DOCUMENTED OUTPUT OF THE AGRITEX/GTZ PROJECT:

CONSERVATION TILLAGE FOR SUSTAINABLE CROP PRODUCTION SYSTEM

1988 - 1996

Compiled and edited by:

Dr. Jürgen Hagmann

on behalf of:

ARDA-GTZ 'Integrated Rural Development Programme' (IRDEP)

P.O. Box 151, Masvingo, Zimbabwe.

March 1998

Acknowledgements

The author would like to acknowledge the contributions of the following:

The staff of the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDEP) including Mike Connolly, GTZ Agricultural Advisor, and Dr. Manfred Leupold, GTZ Team Leader for their guidance and valuable advice. and Dr. Rita Schäfer, Freiburg, Germany, for her input into this work.

COPYRIGHT © for the Bibliography: Agritex/GTZ ConTill Project.

NOTE: For citation of the full papers in this compendium, please use the citation of the individual papers referring to the journals etc. where they were originally published.

How to Use this Reference Material?

This reference material intends to help all interested persons to get an overview of the output of the Conservation Tillage Project. It is structured into three main parts which fulfill different objectives:

• for a quick overview of all titles of research-related documents which were produced, the bibliographic references are listed alphabetically and numbered.

• if you are interested in the content of the papers, you can obtain summaries or abstracts of the papers in part 2, the annotated bibliography. These are subdivided into 5 different categories of publications.

• if you want to read the full papers, a selection of 34 papers are in part 3, the compendium of reports and papers. A list of the papers included is on page 65. Please use the number provided in the bibliographic reference to search for the paper in the compendium.

• if you want to read the full papers which are not included in this reference material, you can request these papers from the project at the Institute of Agricultural Engineering (IAE) of from the authors. Addresses are on page VI.

 

Guide to the Contents of this Reference Material

How to use this Reference Material?

Guide to the Content of this Reference Material

List of Acronyms

Addresses of the Project and the Authors

Foreword

1 Bibliographic References *

This chapter of the reference material contains an alphabetical reference list of all research-related documents which were produced in the framework of the ConTill Project. The references are numbered in order to relate them to the full papers in section 3, the compendium of reports and papers.

2 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY *

This section contains all abstracts or summaries of the reports and papers listed under bibliographic references.

2.1 Published Articles: *

2.2 Unpublished Project Research Reports: *

2.3 Consultancy Reports *

2.4 Higher Degree Theses and Proposals *

2.5 Papers Presented at International Conferences *

2.6 Further Project Documentations / Media: *

3 Compendium of Reports and papers *

This section contains the reports and papers which show the most relevant results and outputs of the ConTill project. The number of each paper relates to the number provided in the bibliographic references. The following papers are included in full length (see next two pages):

Full Papers included in this compendium:

Paper No Author Year Title

Paper No Author Year Title

46 MUNYATI, M. (1997): Conservation Tillage for Sustainable Crop Production: Results and Experiences from On-station and On-farm Research in Natural Region II (1988-1996).

48 NYAGUMBO, I.(1993): The Influence of Socio-Economic Factors on Potential Adoption of No-Till Tied-Ridging in Four Communal Areas of Zimbabwe.

49 NYAGUMBO, I. (1993): Farmer Participatory Research in Conservation Tillage - Practical Experiences with No-till Tied-Ridging in Communal Areas Lying in the Subhumid North of Zimbabwe.

51 NYAGUMBO, I. (1996): Adaptive On-farm Conservation Tillage Research in the Sub-humid North of Zimbabwe: An overview of findings by the Conservation Tillage Project 1991-1996,

53 NYAGUMBO, I. (1997): Socio-cultural constraints to small-holder farming development projects in Zimbabwe: A review of experiences from farmer participatory research in conservation tillage.

54 OLSEN, K. (1993): Comparison of Some Types of Analyses of Soil Strength Measurements, 13 pages,

55 OLSEN, K. (1994): Modelling Runoff and Soil Loss on Coarse-grained Sandy Soils at Domboshawa, Zimbabwe, 34 pages,

61 VOGEL, H. (1992): Effects of Conservation Tillage on Sheet Erosion from Sandy Soils at two Experimental Sites in Zimbabwe.

62 VOGEL, H. (1992): Morphological and Hydrological Characteristics of Gleyic Soils and their Potential for Crops Production. A Case Study from Zimbabwe.

63 VOGEL, H. (1993): An Evaluation of Five Tillage Systems for Smallholder Agriculture in Zimbabwe.

64 VOGEL, H. (1993): Maize Root Profiles in Gleyic Sandy Soils as Influenced by Ridging and Ploughing in Zimbabwe.

65 VOGEL, H. (1993): Tillage Effects on Maize Yield, Rooting Depth and Soil Water Content on Sandy Soils in Zimbabwe.

67 VOGEL, H. (1994): The Effects of Tillage on Topsoil Temperature and Strength in Coarse-Grained Sands with Special Reference to a Tied-Ridging System.

68 VOGEL, H. (1994): Weeds in Single-Crop Conservation Farming in Zimbabwe.

69 VOGEL, H. / NYAGUMBO, I. / OLSEN, K. (1994): Effect of Tied-ridging and Mulch Ripping on Water Conservation in Maize Production on Sandveld Soils.

