Table of Contents Appendix A1.
Appendix A1.1 Sr Bruno Rodriguez Peives A1.1.1 Description of Farming System Location: Colonia Edelira, km 27, 2o linea. Farm Area: 20 hectares. Family/Labour: Husband, wife, 8 children (4 males and 4 females ranging from 2 to 22 years of age). 2 eldest live away (Ciudad Del Este). 3 sons help on farm (12, 14, 18 years of age – 1/2 day on farm other 1/2 day at school). General: Sr Bruno is not a socio of the Colonias Unidas Co-operative. This year joined the Ka’aguyPoty.Ltda. Small Farmer Co-operative. Credit for seeds and fertiliser is obtained through a local buyer of soja. History: 1976: Arrived on farm that was completely covered by forest. First year cleared 1.5 ha, thereafter 1.5-2 ha cleared each year. 1977: First grew soja – 0.75 ha 1978: 1.5 ha soja, thereafter increased area of soja 0.5 ha each year 1990: Reached maximum area of soja = 7 ha; since then normally 4-5 ha per year rotating the area planted each year in soja as much as possible normally returning to the same area every 2-3 years 1993: Entered Comite of Small Farmers – took credit from CAH but did not continue Planted 1 ha tung 1998: Joined Ka’aguyPoty Ltda. Co-operative – hopes to source credit from this Co-operative next year. Trends in Crop Yields: Soja: Initially on newly cleared land 3,000-4,000 kg/ha. Now average production about 2,500 kg/ha. This year 2,000 kg/ha. Worst production was in 1982 (1,000 kg from 4 ha). Last year considers very good year – 2,900 kg/ha. This year applied 50 kg/ha fertiliser – first time ever Algodon: Initially 3,500-4,000 kg/ha. Last year 2,000 kg/ha. Average 1,200 kg/ha. This year 500 kg/ha (bad insect attack). Never used fertiliser in cotton Mandioca: Always about 15 t/ha Maiz: 3,500 kg/ha at start, now average about 2,000 kg/ha
Current Situation: Animals (May 1998): 1 junta de bueyes 3 vacas 12 pigs - 5 sows, 7 porkers 6 ducks (had 60 up to recently severe disease attack) 40 chickens Land Use (1998): 1 ha tung (planted 1993) 5 ha soja 1 ha algodon (in field noted severe soil compaction – uses arada tatu) 2 ha maiz 0.5 ha mani 0.25 ha poroto 0.25 ha arroz 1 ha mandioca 1 ha fallow 4.5 ha pasture (3000 m2 cana) 3.5 ha monte Sources of Income: Soja, algodon, maiz, mandioca, tung, meat Home Consumption: Mandioca, maiz, poroto, mani, arroz Machinery/Tools: Arada (2), rasto de disco, azadas, machetes, triladera motorizada, motosera Soil Conservation: Apart from rotating as much as possible the areas of soja, no other measures taken.Burns all crop residues prior to planting. No contour banks. Noted in farm visit quite severe soil erosion.
Appendix A1.1.2 Financial Analysis Detailed Tables Sr Bruno Rodrigues Peives Appendix A1.2 Sr Teofilo Mendoza A1.2.1 Description of Farming System
Location: Colonia Ka’aguay Poty – Paso Ita, Edelira 28. Farm Area: 9.2 hectares. Farm Type: Type I of the no-till farms where siembra directa is practiced using matracas or manchetes and occasionally minimum cultivation. Tractor power is never used. The production system is highly diversified. The introduction of green manure crops in 1992, followed by siembra directa in 1993, have created an opportunity to intensify crop production, to increase yerba mate and to diversify into fish and honey production and the production of seeds of green manure crops. Family/Labour: Husband, wife, 5 children (8 months to 12 years of age). Additional labour is never contracted. General: Sr Mendoza is an active small farmer leader and is the President of the newly established Ka’aguyPoty.Ltda. Small Farmer Co-operative. He is also a member of the Colonias Unidas Farmer Co-operative from which he obtains credit. Farm Equipment: Wheel barrow (1), manchetes (2), acadas (2), matracas (2), pulverizadoras (2 – one for insecticide and one for herbicide), axe (1), molino triturador. History: 1985: Started to farm the property having purchased it in a degraded state from another farmer who had been cultivating 10 years. Forest remained on 4 ha. Cultivated 0.5 ha with maiz, mandioca and algodon. 