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Uganda lies astride the Equator, between latitudes 4o 12´ N and 1o 29´ S and longitudes 29o 34´ W, and 35o 0´ E. Temperatures are in the range of 15o - 30o C. More than two-thirds of the country is a plateau, lying between 1 000 - 2 500 metres above sea level. Precipitation is fairly reliable, varying from 750 mm in Karamoja in the Northeast to 1 500 mm in the high rainfall areas on the shores of Lake Victoria, in the highlands around Mt. Elgon in the east, the Ruwenzori mountains in the south-west and some parts of Masindi and Gulu.
Uganda has a total land area of 241 548 km2, and is administratively divided into 39 districts (Figure 1). Lakes, swamps and Protected Areas constitute 25%. More than 75% of the country (over 18 million hectares) is available for both cultivation and pasture (Table 1). Pastures and grazing land are estimated at over 16 million hectares, half of which (8.4 million hectares) is extensive grazing. Improved pastures are estimated to comprise only 1.8 million hectares. This land resource, together with the bodies of water, are the base upon which most of the 20 million Ugandans (1997 census estimates) and their livestock depend for their livelihood (according to the World Factbook the July 2006 population was estimated at 28,195,754 with a growth rate of 3.37%). The capacity of this land resource to sustain the rapidly increasing populations largely depends on the influence of edaphic (relief and soil fertility), climatic and biotic factors and how well they can be managed to increase and sustain its productivity.
The country can be conveniently divided into seven broad agroecological zones which have similar economic and social backgrounds, and in which ecological conditions (soil types, topography, rainfall), farming systems and practices are fairly homogeneous. These are often further split into sub-zones usually identified by such factors as similar crop combinations, size of holdings, average plot sizes and yields. Based on these divisions, defined mapping units are often worked out, together with outlines of potential for use, as a basis for zoning and stratification for production. Agriculture is the backbone of Uganda's economy; 95% of the population farms (both crops and livestock) on small farms for food and cash income, and on fairly large, farms including ranches, of an average size of 1 200 ha and crop farms (5 - 20 ha). Agriculture contributes over 40% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and over 90% to the country's foreign exchange earnings. It also contributes over 60% of total Government revenue in addition to employing more than 80% of the total labour force and providing over half of the total income for the bottom three-quarters of the population (MFP&ED, 1996). The major livestock species in Uganda include cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits and poultry. Livestock production is an important sub-sector of agriculture contributing about 7.5% to total GDP or 17% to AGDP. It is estimated that mixed farming small holders and pastoralists own over 90% of the cattle herd and all of the small ruminants and non-ruminant stock; they produce the bulk of domestic milk and slaughter animals. From an economic point of view, cattle are the most important livestock with significant contributions, though to a lesser extent, from goats and sheep (see meat production data in Table 3). Pig and chicken meat production are also important. Official statistics (MFP&ED,1996) put the ruminant livestock population at 5.46 million cattle, 5.83 million goats and 980 000 sheep in 1997 (Table 2) while by 2004 numbers had increased to: cattle 6.1M, goats 7.7M and sheep 1.6M (see Table 3). FAO figures (see Table 3) are similar. Improved breeds are mostly kept under intensive management on small and medium sized farms under zero grazing. The indigenous breeds, on the other hand, are kept under extensive traditional methods. Livestock production has continued to grow in response to increasing demand for milk as new milk plants open up, and increased demand for meat in the local market. Eighty percent of the national cattle herd is in Southern and Western Uganda where the average number of cattle per household is 2.11 compared to Northern Uganda at 0.67 and the national average of 1.37. Uganda continues to import dairy products (see Table 3) and in 2003 milk equivalent imports were some 7,222 tonnes costing the country US$ 2,765,000.