 

List of Acronyms

AGRITEX Department of Agricultural, Technical and Extension Services

ATNESA Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa

CARD Co-ordinated Agricultural and Rural Development Programme in Masvingo

DR&SS Department of Research and Specialist Services

GTZ German Technical Co-operation

IAE Institute of Agricultural Engineering

IRDEP Integrated Rural Development Programme in Masvingo

ISCO International Soil Conservation Organisation

ISTRO International Soil Tillage Research Organisation

ISWC Indigenous Soil and Water Conservation

PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal

SACCAR Southern Africa Centre for Co-ordination of Agricultural Research

SADC Southern African Development Conference

Addresses of the Project and the Authors

Project Staff at present (1998):

Mr. Paul Gotora

Mrs. Adelaide Munodawafa (Moyo)

Mr. Martin Munyati,

Mr. Godfrey Nehanda,

Mr. Isaiah Nyagumbo,

Conservation Tillage Project, Institute of Agricultural Engineering,

Hatcliffe, P.O. Box BW 330, Borrowdale, Harare, Zimbabwe.

Tel: +263-4-860055, 860019, 860136, Fax: 860136

Mr. Edward Chuma

Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167,

Mr. Oliver Gundani

SNV Zimbabwe, P.O. Box CY 156, Harare. Tel: +263-4-723375

Dr. Jürgen Hagmann

International Consultant, Talstrasse 129, D-79194 Gundelfingen, Germany.

Tel: +49/761/54762, Fax. 54775, Email: JHAGMANN@AOL.COM

Dr. Horst Vogel

BGR, P.O. Box 510153, D-30631 Hannover, Germany Tel: +49/511-6432843,

Fax. 6432304

Dikito, Mercy; Consultant, Harare

Ellis-Jones, Jim; Silsoe Research Institute, UK

Elwell, Henry; Consultant, Harare

Loos, Heinz; GTZ- IRDEP Masvingo, (now GTZ Ghana)

Manuel, Ulrich; Consultant, now Australia

Muchaonyerwa, Pardon; University of Zimbabwe

Murwira, Kudakwashe; Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG), Zimbabwe

Olsen, Klaus; MS, Danish Volunteer Service, now Denmark

Sarupinda, C.; IRDEP, Masvingo

Twomlow, Steve; Silsoe Research Institute, UK

Foreword

This reference material is an attempt to compile a comprehensive list of all documented outputs of the Conservation Tillage for Sustainable Crop Production Systems Project better known as ConTill. The ConTill project was implemented between 1988 and 1996 as a co-operation between the Department of Agricultural, Technical and Extension Services (Agritex) of the Ministry of Lands and Agriculture in Zimbabwe and the German Development Corporation (GTZ) funded by the German Ministry of Economic Co-operation. Within Agritex the project was based at the Institute of Agricultural Engineering and the Soil and Water Conservation Branch.

The primary objective was to assess the soil and water conservation and yield merit of several tillage systems with a view to develop sustainable crop production systems for smallholder farmers in different Natural Regions of Zimbabwe. The research programme started as an on-station programme with two experimental sites being established on sandy soils under natural rainfall at Domboshawa Training Centre (30km North of Harare in the sub-humid North of Zimbabwe) and Makoholi Research Station (30 km North of Masvingo town in the semi-arid Southern part of Zimbabwe). The programme was expanded in 1990 to include adaptive on-farm trials as a means to verifying the technologies with farmers. The on-farm programme was further adapted in 1992 to include participatory research and extension. The main objective of this phase was to empower farmers to make decisions on things that affect them, and allow them to experiment with technologies as they so desired.

Results at every stage of the research programme have been documented by members of the ConTill team, and in some cases in conjunction with workers from other collaborating institutions. These results were either published in journals, presented at workshops and conferences or kept at the Institute of Agricultural Engineering library as research reports. Over 70 scientific reports, papers, journal articles covering the technical performance of the tillage systems, the socio-economic circumstances influencing their adoption by farmers and the role of participatory technology development have been produced during the project life period. It is therefore the intention of this bibliographic reference to put all these outputs in summary form under one cover for ease of reference for interested parties such as researchers, practitioners and students. The addresses of the project and the authors are given for the sake of those who are interested in getting the full papers and reports which are not in this compilation. We hope that you will find these reference materials useful and we look forward to getting your enquiries in the near future.

Godfrey Nehanda

1 Bibliographic References

This chapter of the reference material contains an alphabetical reference list of all research-related documents which were produced in the framework of the ConTill Project.

CHUMA, E. (1992): Report on Contill On-Farm Trials in Gutu District. Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

CHUMA, E. (1993): Annual Report on Adaptive Tillage Trials on No-till Tied-Ridging in Gutu Communal Lands (1992/93 Season). Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

CHUMA, E. (1993): Effects of Tillage on Erosion-Related Soil Properties of a Sandy Soil in Semi-Arid Zimbabwe. In: Kronen, M. (ed.): Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Scientific Conference, SADC Land and Water Man. Res. Prog., SACCAR, Gaborone, Botswana, pp.319-330.