1986: Started to grow soja 1 ha planting with matraca. 2 ha in total cultivated. Food crops included mandioca, maiz, mani, sandia, arroz and batata. 1987-1992: Continued to increase cultivated area. Main crop was soja. For 4 years 3.5-5 ha per year were grown. If there was sufficient cultivated ground, also planted algodon, 0.5-1 ha per year. 1989: Comite Paso Ita formed, became member. Received technical assistance from DEAG (Magin Mesa). 1990: Planted 1 ha yerba mate. Planted parcelas of abono verdes. Credit obtained from Vargas Pena Company. Cleared 1 ha forest. 1991: Cultivated area of 4.5 ha. Cleared additional 2.5 ha forest, leaving only 0.8 ha forest. 2 ha soja, 0.75 algodon. Obtained credit from Co-operativa Jechapyra. 1992: Planted 100 Kiri trees. First planted abono verde – 0.2 ha acevem. 3.5 ha soja, 1 ha maiz, 2 ha yerba mate associated with 1 ha algodon, mandioca and mani. Planted 0.5 ha tung. 1993: Yerba mate increased to 5 ha. Planted 1.5 ha acevem associated with yerba mate and poroto. Constructed contour banks on 4 ha with acada – 20 person days of work to construct. Planted cedron grass and yerba mate on top of the banks. Introduced small area of mucuna. First harvest of yerba – 500 kg. 1994: Planted 120 Kiri plants. 1.5 ha acevem. Nabo/avena/aveia planted to experiment with. Harvested 2,000 kg yerba mate. 1995: 0.5 ha avena. Sold 50 rollos of Kiri and harvested 6,500 kg of yerba. 1996: Introduced other abono verdes for winter, eg arveja, plus others for summer – eg canavalia, guandu, crotalaria, lap-lap.
Evolution of the farm since the introduction of green manure crops: Sub-Parcela A: Kiri/Yerba (1.5 ha) 1992-93: Kiri/Yerba 1993-94: Kiri/Yerba/Acevem/Poroto 1994-95: Kiri/Yerba/Avena/Poroto 1995-96: Kiri/Yerba/Guandu/Maiz/Mucuna/Poroto 1996-97: Kiri/Yerba/Guandu/Maiz/Arvega/Poroto 1997-98: Kiri/Yerba/Durazuo/Nectario/Eucalypto/Yuirapita
Sub-Parcela B: Kiri/Yerba (2 ha) 1991-92: Yerba/Soja 1992-93: Yerba/Kiri/Algodon 1993-94: Yerba/Kiri/Maiz/Poroto/agroforestry(Kurupaira) 1994-95: Yerba/Kiri/Poroto/Maiz/Guandu/Canavalia/agroforestry (especially Kurupaira and Eucalyptus) 1995-96: Yerba/Kiri/agroforestry/canavalhia/arveja 1996-97: Ditto 1997-98: Ditto
Sub-Parcela C: Tung (0.5 ha) 1992-93: Tung/Maiz/mandioca 1993-94: Tung/Mandioca 1994-95: Tung/Mandioca 1995-96: Tung/Mandioca/Arveja 1996-97: Tung/Pasto Jesuita 1997-98: Ditto
Sub-Parcela D: Yerba/Annual Crops (1.5 ha) 1992-93: Kiri/Yerba 1993-94: Kiri/Yerba/Arveja 1994-95: Keri/Yerba/Mandioca 1995-96: Keri/Yerba/Algodon (1 ha)/Mandioca (0.3 ha)/Maiz (0.2 ha) 1996-97: Kiri/Yerba/Ajo/Ceballo/Arveja 1997-98: Kiri/Yerba/Agroforesteria
Sub-Parcela E: Kiri (1.5 ha) 1992-93: Maiz 1993-94: Algodon 1994-95: Kiri/Maiz 1995-96: Kiri/Mandioca/Maiz/Mucuna 1996-97: Ditto 1997-98: Ditto Sub-Parcela F: Pasto Jesuita (1 ha) Sub-Parcela G: Native Forest Reserve (0.5 ha)
Trends in Crop Yields: Soja: Initially 3,000 kg/ha. Reduced to 800 kg/ha. Average production of about 2,000 kg/ha but was declining quite rapidly. Never used fertiliser on soja only insecticide. Initially planted with matraca and cultivated with oxen. Once stumps were removed sowed, cultivated and harvested by tractor. Algodon: Always about 2,000 kg/ha. Last year 1,200 kg/ha – problem of insect attack. Rotated cotton with other crops. Maiz: Started growing in 1986. At first about 1,200 kg/ha. As low as 300 kg/ha. Average production now about 1,500 kg/ha. Mandioca: Average 20,000 kg/ha (20 month cycle). Yields have increased due to green manure crops/no-till and varietal difference – estimates increase for 6 kg/plant to 15kg/plant.