The 1995 constitution of the Republic of Uganda recognises the following land tenure systems; Customary, Freehold, Mailo and Leasehold. The different systems have had different effects on land productivity. In communal grazing areas, since the individual does not have legal ownership of the land, they take very little responsibility for the damage caused by their activities. On private land, the traditional system of land inheritance has gradually resulted in land fragmentation. Table 3: Uganda statistics for livestock numbers,
meat and milk production and milk imports for the period 1996-2005
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According to Parsons (1970), the soils of Uganda have been classified as :-
Based on topography, Uganda has been divided into four relief regions:-
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Livestock are an integral part of agriculture in most of Uganda; production systems have evolved over time to suit the agroecological zones and the socio-economic setting. Mbuza (1991) identified two main types of system in Uganda, based on the extent of inputs and outputs. They are:-
The main livestock production systems have the following grazing methods:- i. Communal /pastoral system ii. Tethering iii. Enclosed ranching vi. Fenced dairy farms v. Zero grazing 4.1 The communal/pastoral system This is prevalent in the South West of the country (Ntungamo, Mbarara, Bushenyi, Masaka, Sembabule and Rakai Districts), Luweero, Kibaale, Kibooga Districts in the Central areas and in the North and North East (Kotido, Moroto, Soroti and Kumi). Poulation density in these areas is low, with nomads who have no permanent homes, and transhumants who have permanent homes. Milk and meat are the main sources of livelihood for the graziers. Milk is exchanged or sold for food. There is no control over the feed resources and no opportunity for pasture improvement, hence the low productivity of the livestock. The graziers move with their, mostly mixed, herds of cattle, goats and sheep; their movements are dictated by weather as they search for fresh grazing and water. Only indigenous breeds are kept. Indigenous livestock forms 98% of the national herd and feeds exclusively on natural pasture. The breeds are predominantly Ankole and local zebu cattle, the Small East African goat, Mubende and Kigezi goats which are adapted to low quality pastures and have good resistance to trypanosomiasis and tick-borne diseases. The cattle are poor milkers (300 litres per lactation), and very modest beef producers (mature at 4 years with a carcass weight of about 150 kg) (Mahadevan and Parsons, 1970). The level of commercial inputs is low to non-existent so the cost of production is relatively low. The opportunities for marketing surplus milk are also minimal so the surplus is churned to make ghee (clarified butter) for home use. Under this system, the factors limiting production are:
Agropastoralists are sedentary farmers who grow food crops both for subsistence and sale, while keeping some livestock which graze on communal land, fallows and on crop stubble after harvest. Livestock is used for draught, savings and milk. Shifting cultivation is common. Agropastoralists have little control over the feed resources, common grazing land and crop residues. Milk production fluctuates with seasonal availability of feed. Nowadays, with the increase in population and land pressure, this system often evolves into mixed farming. The limiting factors of this system include:
This semi-intensive system, where livestock are restrained by a rope, is common in urban, peri-urban and intensively cultivated areas where herd size is small (1 - 5 animals). It is meant to protect crops and, at the same time, the farmer does not have to herd. Crop production is the farmers' main activity. Livestock feed within the limits of the rope; and will mostly be calm. As the number of animals increases, the next option for most farmers who tether is to get into the communal grazing system. The factors limiting production are those mentioned above. But more specifically, under tethering:
Mixed herds (cattle, goats and sheep) are kept under this system, which includes pastoralism and ranching, and depends on natural resources (pasture and water). The limiting factors include:
4.5 The fenced dairy farming system This is an intensive or semi-intensive system of dairy farming where farmers use part or all of their land to plant or improve pastures and grow fodder. They may also buy concentrates. Most are small farms with between two and four hectares and keep 1 - 5 dairy cows, medium farms with 5 - 10 hectares and 5 - 15 dairy animals and large scale dairy farms of over 10 hectares and more than 20 animals. Milk is the main product, so mostly exotic and cross-bred animals are kept. Common breeds are Friesians, Guernseys, Jerseys and their crosses with the local zebu. Most of the small-scale farms depend on Artificial Insemination (A.I.) for breeding their cows; while medium and large-scale farms use bulls. A new concept is being popularised to improve dairy