CHUMA, E. (1993): Report on a Socio-economic Survey with Farmers Participating in Adaptive Trails on No-till Tied-ridging in Two Communal Areas of Gutu District. Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

CHUMA, E. (1994): Annual Report on Adaptive Tillage Trials on No-till Tied-Ridging in Gutu Communal Lands (1993/94 Season). Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

CHUMA, E. / HAGMANN, J. (1995): Summary of Results and Experiences from On-Station and On-Farm Testing and Development of Conservation Tillage Farming Systems in the Semi-Arid Masvingo, Zimbabwe. In: Twomlow, S. / Ellis-Jones, J. / Hagmann, J. / Loos, H: (eds.): Soil and Water Conservation for Smallholder Farmers in Semi-Arid Zimbabwe, Proceedings of a Technical Workshop held 3-7 April 1995 in Masvingo, Masvingo: Belmont Press, pp.41-60.

CHUMA, E. (1996): The Contribution of Evaluation Methods to Understanding of Innovations in Zimbabwe. In: Budelman, A. (ed.): Agricultural R&D at the Crossroads: Merging systems research and social actor appproaches. KIT Publications, Amsterdam, pp. 81-91.

DIKITO, M. / NYAGUMBO, I. (1992): Report on Two Farmer's Workshops Held From the 26th-30th October 1992 at Domboshawa Training Centre. Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

ELWELL, H. (1994): Feasibility of Modelling Annual Soil Loss, Runoff and Maize Yield for the two Research Sites, Domboshawa and Makoholi. Projections to other Natural Regions in Zimbabwe. Testing of and Contributions to SLEMSA. Unpublished consultancy report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

GOTORA, P. (1991): Adaptive No-till Tied-ridging Trials in Small-scale Farming Areas of Zimbabwe. 7 pages, Unpublished paper, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo. (In: Project Research Report 1)

GOTORA, P. (1993): On-farm Demonstration and On-Farm Adaptive Trial Report 1989/90 and 1990/91. 14 pages, Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo. (In: Project Research Report 4)

GTZ/IAE/AGRITEX/CONTILL-Project (1990): Working Document for the On-Station Component of the Project "Conservation Tillage for Sustainable Crop Production Systems". Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

GTZ/IAE/AGRITEX/CONTILL-Project (1991): Project Research Report 1-15, Unpublished reports, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

HAGMANN, J. (1992): Preliminary Report on Results of Adaptive On-farm Tillage Trials in Zaka and Chivi Districts. Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

HAGMANN, J. / CHUMA, E. / GUNDANI, O. (1992): Report on Two Workshops With Farmers Participating in Adaptive On-farm Trials in Gutu, Zaka and Chivi Communal Areas. Workshops held at Alvord Training Centre on September 21 to 26, 1992, Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

HAGMANN, J. (1992): Working Document for the On-farm Component of the Project. Unpublished paper, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

HAGMANN, J. (1993): Farmer-participatory Research in Conservation Tillage; Approach, Methods and Experiences from an Adaptive On-farm Trial Programme in Zimbabwe. In: Kronen, M. (ed.): Proceedings of the Forth Annual Scientific Conference of the SADC Land and Water Management Research Programme, held in Windhoek, Namibia, October 11 to 14, 1993, SACCAR, Gaborone, Botswana, pp.217-236,

HAGMANN, J. (1994): Development of an Animal-drawn Disc Ridger for a Tied-Ridging System of Conservation Tillage. In: Starkey, P. / Mwenya, E. / Stares, J. (eds.): Improving Animal Traction Technology. Proceedings of the First Workshop of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA) held 18-23 January 1992, Lusaka, Zambia. Technical Centre for Agriculture and Rural Co-operation, CTA, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp.198-202.

HAGMANN, J. (1994): Implements for Conservation Tillage. Draft brochure for farmers, Unpublished brochure, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

HAGMANN, J. (1994): Lysimeter Measurements of Nutrient Losses from a Sandy Soil under Conventional-Till and Ridge-Till.In: Jensen, B.E. / Schjonning, P. / Mikkelsen, K.B. (eds.) (1994): Soil Tillage for Crop Production and Protection of the Environment. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference, International Soil Tillage Research Organisation (ISTRO), Aalbourg, Denmark, July 24 to 29 1994, pp.305-310.

HAGMANN, J. (1994): The Fanja Juu System; An Option for Soil and Water Conservation in Semi-Arid Zimbabwe. Paper Published as Project Report of the AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

HAGMANN, J. (1995): State and Effectiveness of the Mechanical Conservation Systems for Rill Erosion Control in Semi-Arid Masvingo. In: TWOMLOW, S. / ELLIS-JONES, J. / HAGMANN, J. / LOOS, H. (eds.): Soil and Water Conservation for Smallholder Farmers in Semi-arid Zimbabwe - Transfer between Research and Extension, Proceedings of a Technical Workshop, 3-7 April 1995 in Masvingo, published in Zimbabwe by the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDEP) and printed by Belmont Press, Masvingo, pp.91-103.

HAGMANN, J. / CHUMA, E. / GUNDANI, O. (1995): Integrating Formal Research into a Participatory Process. In: ILEIA NEWSLETTER, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp.12-13.