Current Situation: Animals (May 1998): 5 vacunos Average of 8 pigs – sows and porkers 8 ducks 30 chickens Land Use (1998): 3.5 ha yerba mate in association with annual crops 1 ha annual crops (includes 0.1 ha tabaco) 0.5 ha tung with pasto 2.5 ha yerba/kiri and other forest trees 1.5 ha pasto Jesuita 0.8 ha native forest Sources of Income: An extensive range of products are produce on the Mendoza farm. The products sold are: tabaco, mandioca, tung, yerba mate, kiri, seeds of green manure crops, chickens, pork, milk. Home Consumption: Products grown for home consumption: mani, poroto, maiz, batata, mandioca (including almidon), arveja, arroz, poultry (meat and fish), pork, beef, milk and cheese, honey and fish (tilapia), range of other garden vegetables. Machinery/Tools: Normal range of small hand implements (azadas, machetes, carretilla), triladera motorirazado, molino triturador. Access to extensive range of animal traction no-till equipment – pulverizadoras, sembradoras, rollo cuchillo Soil Conservation: Prior to the introduction of green manure crops and no-till contour banks were constructed manually on 4 ha of the property in 1993. As the area of soja was increased to 3 ha it was not rotated as the land was chosen for its ease of utilising a tractor for cultivation, sowing and harvesting. Cotton on the other hand was always rotated with maiz and mandioca. Since the introduction of green manure crops all crop residues and organic wastes are utilised on the property.
A1.2.2 Financial Analysis Detailed Tables Sr Teofilo Mendoza Appendix A1.3 Sr Florencio Ozune A1.3.1 Description of Farming System
Location: Colonia Edelira, km 28, 3o linea. Farm Area: 18 hectares plus additional 4 hectares purchased 1997. Family/Labour: Husband, wife, 2 adult sons (27 and 24 years of age, both living in Buenos Aires – Argentina), one permanent adult worker. General: Sr Florencio has been a socio of the Colonias Unidas Farmer Co-operative since 1982 and joined the newly established Ka’aguyPoty.Ltda. Small Farmer Co-operative recently. Credit is obtained through the Colonias Unidas Co-operative. History: 1974: Brother commenced on farm which was completely covered in forest. 1975: Tung planted on 2 ha 1986: Florencio started to farm the property. Then 11 ha cultivated, 7 ha still in forest. Soja was main income crop, although some cotton was grown. 1990: Planted 5 ha tung 1992: Planted 1 ha yerba mate 1993: Introduced no-till and green manure crops 1995: Planted 1 ha yerba mate 1997: Bought extra 4 ha of land in pasture (400 metres from main farm)
Evolution of no-till: 1st year - 1 ha maiz/mucunaÞ algodon 2nd year - 1.5 ha sojaÞ maiz (safrina) 3rd year - 3.5 ha sojaÞ avenaÞ soja Þ trigoÞ maiz 4th year - 5 ha acevem/nabo
Trends in Crop Yields: Soja: Initially on newly cleared land 3,500-4,000 kg/ha. By 1993 reduced to 1,200 kg/ha. Last 2 years average 3,000 kg/ha. Algodon: Initally 2,000 kg/ha. By 1993 reduced to 1,500 kg/ha. Maiz: Initially 3,500 kg/ha on virgin land. By 1993 reduced to average of 2,500 kg/ha (own seed) Current Situation: Animals (May 1998): 6 cattle - 1 junta de bois, 2 toritos, 1 vaca, 1 vaquillas 13 pigs - 7 sows, 6 porkers 20 ducks 25 chickens Land Use (1998): 7 ha tung 2ha yerba mate 3.5ha soja 1ha algodon 2.5ha maiz 0.5ha mani 0.5ha cana and pasto cameroon 1ha forest Sources of Income: Soja, algodon, yerba mate, tung Pork, ducks, chickens sold in Saturday market Home Consumption: Mandioca (sold before started to grow soja), maiz, poroto, mani, fruit Machinery/Tools: Normal range of small hand implements (azadas, machetes, carretilla), triladera motorirazado, molino triturador. Access to extensive range of animal traction no-till equipment – pulverizadoras, sembradoras, rollo cuchillo Soil Conservation: Prior to introduction of green manure crops and no-till no specific measures taken. Soja practically always planted in the same area.