breeds; this is the village bull scheme for farmers living in areas without access to A.I. Dairy animals are not used for draught This system is found in South Western Uganda, Central and South Eastern parts of Uganda. The cattle are kept in fenced units because of their high susceptibility to tick-borne diseases and under-feeding. The production level depends on rainfall and soil fertility to produce enough fodder and grazing. Most farms are close to urban areas with easy access to markets. This system accounts for less than 5% of the national herd. This is on the increase in and around urban areas where land is scarce but there is a good market for milk and other livestock products (chicken, eggs, rabbit meat, etc.); it is not traditional and is intensive where the "cut and carry" stall feeding uses fodder crops (Elephant grass, Giant Setaria, Guatemala) and crop residues, and recycles manure. The livestock is continuously housed and owners have to establish fodder gardens to provide green forage. The main sources of feed are fodder, crop residues, domestic wastes, and agroindustrial by-products (brewery waste, maize, rice and wheat brans, oil seed cake). Most dairy farmers have 1 - 3 exotic or cross-bred cows; with a few exceptionally large-scale zero-grazing farmers with over ten. Dairy goats are also kept under zero-grazing. Women show a stronger preference for zero grazing than men. In both the intensive systems, the limitations to production are:
In Uganda it is common to combine crop and livestock production; the two enterprises are complementary. Crops are the main agricultural activity. The average farm size is small about 1 - 5 hectares. Livestock are kept for draught, milk and/or meat for sale. Mixed farming is the commonest smallholder dairy system in the South-west, Central and South Eastern parts. Exotic and cross-bred dairy animals are kept; usually in fenced units, to facilitate control of tick borne diseases and for pasture management. 4.8 General factors that limit livestock productivity:
4.9 Government efforts in overcoming constraints to livestock productivity: Livestock is an important sub-sector of Ugandan agriculture and is an integral part of farming in many parts of the country. Ruminants produce the bulk of domestic milk and slaughter animals. Government development strategy aims to maximize the potential of the livestock sub-sector so as to achieve self-sufficiency in meat, milk, poultry and other livestock products. The key elements of the strategy include:
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As a result of the influence of soils, climate, topography and land development, Uganda has six major natural grassland communities which are associated with the farming systems and agroecological zones. The natural pastures of Uganda are fairly productive and contain many desirable grasses and browse plants. They are, therefore, a valuable natural resource, which if well managed can be very productive. The natural grasslands have little or no legume component leading to low dry matter yields and poor nutritive value for the greater part of the year. The present poor utilization and low productivity is largely attributed to lack of well articulated management guidelines for these grasslands. It is important to note that although some nutritional and yield studies have been done with some grasses and a few herbaceous legumes, mainly on experimental stations, little is known about their relative contribution to the overall feed value of the grasslands where they occur. Public and private efforts are geared towards improving natural pastures by removing weeds and oversowing with legumes. Farmers, particularly dairy farmers, are establishing grass/legume pastures but data on farmers who have done this is not yet available. Indigenous grasses are, of course, well adapted to the prevailing growing conditions; they include: Panicum maximum, Brachiaria ruziziensis, Chloris gayana, Hyparrhenia rufa, Pennisetum clandestinum, Setaria anceps, with Pennisetum purpureum as the only indigenous fodder grass. New superior varieties of P. purpureum have been developed at Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute and others introduced from neighbouring Kenya and ILRI, Ethiopia. Introduced fodder grasses which have been tested, evaluated and adopted in various agroecological zones are Tripsacum laxum and Setaria splendida. The only major indigenous legume which has been evaluated in detail and showed great potential is Neonotonia wightii. Introduced legumes that have performed best and are in use include Centrosema pubescens, Macroptilium atropurpureum, Desmodium intortum, D. uncinatum for areas receiving over 1 000 mm of annual rain; while Stylosanthes guianensis, S. hamata, S. scabra, Aeschynomene americana and Cassia rotundifolia are suitable for areas receiving under 1 000 mm and poor soils. The six major natural grassland communities are: 5.1 Pennisetum purpureum grassland This is a coarse grassland dominated by P. purpureum (Elephant grass); it occurs in the better watered areas between 1 000 - 2 000 metres above sea level with fertile soils. P. purpureum is an important fodder, though it is often grazed under lax management. Other grasses of grazing value associated with P. purpureum are Brachiaria spp, Cynodon nlemfuensis, Panicum maximum and Hyparrhenia rufa.; the only legume is Neonotonia wightii. Useful introduced legumes include Centrosema pubescens, Macroptilium atropurpureum, Desmodium intortum, D. uncinatum. Fodder grasses used are P. purpureum, Tripsacum laxum, Setaria splendida; herbaceous legumes are Lablab purpureus and Stizolobium spp. Tree legumes in use include Leucaena leucocephala, Calliandra calothyrusus and Sesbania sesban. 