HAGMANN, J. / CHUMA, E. / MURWIRA, K. / MOYO, E. (1995): Transformation of Agricultural Extension and Research Towards Farmer Participation; Approach and Experiences in Masvingo Province, Zimbabwe. In: Twomlow, S. / Ellis-Jones, J. / Hagmann, J. / Loos, H. (eds.) (1995): Soil and Water Conservation for Smallholder Farmers in Semi-arid Zimbabwe. Proceedings of a Technical Workshop held 3-7 April 1995 in Masvingo. Belmont Press, Masvingo, pp.135-145.

HAGMANN, J. / CHUMA, E. / NEHANDA, G. (1995): Development and Institutionalising of Participatory Innovation Development and Extension in the Agricultural Extension Service in Zimbabwe. In: GTZ (ed.): Participatory Learning Approaches in Multisectoral Projects, GTZ Kurzinfo No. 21, GTZ OE 425, Eschborn, pp.37-42.

HAGMANN, J. / PRASAD, V.L. (1995): Use of Donkeys and their Draught Performance in Semi-Arid Zimbabwe. In: Tropical Animal Health and Production, 27, pp.231-239.

HAGMANN, J. (1996): Mechanical Soil Conservation with Contour Ridges: Cure for, or Cause of, Rill Erosion? In: Land Degradation and Development, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp.145-160.

HAGMANN, J. / MURWIRA, K. (1996): Indigenous Soil and Water Conservation in Southern Zimbabwe: A study of Techniques, Historical Changes and Recent Developments under Participatory Research and Extension. In: Reij, C. / Scoones, I. / Toulmin, C. (eds.): Sustaining the Soil. Indigenous Soil and Water Conservation in Africa, Earthscan, London, pp.97-106. (Part I)

HAGMANN, J. / MURWIRA, K. (1996): Indigenous Soil and Water Conservation in Southern Zimbabwe: A study on Techniques, Historical Changes and Recent Developments under Participatory Research and Extension. IIED Paper No. 63, London. (Part II)

HAGMANN, J. / CHUMA, E. / MURWIRA, K. (1996): Improving the Output of Agricultural Extension and Research through Participatory Innovation Development & Extension; Experiences from Zimbabwe. In: European Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp.15-24.

HAGMANN, J. / MURWIRA, K. / CHUMA, E. (1996): Learning together: Development and Extension of Soil and Water Conservation in Zimbabwe. In: Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, Vol. 35, no. 2, pp.142-162.

HAGMANN, J. (1997): Development of a Donkey-pulled Toolframe for Weeding, Ridge-tying and Opening Planting Furrows. In: Starkey, P. / Simalenga, T. / Miller, F. (eds.): Animal power for weed control, Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co-operation (CTA), Wageningen, The Netherlands.

HAGMANN, J., CHUMA, E. GUNDANI, O. (1997): From Teaching to Learning: Tools for Learning about Soil and Water Conservation. In: ILEIA Newsletter, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 26-27.

HAGMANN, J., CHUMA, E. GUNDANI, O. (1997):Is He the Farmer or the Farmer’s Husband? Gender in Agricultural Research and Extension in Zimbabwe. In: Entwicklungsethnologie, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 100 - 119.

HAGMANN,J., CHUMA, E., MURWIRA, K. (1997): Kuturaya; Participatory Research, Innovation and Extension. In: van Veldhuizen, L., Waters-Bayer, A., Ramirez, R., Johnson, D. & Thompson, J.: FARMERS' RESEARCH IN PRACTICE: Lessons From the Field. IT publications, London, pp. 153-173.

IRDEP M&E in co-op. with CONTILL Project (1994): A Baseline Farming Systems Survey, Zaka District '94. Survey report published by Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDEP), Masvingo.

MOYO, A. (1992): Report on On-station activities in Makoholi, 1991/92 Season. Unpublished paper, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

MOYO, A. (1994): Annual Report on Soil Erosion Assessment of Different Tillage Systems, Results of Makoholi On-station Trials 1993/94 Season. Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

MOYO, A. (1994): Assessment of the Effect of Soil Erosion on Nutrient Loss from Granite-Derived Sandy Soils under Different Tillage Systems in Zimbabwe. Dphil Research Proposal, University of Zimbabwe, Harare.

MOYO, A. / HAGMANN, J. (1994): Growth-Effective Rainfall in Maize Production under Different Tillage Systems in Semi-Arid Conditions and Granitic Sands of Southern Zimbabwe. In: Jensen, B.E. / Schjonning, P. / Mikkelsen, S.A. / Madsen, K.B. (eds.) (1994): Soil Tillage for Crop Production and Protection of the Environment. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference, International Soil Tillage Research Organisation (ISTRO), Aalborg, Denmark, pp.475-480.

MOYO, A. (1996): Evaluation of two Different Soil Analysis Methods, Correlation between Zimbabwean Standard Soil Chemical Methods and Hach Soil Portable Laboratory Methods. Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

MOYO, A. (1996): The Effect of Soil Erosion On Soil Productivity as Influenced By Tillage: With Special Reference to Clay and Organic Matter Losses. Paper presented at the 9^th Conference of the International Soil Conservation Organisation (ISCO) in Bonn, Germany, 26-30 August 1996. (proceedings forthcoming).