A1.3.2 Financial Analysis Detailed Tables Sr Florencio Ozune Appendix A1.4 Sr Victor Ramirez Villes A1.4.1 Description of Farming System
Location: Colonia Edelira, km 28, 3o linea. Farm Area: 19.5 hectares. Title obtained in 1980 Family/Labour: Husband, wife, 1 son (19 years old), 2 daughters (14and 16 years of age). Contract temporary labour when necessary. General: Sr Victor is not a socio of the Colonias Unidas but is a socio of the newly established Ka’aguyPoty.Ltda. Small Farmer Co-operative. Credit is obtained through the CAH. Sold junta de bois in 1988. Then hired a tractor for soil preparation and for harvesting soja. Now hires bois for planting in siembra directa. History: 1974: Commenced on farm that was all forest. First year cleared 4 ha – assisted by father and 2 brothers (in total they cleared 16 ha in first year). 1975: 2 ha soja, first planted girasol 1979: Forest completely cleared on farm (chainsaws used towards end) 1985: Reached maximum area of soja = 8 ha; maintained thereafter up to 1992 when introduced no-till 1990: Last year grew girasol (low price, yield had reduced). Grew 3-4 ha each year 1992: Planted 2.5 ha yerba mate First introduced green manure crops and no-till (maiz/mucuna) Planted 3 ha soja annually from this year onwards 1993: Planted 3 ha tung 1996: Planted 100 Kiri trees 1997: Started producing seeds of abono verdes 1998: Increased area of mandioca (from 5 ha to 7 ha) Evolution of no-till: Started with 3 ha maiz/mucunaÞ soja Rotations now stabilised are avena/mandiocaÞ avena/maiz/mucunaÞ acevem/nabo/soja Þ avena/maniÞ acevem/nabo/soja Þ avena/algodonÞ acevem/nabo/soja Crop Yield Trends: Soja: Initially on newly cleared land 3,000-3,500 kg/ha. By 1993 reduced to 800 kg/ha and almost caused financial ruin. Same land this year yielded 2,780 kg/ha in no-till. This restoration in production has had a major impact on the income and financial survival of Sr Victor. Algodon: Initially 3,500-4,000 kg/ha. By 1992 reduced to 2,000 -3,000 kg/ha. Mandioca: Always about 15 t/ha never noticed difference in yield. Now under no-till 22 t/ha planted low density (3m x 70 cm) Maiz: 3,500 kg/ha initially; reduced to on average 3,000 kg/ha using own seed and planting in the newest areas of the farm where fertility was highest. Planted hybrid maiz in 1995 utilising 200 kg NPK. Drought struck and the crop almost completely failed. Does not intend to plant hybrid maiz again. Under no-till with mucuna yields increased to 3,500 kg/ha Mani: Initially 1,800 kg/ha. Reduced to 1,600 kg/ha. Increased under no-till to 1,800 kg/ha due to effects of rotation and soil conservation
Current Situation: Animals (May 1998): 5 vacas 20 pigs - 12 sows, 8 porkers 84 chickens Land Use (1998): 3 ha tung planted 1993 2.5 ha yerba mate planted 1992 3 ha soja 1.75 ha algodon 1 ha maiz 0.5 ha mani 0.5 ha diverse food crops 7 ha mandioca 10.25 ha avena 3 ha acevem/nabo 0.25 ha mucuna for seed production (planted in yerba mate) 0.25 lab-lab for seed production (planted in yerba mate) 0.25 ha canavalia for seed production (planted in yerba mate) calabaza – small areas planted in yerba mate for sale and home consumption small parcelas in yerba mate of trevo, spegula, acevem, nabo, e arveja Sources of Income: Soja, algodon, maiz, mandioca, yerba mate, tung, green manure crop seeds (mucuna, canavalia, lab-lab), calabaza Pork, chickens sold from roadside also calabaza Amazen – established 1976, ceased operation 1979, re-established 1984 Home Consumption: Mandioca, maiz, poroto, mani Machinery/Tools: Arada/sulcada, 2 azadas, machetes, 1 hand sprayer, 1 moto, 2 bicycles. Access to extensive range of animal traction no-till equipment – pulverizadoras, sembradoras, rollo cuchillo – through no-till association Soil Conservation: Prior to introduction of green manure crops and no-till no specific measures taken.