5.2 Moist Hyparrhenia grassland The grass stratum of this moist savanna community is dominated by H. rufa and P maximum which occur on fertile soils with annual rainfall of 1 000 - 1 500 mm. Other common grasses important for grazing are Chloris gayana, Brachiaria spp., H. variabilis and Imperata cylindrica var. africana. Most of the grasses and legumes suitable for this system are those mentioned in the grassland community above. Crop residues are a source of livestock feed in this system. This is found where growing conditions are not as favourable as for the previous one. The dominant species are H. filipendula and H. dissoluta in the dry Combetrum savannas. Other grasses are Setaria sphacelata, Themeda triandra, Cenchrus ciliaris, Cynodon nlemfuensis and grasses of minor feed value like Andropogon gayanus, A. schriensis, and Heteropogon contortus. The quality of the herbage is rather low, especially in the dry season because they grow in dry, poor places. 5.4 Themeda triandra grassland This is a fire-climax community of the southern cattle corridor stretching from the shores of Lake Kyoga to the Tanzanian border. It is very nutritious when young. It occurs in savanna communities associated with Acacia spp., on light texture soils at altitudes of 1 200 metres. Some of the Acacia trees, for example, A. hockii are important as fodder. Shade loving grasses like Brachiaria brizantha and Panicum maximum thrive amongst Acacia, provided that the trees are scattered. Other important grasses are C. gayana, Cynodon nlemfuensis, and Setaria sphacelata. The grazing value of the grasses is being reduced by weeds such as Cymbopogon afronadus and Imperata cylindrica. Some of the adapted forages include Leucaena leucocephala, Stylosanthes spp. and Calliandra calothyrusus. 5.5 Setaria-Chrysopogon grassland This community covers substantial areas of the north-eastern part of the country; it is dominated by Setaria incrassata which is characteristic of the clay plains of Karamoja. Other common grasses are Themeda triandra, Sorghum spp., Eriochloa nubica and Dichanthium papillosum. The annual rainfall is 750 - 1 000 mm. Further east, under rainfalls of 350 - 500 mm, are the Chrysopogon clay steppes of Karamoja which provide moderate grazing. Bush and thickets occur at altitudes of 1 200 - 2 000 metres on shallow soils with 300 - 850 mm rainfall. These communities, which contain a great variety of species, provide a lot of browse, but the grass cover is sparse. Grass savannahs with abundant Andropogon distachyus, Cenchrus validus, Exotheca abyssinica and Hyparrhenia cymbaria have developed at altitudes of 2 000 - 3 000 metres. The most productive grasses are Pennisetum clandestinum and P. purpureum followed by Setaria sphacelata found on Mt. Elgon, in the East and Southern Kigezi and on the foothills of the Ruwenzori Mountain. The P. clandestinum grasslands have a natural clover Trifolium semipilosum (Kenya white clover) which is very compatible with the grass. |
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Development of sown pastures depends on a viable seed industry. From 1950 - 1970, pasture seed production was based at Serere Research Station in Eastern Uganda where grass and legume seeds were harvested opportunistically, sold to the Department of Agriculture and later sold to livestock farmers. This was followed by farmers in Serere and Central Uganda getting involved in producing pasture seed. The grasses grown were Chloris gayana, Panicum maximum and the legumes were Desmodium intortum, Stylosanthes guianensis and Centrosema pubescens. Substantial amounts of seed were produced at Serere (Table 5). Yields per hectare are not available and the quality of the seed, particularly grass, was very low. Table 5: Pasture Seed Produced at Serere: 1972 - 1980
