Desmodium hainanensis, Desmodium yunnanensis, Hedysarum polybotrys, Hedysarum xizangensis, Oxytropis biflora, Oxytropis densifora, Oxytropis holanshanensis, Oxytropis inschanica, Astragalus taipaischanensis, Astragalus adsurgens cv. shandawang, Astragalus tsadaensis, Astragalus baotouensis, Astragalus geerwusuensis, Astragalus lasaensis, Astragalus sedaensis, Astragalus yumenensis)

Zygophyllaceae (Nitraria tangutorum)

Tamaricaceae (Tamarix chinensis, Reaumuria trigyna)

Umbelliferae (Ferula sinkiangensis)

Primulaceae (Androsace alashanica)

Labiatae (Mesona chinensis)

Compositeae (Hippolytia alashanica, Galatella songorica, Heteropappus meyendorffii, Seriphidium borotalense, Kalimeris mongolica, Scorzonera manshurica, Ajania alabasica, Ajania parviflora, Taraxacum heterolepis, Senecio atractylidifolius, Artemisia xigazeensis, Artemisia anethoides, Artemisia blepharolepis, Artemisia dalai-lamae, Artemisia eriopoda, Artemisia feddei, Artemisia giraldii, Artemisia igniaria, Artemisia oxycephala, Artemisia princeps, Artemisia subditgiata, Artemisia wudanica, Saussurea likiangensis, Saussurea maximowiczii, Saussurea pectinata, Saussurea sungpanensis, Saussurea tangutica, Saussurea graminea, Saussurea iodostegia)

Gramineae (Roegneria alaschanica, Roegneria intramongolica, Roegneria hirsuta, Roegneria kokonorica, Roegneria sinkiangensis, Roegneria tibetica, Roegneria barbicalla, Roegneria multiculmis, Poa pachyantha, Poa ianthina, Poa elanata, Poa hengshanica, Poa mongolica, Poa plurinodis, Poa shansiensis, Poa orinosa, Festuca sinensis, Festuca elata, Festuca changduensis, Stipa aliena, Stipa przewalskyi, Stipa roborowskyi, Deyeuxia kokonorica, Deyeuxia henryi, Deyeuxia hupehensis, Deyeuxia himalaica, Isachne guangxiensis, Isachne hainanensis, Melica tibetica, Helictotrichon delavayi, Digitaria chinensis, Puccinellia multiflora, Eragrostis alta, Eragrostis hainanensis, Eragrostis laxa, Bromus sinensis, Bromus pseudoramosus, Bromus magnus, Agrostis breviaristata, Agrostis morrisonensia, Cymbopogon tungmaiensis, Achnatherum chingii, Achnatherum inaequiglume, Trisetum tibeticum, Setaria arenaria, Calamagrostis kengii, Arundinella yunnanensis, Eulalia micrantha, Cleistogenes ramiflora, Cleistogenes foliosa, Oryzopsis grandispicula, Elymus purpuraristatus, Elymus tangutorum, Ischaemum crassipes var. hainanensis, Themeda hookeri, Sorghum hezicao, Glyceria chinensis, Pennisetum longissimum, Agropyron mongolicum, Andropogon girongensis, Orinus kokonorica, Trikeraia ramosa, Stephanachne monandra, Littledalea racemosus, Sinarundinaria chungii, Rottboellia laevispica, Hemarthria humilis, Erianthus rockii, Chloris anomala, Anthoxanthum formosanum, Arthraxon hainanensis, Tripogon multiflorus, Spodiopogon ramosus, Psathyrostachys huachanica, Brachypodium pratense, Microstegium biforme, Urochloa cordata, Pleioblastus amarus, Chimonocalamus tortuosus, Sasamorpha sinica, Setiacis diffusa, Sinochasea trigyna, Colposium tibeticum, Anisachne gracilis, Moliniopsis hui, Imperata flavida, Pseudosasa pubiflora, Neyraudia montana, Phragmites jeholensis, Orthoraphium grandifolium, Diandranthus szechuanensis)

Cyperaceae (Schoenus nudifructus, Eleocharis yunnanensis, Kobresia gracilis, Kobresia inflata, Kobresia minshanica, Kobresia pusilla, Carex kansuensis, Carex muliensis, Carex yunnanensis, Carex serreana)

Commelinaceae (Murdannia macrocarpa)

Liliaceae (Asparagus trichophyllus, Smilax vanchingshanensis, Allium anisopodium var. Zimmermannianum, Asparagus tenuissimus var. nalinianum)

Dioscoreaceae (Dioscorea exalata)

Orchidaceae (Bletilla formosana, Pholidota chinensis, Herminium alaschanicum)

Wild Species of Cultivated Forages

As a world region of crop origin, China has plenty of wild forage plants. There are wild species of many superior cultivated forages in China. Some are shown in Table 25 (Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine Division of Ministry of Agriculture, 1996).

Special and Rare Forage Species (Animal Husbandry and Veterenary Medicine
Division of Ministry of Agriculture, 1996)

The special and rare forage plants of China mainly belong to the Gramineae, Leguminoseae and Chenopodiaceae. Most of these plant are distributed in China and have high adaptability and feeding value.

Gramineae: Sinarundinaria nitida, Aristida tsangpoensis, Roegneria kokonorica, Agropyron mongolium, Bromus sinensis, Elymus tangutorum, Festuca elata, Eragrostis hainanensis, Cleistogenes chinensis, Cleistogenes polyhylla, Arthraxon hainanensis, Arundinella barbinodis, Urochloa cordata etc.

Leguminoseae: Medicago alashanica, Melilotoides ruthenica var. obolongifolia, Melilotoides ruthenica var. inschanica, Hedysarum laxum, Alysicarpus vaginalis var. diversifolia, Indigofera chuniana, Crotalaria hainanensis, Desmodium hainanensis, Mucuna hainanensis etc.

Cyperaceae: Kobresia cuneata, Kobresia cercostachys, Kobresia kansuensis etc.