MOYO, A. (1997): Fielddays: Educating Farmers on Soil Erosion and its Effects and Offering Solutions through Soil and Water Conservation Techniques. Unpublished draft, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

MUCHAONYERWA, P. (1995): Effects of Soil Moisture and Temperature on Germination and Emergence of Maize (Zea mays). A project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science Agriculture (Honours), Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, Unpublished report, Harare.

MUNYATI, M. / NYAGUMBO, I. (1994): Report on the On-farm Mid-Season Evaluation Tours, Musana, Chiweshe, Chinamhora and Chivi 1993/94 season. CONTILL/On-farm Trials, Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

MUNYATI, M. (1997): Conservation Tillage for Sustainable Crop Production: Results and Experiences from On-station and On-farm Research in Natural Region II (1988-1996). In: Zimbabwe Science news Vol. 31, No. 2, pp.27-33..

NYAGUMBO, I. (1992): On Farm Trials Season 91/92 Chinamhora/Chiweshe Report. Unpublished annual report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

NYAGUMBO, I. (1993): The Influence of Socio-Economic Factors on Potential Adoption of No-Till Tied-Ridging in Four Communal Areas of Zimbabwe, In: Kronen, M. (ed.) (1993): Proceedings of the Third Annual Scientific Conference, SADC Land and Water Man. Res. Prog., held in Harare, Zimbawe, October 5 to 7, 1992, SACCAR, Gaborone, Botswana, pp.319-329.

NYAGUMBO, I. (1993): Farmer Participatory Research in Conservation Tillage - Practical Experiences with No-till Tied-Ridging in Communal Areas Lying in the Subhumid North of Zimbabwe. In: Kronen, M. (ed.) (1993): Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Scientific Conference, SADC Land and Water Man. Res. Prog., held in Windhoek, Namibia, October 11 to 14, 1993, SACCAR, Gaborone, Botswana, pp.236-249.

NYAGUMBO, I. (1994): The Effect of Three Tillage Systems on Drainage and the Seasonal Water Budgets of two Zimbabwean Soils under Maize. Dphil research proposal, University of Zimbabwe, Department of Soil Science, Harare.

NYAGUMBO, I. (1996): Adaptive On-farm Conservation Tillage Research in the Sub-humid North of Zimbabwe: An overview of findings by the Conservation Tillage Project 1991-1996. Paper presented to AGRITEX, Soil & Water Conservation Branch, Unpublished paper, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

NYAGUMBO, I. (1996): In-situ Field Determinants of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivities on Two Soil Types, A study carried out in partial fulfilment of a PhD study entitled: The Effect of Three Tillage Systems on Drainage and Seasonal Water Budgets of Two Zimbabwean Soils under Maize. 3rd Draft, Unpublished study, University of Zimbabwe, Department of Soil Science, Harare.

NYAGUMBO, I. (1997): Socio-cultural Constraints to Small-holder Farming Development Projects in Zimbabwe: A Review of Experiences From Farmer Participatory Research in Conservation Tillage. In Zimbabwe Science News Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 42-48.

OLSEN, K. (1993): Comparison of Some Types of Analyses of Soil Strength Measurements. 13 pages, Unpublished paper, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo. (In: Project Research Report 9)

OLSEN, K. (1994): Modelling Runoff and Soil Loss on Coarse-grained Sandy Soils at Domboshawa, Zimbabwe. 34 pages, Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo. (In: Project Research Report 8)

SARUPINDA, C. (1992): A Preliminary Study of the Adoption of the No-till Tied-Ridging System in Musana, Chinamhora, Mutoko and Chiweshe Communal Lands. Unpublished study, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

TWOMLOW, S. / ELLIS-JONES, J. / HAGMANN, J. / LOOS, H. (eds.) (1995): Soil and Water Conservation for Smallholder Farmers in Semi-arid Zimbabwe - Transfer between Research and Extension. Proceedings of a Technical Workshop, 3-7 April 1995 in Masvingo, Belmont Press, Masvingo.

ULRICH, M. (1994): Various Socio-Economic Aspects Concerning the Adaptive On-farm Trial Programme of the Collaborative AGRITEX/GTZ Project: Conservation Tillage for Sustainable Crop Production Systems. Unpublished consultancy report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

VOGEL, H. (1991): Conservation Tillage for Small-Scale Farming in Zimbabwe. 13 pages, Unpublished paper, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo. (In: Project Research Report 1)

VOGEL, H. (1992): Conservation Tillage for Sustainable Crop Production Systems. Concept and Approach of a Development Programme in Zimbabwe. In: Haskings, P.G. / Murphry, B.M. (eds.): 7th ISCO (International Soil and Water Conservation Organization) Conference Proceedings, People Protecting their Land. Sydney, Australia, 27-30. Sept. 1992, Vol. 2, pp.568-573.

VOGEL, H. (1992): Effects of Conservation Tillage on Sheet Erosion from Sandy Soils at two Experimental Sites in Zimbabwe. In: Applied Geography, Vol. 12, pp.229-242.