A1.4.2 Financial Analysis Detailed Tables Sr Victor Ramirez Villes Appendix A2.
Appendix A2.1 Sr Agustin Akino A2.1.1 Description of Farming System
Location: 5 km from San Pedro on main road to Nueva Germania. Compania Picada Fernandez. Farm Area: 8.5 ha main farm of which 6 ha is cultivated, plus 15 ha recently purchased 4km from main farm which is all native pasture. Family/Labour: Husband, wife, 4 children (1 teenage son who helps with land preparation. According to Sr Agustin, 80% of the cultivation he does himself and 20% is done by his son). General: Sr Agustin is an extremely hard worker, never contracts labour and is an active community leader. History: 1978: Arrived on farm. 5 ha had been cultivated previously, remainder of farm was covered by forest. Started growing food crops for family consumption. 1981: Started to grow cotton. Normally 1.5-2.5 ha/year. 1994: Started to plant mucuna with maiz. Mucuna is ploughed into the soil. 1997: Purchased additional 15 ha for increasing cattle numbers. Trends in Crop Yields: Algodon: Initially 3,500-4,000 kg/ha. Now normally 2,500-2,700 kg/ha Never used fertiliser in cotton. Does not burn after clearing. Neighbouring farm where farmer always ploughs 3 times planting every crop, according to Sr Agustin, algodon yields have fallen to 800-900kg/ha
Current Situation: Animals (May 1998): 1 junta de bueyes 2 horses 20 vacas, 2 in lactation 3 sows 50 chickens Land Use (1998): Main Farm 2 ha algodon 1.5 ha maiz (last year planted 1.5 ha mucuna) 1.5 ha mandioca 0.25 ha mani 0.25 ha poroto 0.5 ha cana 2.5 pasture Additional Farm 15 ha native pasture Sources of Income: Algodon, maiz, mandioca, vegetables, milk and cheese Home Consumption: Mandioca, maiz, poroto, mani, fruit and vegetables, meat and milk Machinery/Tools: Arada (2), rasto de disco, azadas, machetes, bicycle Soil Conservation: Rotates whenever possible areas of cotton and other crops. Burns crop residues prior to planting. No contour banks. Using mucuna now 4 years
A2.1.2 Financial Analysis Detailed Tables Sr Agustin Akino Appendix A2.2 Sr Lucas Ledezma A2.2.1 Description of Farming System Location: 5 km from San Pedro on main road to Nueva Germania. Compania Picada Fernandez. Farm Area: 5 hectares. Family/Labour: Husband, wife, 1 adult son (23 years of age). Occasionally contracts people for weeding. General: Sr Lucas has been farming this property 44 years. Within their companhia, Picada Fernandez, there are 70 families, 7 of which have adopted siembra directa. Many others plant mucuna and plough it into the soil. Had title to his land for 3 years. Has been socio of the local Co-opertative for many years from which he obtained credit for planting cotton. Three years ago he left the co-operative and during the last 2 years has obtained credit from CAH. Farm Equipment: Arado, Rastrada, wheel barrow (1), manchetes (2), acadas (2), matracas (2), pulverizadora, axe (1). Access to animal traction no-till equipment purchased through the GTZ Rural Development Project – pulverizadoras, sembradoras, rollo cuchillo History: 1954: Started working on the farm at 14 years of age. Manual cultivation. 1978: Started to use the plough to grow cotton. Planted mandioca and maiz in association. 1992: Stopped growing cotton. 1993: Started to sell fresh vegetables at Saturday market in San Pedro. Concentrated on producing food crops for the local San Pedro market that he could capitalise upon due to close proximity to San Pedro. 1995: First planted mucuna and started using siembra directa. 1996: Convinced about siembra directa and stopped using his plough. Weeding is done manually and with the use of an animal traction weeder. (Herbicides have not been used).
Evolution of the farm since the introduction of green manure crops: First Parcela (1.5 ha) 1996-97: maiz/mucuna (maiz planted conventionally) 1997-98 Mandioca (1.25 ha) Tabaco/mucuna (0.25 ha)
Second Parcela (2 ha) 1997-98: Maiz/mucuna
Third Parcela (1 ha) 1997-98: Sandia/Melon/mucuna
Fourth Parcela (0.5 ha) 1997-98: Mani/mucuna (0.25 ha) Poroto/mucuna (0.25 ha)
Trends in Crop Yields: Algodon: Always about 2,000 kg/ha when started growing cotton 20 years ago. Yield reduced to about 1,500 kg/ha. Always planted cotton in the same area and burnt residues. Last planted cotton 6 years ago. Maiz: At first about 3,500 kg/ha. Reduced to an average of about 2,500 kg/ha. Now about 3,000 kg/ha. Mandioca: Average 16,000 kg/ha (2-year cycle).