The ODA-funded Uganda Seed Multiplication Project (USMP) enhanced seed production activities at Serere and opened new sites in Mbarara, Kigumba and Ngetta. Research on pasture seed production was begun but was not successful because more emphasis was put on crop seeds. During and after the USMP, the pasture seed industry was hit by shortage of funds to pay the pickers, and this hampered rapid progress; by 1977 most farmers and pickers were discouraged. This led to lack of pasture seeds in the country. The situation was saved by the Department of Veterinary Services and Animal Industry (DVS&AI) working with Uganda Central Co-operative Union to import seed from Kenya from 1974 - 1983. The seeds imported were different varieties of Chloris gayana and Panicum maximum,Brachiaria spp. Nasiwa Setaria; Macroptilium atropurpureum, Desmodium uncinatum, Centrosema pubescens and Stylosanthes guianensis. Between 1984 - 1988, no seed was imported. In 1989, the African Development Fund (ADF) gave DVS&AI a grant that was used to import 3 800 kg of grass seed (Chloris gayana and Panicum coloratum) and 600 kg of legume seed (Centrosema pubescens and Pueraria phaseolides). In 1989, the UNDP/FAO Dairy Industry Development Programme imported some seeds and in conjunction with DVS&AI, Makerere University and Namulonge Research Institute began pasture seed production. 26 hectares of an assortment of pasture crops was established which included grasses namely, C. gayana and P. maximum; and legumes M. atropurpureum, C. pubescens, D. intortum, Lablab purpureus, Leucaena leucocephala and Cajanus cajan. Through the work done at Namulonge, the cost of production of seed for each of those varieties was established. The seeds produced under this programme were used in the UNDP/FAO programme area and the rest was given to DVS&AI for bulking. This was done through farmers who were contracted to multiply the pasture seeds. From 1990 - 1992, UNDP/FAO purchased pasture seeds from the contracted farmers in Mpigi, Mukono and Mbarara Districts and sold them to livestock farmers nation-wide. The World Bank, through the Livestock Services Project (LSP) in the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), carried on with pasture seed production activities began under UNDP/FAO as well as training both staff and farmers in various technologies of forage production and utilization. Over the period 1992 - 1997, over 50 farmers had been contracted and produced about 58 000 kg of grass and legume seeds (see Table 6) from an average area of about 0.75 acres each. The main crops produced were C. gayana and P. maximum (grasses) and M. atropurpureum, C. pubescens, S. guianensis and L. purpureus (legumes). Under this project, a study for the privatisation of the pasture seed industry was conducted. Unfortunately, before it was concluded, the project came to an end (June, 1997). There is now no clear way-forward for pasture seed production in MAAIF. Field extension staff responsible for pasture improvement in the districts have managed to keep a few farmers involved in seed production as they find a market for the seed from amongst livestock owners. Table 6: Seed production from contract farmers under the Livestock Services Project (kg): 1992 - 1997.
Planting material of vegetatively propagated grasses such as Elephant Grass, Guatemala, Giant Setaria and leguminous tree seedlings (multi-purpose trees) Calliandra, Gliricidia and Leucaena, is produced by research institutions and some NGOs. |
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Uganda has a number of opportunities for the improvement of pasture resources. These include:- 7.1 Modernisation of Agriculture is an integrated programme approach where the livestock development strategy focuses on:-
7.2 The agricultural extension system is well developed with staff at district, sub-county and parish level; the staff have degrees or diplomas. They are responsible for training farmers according to their needs. There is on-going in-service training of all front-line livestock extension workers in pasture improvement and seed production. Uganda has several universities and agricultural colleges which train agricultural personnel with specialisations, namely; crop production, animal husbandry, pasture resource management and many others. 7.3 Peri-urban commercial dairying depends on fodder. The farmers involved in dairying have had a lot of exposure to training and know the importance of good pastures for livestock production. They will form a good group for promoting development and improvement of pasture and fodder production. In periurban dairy farming milk is the most important product because of the favourable market and, in order to realise maximum profits, the cost of production has to be kept low. One way of reducing the cost of production is for the farmer to grow fodder to provide all-year round feed. 7.4 NGO, community based organisations and producer associations involved in livestock production are growing rapidly. They organize training programmes and focuse extension advice for the farmers with whom they are involved; feeding on pasture is given a lot of emphasis in their training programmes. As a matter of policy with all these NGOs, recipient farmers must have one hectare of well established fodder crops, that is, grasses and fodder trees; with back-yard vegetable gardens for the family. 7.5 The fertile soils and favourable climate of Uganda are a good potential that will favour all pasture and fodder development efforts in the country. 7.6 The pasture seed production industry is being revived and is catching up well. Government efforts to privatise the industry locally will go a long way in stimulating local production and create a demand for pasture seeds from livestock farmers. |