VOGEL, H. (1992): Morphological and Hydrological Characteristics of Gleyic Soils and their Potential for Crops Production. A case study from Zimbabwe. In: Soil Technology, Vol. 5, pp.303-317.

VOGEL, H. (1993): An Evaluation of Five Tillage Systems for Smallholder Agriculture in Zimbabwe. In: Der Tropenlandwirt, Vol. 94, pp.21-36.

VOGEL, H. (1993): Maize Root Profiles in Gleyic Sandy Soils as Influenced by Ridging and Ploughing in Zimbabwe. 14 pages, Unpublished paper, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo. (In: Project Research Report 8)

VOGEL, H. (1993): Tillage Effects on Maize Yield, Rooting Depth and Soil Water Content on Sandy Soils in Zimbabwe. In: Field Crop Research, Vol. 23, pp.367-384.

VOGEL, H. (1994): Conservation Tillage in Zimbabwe - Evaluation of Several Techniques for the Development of Sustainable Crop Production Systems in Smallholder Farming. African Studies Series, A 11, Geographica Bernensia, Bern.

VOGEL, H. (1994): The Effects of Tillage on Topsoil Temperature and Strength in Coarse-Grained Sands with Special Reference to a Tied-Ridging System. In: Experimental Agriculture, Vol. 30, pp.57-66.

VOGEL, H. (1994): Weeds in Single-Crop Conservation Farming in Zimbabwe. In: Soil & Tillage Research, 31, pp.169-185.

VOGEL, H. / NYAGUMBO, I. / OLSEN, K.(1994): Effect of Tied-ridging and Mulch Ripping on Water Conservation in Maize Pproduction on Sandveld Soils. In: Der Tropenlandwirt, 95, pp.33-44.

VOGEL, H. (1995): Management issues in the planning and implementation of an agricultural research project in Zimbabwe. In: Bosch, M., Preuss, H.J.A. (eds.): Management Issues in National Agricultural Research Systems: Concepts, Instruments, Experiences. Schriften des Zentrums für regionale Entwicklungsforschung der Justus Liebig Universität Giessen. LIT Verlag Münster-Hamburg, pp. 279-290

2 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

This section contains all abstracts or summaries of the reports and papers listed under bibliographic references. These are subdivided into:

2.1 Published Articles:

2.2 Unpublished Project Research Reports

2.3 Consultancy Reports

2.4 Higher Degree Theses and Proposals

2.5 Papers Presented at International Conferences

2.6 Further Project Documentation / Media

2.1 PUBLISHED ARTICLES:

3 CHUMA, E. (1993): Effects of Tillage on Erosion-Related Soil Properties of a Sandy Soil in Semi-Arid Zimbabwe.

In: Kronen, M. (ed.): Proceedings of the Forth Annual Scientific Conference, SADC Land & Water Man. Res. Prog., SACCAR, Gaborone, Botswana, pp. 319-330.

Abstract:

Four conservation tillage treatments (mulch ripping, clean ripping, no-till tied-ridging, and hand hoeing) and conventional tillage are being evaluated in a long-term soil and water conservation project. No-till tied-ridging and mulch ripping have shown lower soil loss than the other treatments.

Five years after treatments were first applied, soil properties under different tillage treatments were evaluated for erosion resistance and penetration. Percentage clay and organic carbon in the upper root zone, structural stability, infiltration and soil strength were determined.

Conservation tillage treatments showed lower organic carbon reductions than conventional tillage. Only the mulch ripping treatment showed slightly better structural stability than conventional tillage. The hand-hoe treatment showed high soil strength likely to inhibit root penetration. It appeared that the minimal soil disturbance associated with the two ripping treatments could contribute significantly to improved erosion resistance of the experimental sandy soil, in particular if combined with good ground cover and improved soil fertility.

Keywords:

Soil erosion; conservation tillage; .soil strength, organic matter reduction

 

6 CHUMA, E. / HAGMANN, J. (1995): Summary of Results and Experiences from On-Station and On-Farm Testing and Development of Conservation Tillage Systems in the Semi-Arid Masvingo, Zimbabwe.

In: Twomlow, S. / Ellis-Jones, J. / Hagmann, J. / Loos, H: (eds.): Soil and Water Conservation for Smallholder Farmers in Semi-Arid Zimbabwe, Proceedings of a Technical Workshop held 3-7 April 1995 in Masvingo, Masvingo: Belmont Press, pp.41-60.

Abstract:

The project Conservation Tillage for Sustainable Crop Production Systems has been testing and developing conservation tillage systems in the semi-arid areas of Masvingo Province since 1988. A dual approach of on-station research and adaptive on-farm research has been taken.

Out of five tillage techniques, only mulch ripping can be considered as being ecologically sustainable. No-till tied-ridging follows closely due to its perfect soil and water conservation effect. Two other minimum tillage systems, hand hoeing and clean ripping are able to reduce soil loss as compared to conventional mouldboard ploughing, but their level of soil loss is still above tolerable levels.

Performance of the different tillage techniques has proved to be highly variable depending on soil, site and farmer specific conditions. To address the problem of high variability of conditions it was concluded that different techniques and systems should be promoted as options rather than blanket recommendations and that farmers should be encouraged to select, test and experiment with options in order to adapt technologies to their specific needs and conditions.