Current Situation: Animals (May 1998): 1 junta de bueyes (still used for weeding) 1 vaca 7 pigs – sows and porkers 30 chickens Land Use (1998): 2 ha maiz 2.5 ha mandioca 0.5 ha sandia/melon 0.25 ha tabaco 0.25 ha mani 0.25 ha poroto 0.4 ha pasto 0.1 ha cana Sources of Income: Maiz, mandioca, tabaco, sandia, melon, fresh vegetables, pork meat and chickens Home Consumption: Products grown for home consumption: mani, poroto, maiz, batata, mandioca, poultry, pork, milk and a range of garden vegetables. Soil Conservation: Prior to the introduction of mucuna and no-till no soil conservation methods were used. Cotton always planted in the same parcela.
A3 Financial Analysis Detailed Tables Sr Lucas Ledezma Appendix A2.3 Sr Ramon Oporto A2.3.1 Description of Farming System Location: Compania Picada Fernandez, approximately 5 km from San Pedro on main road to Nueva Germania Farm Area: 8.5 hectares Family/Labour: Husband, wife, 1 adult daughter (21 years of age), 2 teenage sons (17 and 14 years). General: Sr Ramon is a socio of the local La Nortena Ycuamandyyu Co-operative. History: 1972: Commenced on farm that was almost completely covered in forest. 1973: On new land planted 1 ha tabaco. Over the subsequent years reduced tabaco area to 0.2 ha. Also planted for home consumption mandioca, maiz, mani. 1974: First year planted algodon. 1994: First planted mucuna. 1996: First used siembra directa. Evolution of no-till: Introduced mucuna four years ago into area where cotton was grown every year. Obtained 10 kg mucuna seed from GTZ project. Participated in No-till Conference for Small Farmers in Hohenau in 1996. Since then never used plough again. 1st year - 1.5 ha maiz/mucunaÞ mandioca 2nd year - 1.5 ha mandioca/maiz/mucuna 2nd year - 0.25ha canavaliaÞ mucuna/tabaco 0.5 ha mucuna/algodon 0.5 ha mucuna/mandioca Trends in Crop Yields: Algodon: Initially about 3,000 kg/ha when started growing cotton 24 years ago. Yield reduced to an average of about 2,000 kg/ha. Always planted cotton in the same area (1.5 ha) and burnt residues. Last planted cotton 4 years ago. Maiz and Mandioca: Maiz and mandioca planted together under both conventional cultivation and siembra directa. Maiz yielded about 2,000 kg/ha in conventional system. Yields under siembra directa have increased to about 2,500 kg/ha while mandioca yields have been observed to double from 4 kg/plant to 8 kg/plant. Tabaco: Initially 2,800 kg/ha on land cleared of forest.
Current Situation: Animals (May 1998): 1 junta de bueyes, 2 vacas, 3 vaquillas, 1 torno 1 carvalho 4 sows, 6 porkers 3 sheep 20 chickens Land Use (1998): 3 ha mandioca 0.75ha maiz 0.25ha mani 0.25 ha tabaco 0.25 ha banana and other fruit trees (mango, mamao plus 2,000-3,000 pineapple plants) 0.5 ha poroto,batata 0.25 ha cedron 0.25 ha kaahee and yerba 0.25ha cana 0.75 ha pasta plantada 1.5 ha pasto natural 0.25 ha plantas forestales Sources of Income: Mandioca, tabaco, mani, poroto, cedron, caahe, canavalia, sesamon, batata, fruits, pig meat. Previous to using siembra directa, cotton was the main source of income. Home Consumption: Mandioca, maiz, poroto, mani, fruit, chickens and milk. Machinery/Tools: 1 arado, 2 carachas, 1 caretta, normal range of small hand implements (azadas, machetes, carretilla), 2 matracas (1 algodon, 1 maiz), 3 pulverizadoras manual (cada 20 lit.) Soil Conservation: Prior to introduction of green manure crops and no-till no specific measures taken. Cotton was always planted in the same area and all crop residues were burnt. Soil compaction became a problem under conventional cultivation.
A2.3.2 Financial Analysis Detailed Tables Sr Ramon Oporto Appendix A3.
ITINERARY
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