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The National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO) was created by a statute of parliament with a mission to improve the welfare of the people of Uganda through generating improved technologies (including policy recommendations), transferring them to clients and beneficiaries, and maintaining an agricultural research institution that is relevant to national development and capable of producing the above outputs in an efficient, effective and sustainable manner. The primary target beneficiaries of NARO´s outputs are small-scale producers in the agricultural sector. The mandate of the organization is to undertake, promote and co-ordinate research in all aspects of crops, fisheries, forestry and livestock. The immediate objectives for NARO´s technology generation and transfer focuses on increasing and sustaining food production, sustaining natural resources, improving agricultural techniques, commercialisation and optimal land use. Namulonge and Serere Agricultural and Animal Production Research Institutes (NAARI and SAARI in Central and Eastern Uganda respectively) are mandated to undertake research in, amongst others, livestock production systems, pastures, range management and general livestock husbandry. These institutions (NAARI and SAARI) collaborate locally with Makerere University, the Government extension services of Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF); NGOs and CBOs (HPI, YWCA, Farm Africa, UNFA and several women groups) interested in pasture and livestock development. At the regional and international level, they collaborate with International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), USAID, ICRAF and GTZ. NAARI and SAARI receive their largest funding from the Government of Uganda, World Bank, DANIDA, USAID and Rockefeller Foundation. The following personnel are involved in pasture and fodder research and extension: Namulonge Agriculture and Animal Research Institute (NAARI), P.O. Box 7084, Kampala: Dr. C. Ebong ; Mr. W. Ndyanabo - and Mr. S. Byenkya - Animal Nutritionists; Mr. P. Lusembo; Ms. J. M. Kabirizi and Mrs. S. L. Mubiru - Forage Agronomists. Serere Agriculture and Animal Industry (SAARI), P.O. Private Bag, Soroti: Mr. J. Beyunga - Forage Agronomist; Dr. S. Ossiya - Forage Agronomist/ Animal Nutritionist. Department of Animal Production and Marketing, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries (MAAIF), P.O. Box 513, Entebbe: Mrs. S. M. Mwebaze; Ms. E. N. Luvumu - and Mr. T. Mugisa - Forage Agronomists; Dr. D. R. Mpairwe - Range Ecologist/Animal Nutritionist; Mr. S. Muwaya - Range Ecologist; Dr. N. Kauta - Veterinarian/ Animal Nutritionist. Faculty of Agriculture, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala: Prof. E. N. Sabiiti - Forage Agronomist; Dr. F. X. Bareeba, and Mr. F. Kabi and Mr. Waisswa - Animal Nutritionists. |
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FAO 1989 Working Paper No. 59 Dairy Industry Development Project. by Sabiiti, E. N. and Mwebaze, S. N. Rome, UNDP/FAO Project UGA/023. Mahadevan, P. and Parsons, D. J. 1970. Livestock. In: Agriculture in Uganda. Ed. Jameson, J. D. Mbuza, F. M. B. 1991. A Systems Analysis of Milk Production Systems in Uganda and Prospects for Technological Change. Ph.D. Thesis, Australia, University of Melbourne. Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries. 1995. Basic facts on agricultural activities in Uganda. Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries. 1996. Study Report on The Comparative Analysis of Cattle Management systems in Different Areas of Uganda. Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries. 1997. Livestock Services Project Internal Completion Report. Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry Fisheries. 1998. Meat Production Master Plan Study - Draft Final Report. Ministry of Financial Planning and Economic Development. 1996. Statistical Abstracts. Ministry of Financial Planning and Economic Development. 1997. Statistical Abstracts. National Agricultural Research Organization. 1998. Annual Report, 1995 - 1996. S.A.Bureau Courtoy NV & European Development Fund (1981). Vanegas, M. and Akwang, R. 1992. An economic analysis of milk production costs and pricing in Uganda. Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Makerere University. |
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Sandra M. N. Mwebaze (Mrs), the
author of this profile is Acting Principal Forage Agronomist in the Department of Animal
Production and Marketing of the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries,
based at the Ministry Headquarters in Entebbe. She is responsible for updating the profile
as and when necessary, and will be assisted by Dr. Denis R. Mpairwe, Acting
Principal Range Ecologist in the same Department. The profile was prepared in October 1999 [Profile editing was done by J.M. Suttie and S.G. Reynolds in November 1999 and livestock data were updated by S.G. Reynolds in August 2006] |