The paper concludes that conservation tillage alone without considering further aspects of crop husbandry and soil fertility can only result in minor yield increases and does not necessarily increase the sustainability of the crop production system. Extension and further research should focus on an integrated approach for land husbandry.

Keywords:

Conservation tillage; farmer participatory research; extension messages, land husbandry, sustainable tillage systems

 

7 CHUMA, E. (1996): The Contribution of Evaluation Methods to Understanding of Innovations in Zimbabwe..

In: Budelman, A. (ed.): Agricultural R&D at the Crossroads: Merging systems research and social actor appproaches. KIT Publications, Amsterdam, pp. 81-91.

Abstract:

In order to contribute towards a solution to the present land management crisis and to the problem of poor adoption of technologies developed on research stations, a conservation tillage technique called on-till tied-ridging is being tested and developed in on-going adaptive on-farm trials. These are based on farmer-participatory research. Methods that look into the technical performance of the tillage systems as well as into farmers' socio-economic environment and their perceptions and adaptations to the technique, are being applied. The study attempts to analyse the contribution of different evaluation methods to the understanding of the impact, and the potential of adoption, of the tillage technique.

Soil conservation does not appear to be an obvious objective of the farmers. For adoption of no-till tied ridging awareness of soil erosion and of its effects must be created through sensitization efforts. This will raise the priority of conservation since traditions and obligations regarding land management still exists. A strategy involving these traditions combined with modern awareness could be applied by extension staff.

Farmers are operating in complex, dynamic and multiple-objective systems. Yield maximisation is only one and, too often, not their main objective. To understand farmers' decisions in technology adoption, it is necessary to consider all the farmers' objectives and also to understand their relative importance. The method of applying informal interviews and observations is most revealing and it is, therefore, recommended to use this method intensively..

Keywords:

Farmer participatory research, no-till tied ridging, farmer evaluation tours, adoption/adaptation survey

 

6 CHUMA, E. / HAGMANN, J. (1997): Conservation Tillage for semi-arid Zimbabwe: Results and Experiences from On-Station and On-Farm interactive Innovation in Masvingo (1988-1994)

In: Zimbabwe Science News Vol 31, No. 2, pp. 34-41.

Abstract:

This paper is a short version of the paper by Chuma & Hagmann 1995.

Keywords:

Conservation tillage; farmer participatory research; extension messages, land husbandry, sustainable tillage systems

 

17 HAGMANN, J. (1993): Farmer-participatory Research in Conservation Tillage; Approach, Methods and Experiences from an Adaptive On-farm Trail Programme in Zimbabwe,

In: Kronen, M. (ed.)(1993): Proceedings of the Forth Annual Scientific Conference of the SADC Land and Water Management Research Programme, Windhoek, Namibia, pp.217-236, published by the Southern Africa Centre for Co-ordination of Agricultural Research (SACCAR), Gaborone, Botswana.

Abstract:

A farmer-centred research approach was chosen to test and further develop conservation tillage systems under smallholder farmers' management. The approach is based on active farmer participation. The research concept consists of testing one new technique, that is tied-ridging, in comparison to traditional moulboard ploughing, and analysing the results from a farming system perspective.

A methodology to activate farmer participation was developed and implemented in farmer workshops. Farmers, extension workers, and researchers were invited to three-day workshops moderated by a local facilitator. Critical awareness-raising techniques were applied to catalyse participation and to escape the hierarchical structure. Methods based on a problem analysis provided for a better insight into farmers' problems perception and also enabled a better understanding of the problems by the researcher. Group discussions revealed major social problems arising from social change. A leadership and co-operation crisis in rural communities was identified. Related to the trials, a 'social risk' in experimenting was identified: farmers feared being laughed at if a technique were to fail.

The workshop methodology had positive impacts on farmer participation (women's participation in particular), on co-operation among farmers, and on the commitment to technology development through self-initiated farmer experimentation. However, farmer participation and farmer-based experimentation have proved to be gradual processes more than methods. Farmers need to gain self-confidence to develop the initiative required to generate their own solutions. Active farmer participation is not necessarily a consequence of a participatory approach, it also requires 'participatory' personalities of researchers and extension workers and democratic communication structures in the communities; factors which are often overlooked but on which the success greatly depends. With the approach taken it was possible to obtain scientifically sound data and to link research and extension through farmer-to-farmer extension.

It is being concluded that development and adoption of technical innovations can only be successful if the social environment is supportive and therefore should be complemented by 'social innovations.'

Keywords:

Farmer-participatory research; farmer workshops; social problems; social innovations; communication; leadership/co-operation crisis

 

18 HAGMANN, J. (1994): Development of an Animal-drawn Disc Ridger for a Tied-Ridging System of Conservation Tillage.

In: Starkey, P. / Mwenya, E. / Stares, J. (eds.): Improving animal traction technology. Proceedings of the first workshop of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA) held 18-23 January 1992, Lusaka, Zambia. Technical Centre for Agriculture and Rural Co-operation, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp.198-202.

Abstract:

Draft power and labour constraints in the communal areas of Zimbabwe make it difficult to implement tied-ridging using the local high-wing ridger or mouldboard plough. In response to these problems an animal-drawn disc ridger was developed. Using this implement, draft and work time requirements were reduced by 45 and 40%, respectively. Although the implement is quite heavy, it contributes to an easier and less labour-intensive management of tied-ridging. Its use is not limited to tied-ridging as it can also be operated as a ridger for other ridging systems.

Keywords:

Conservation tillage; agricultural implements, ridging systems; animal draft power; labour constraints.

 

20 HAGMANN, J. (1994): Lysimeter Measurements of Nutrient Losses from a Sandy Soil under Conventional-Till and Ridge-Till.

In: Jensen, B.E. / Schjonning, P. / Mikkelsen, K.B. (eds.): Soil Tillage for Crop Production and Protection of the Environment. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference, International Soil Tillage Research Organisation (ISTRO), Aalbourg, Denmark, pp.305-310.

Abstract:

Nutrient losses and percolation from the root zone were measured under a conservation tillage system (no-till tied-ridging) and conventional mouldboard ploughing system over a two year period. The objective was to evaluate whether decreased runoff and higher infiltration in tied-ridging are causing higher nutrient losses to leaching. Six percolation lysimeters were installed in a sandy soil derived from granite. In each tillage treatment two lysimetres were under a maize crop and one under bare fallow. Rainfall and percolate volume were measured daily and analysed for nutrients.

In the first year, due to an extreme drought, no leaching occured. In the second year approx. 25% of the seasonal rainfall drained but there were no significant differences between tillage treatments. Nutrient losses, however, were substantially lower in the ridge-till system. For the two major nutrients leached, NO3-Nitrogen and Potassium, tied-ridging reduced losses by 40% (NO3-N) and 55% (K) under maize and by 27% (NO3-N) and 51% (K) under bare fallow.

The same trend appeared with phosphate and calcium, but total amounts leached were very low. The nutrient conserving effect of the tied-ridging system was explained by the highly permeable sandy soils which provide for rapid vertical drainage of excess water in the furrows without leaching the ridge, in which the nutrient-rich topsoil is accumulated. Under these conditions, combined with its larger rooting volume, tied-ridging is likely to provide a more favourable nutrient supply to plants than plough-tillage. The study also showed that under the prevailing rainfall and cropping pattern substantial drainage is likely to occur mainly early in the growing season when water uptake by plants is still low.

Keywords:

Tillage techniques; sandy soils; nutrient leaching, soil water balance, lysimetre studies.

 

23 HAGMANN, J. / CHUMA, E. / GUNDANI, O. (1995): Integrating Formal Research into a Participatory Process.

In: ILEIA NEWSLETTER, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp.12-13.

Abstract:

The conservation tillage project has been involved in tillage and soil and water conservation research using a combined on-farm and on-station research approach since 1990. Quantitative research data were obtained by both the on-station and the on-farm component. Farmer participatory research on-farm also focuses on qualitative aspects in farmers' experimentation, adaptation and adoption process. The paper describes the methodology for combining qualitative and quantitative participatory on-farm research in a synergetic way to satisfy the researchers need for hard data and farmers needs in their own experimentation and collective learning processes. A major challenge has been the integration of quantitative research into the process of farmer participatory research.

Keywords:

Participatory research; formal research; participatory technology development; farmer experimentation.

24 HAGMANN, J. / CHUMA, E. / MURWIRA, K. / MOYO, E. (1995): Transformation of Agricultural Extension and Research Towards Farmer Participation; Approach and Experiences in Masvingo Province, Zimbabwe.

In: Twomlow, S. / Ellis-Jones, J. / Hagmann, J. / Loos, H. (eds.) (1995): Soil and Water Conservation for Smallholder Farmers in Semi-arid Zimbabwe. Proceedings of a Technical Workshop held 3-7 April 1995 in Masvingo. Belmont Press, Masvingo, pp.135-145.

Abstract:

The paper describes three participatory approaches geared towards rural development, development of innovations and agricultural extension and research presently developed and tested in pilot activities in Masvingo Province. All these approaches require new roles from the main development agents. With regard to agricultural extension workers, the role of 'teacher' must be replaced by the role of facilitator for technical issues and social processes. This role change requires a major change in attitudes and a higher social competence than the technocratic extension workers have at present.

The role change must be accompanied by the provision of tools and methodologies to the extension workers. Three methodologies (diagnostic survey, PRA and Training for Transformation) with the potential contributions to a role change are discussed, Training for Transformation is suggested as a major tool for initiating the role change as it provides the required philosophic framework as well as practical methods and tools to encourage farmer participation.

A review of experiences and constraints in the implementation of participatory approaches and the role changes revealed the transition period as a critical point. During that process intensive support has to be provided and an effective staff appraisal and monitoring system has to be in place to guide the extension workers. Steps to introduce participatory approaches into the extension system are proposed through a training programme for different levels of staff suggested on the basis of experiences gained so far. It is concluded that a consistent curriculum and a close follow-up is required to integrate participatory extension approaches successfully into the agricultural extension service.

Keywords:

Farmer participation; agricultural development; agricultural extension service; participatory extension; training for transformation.

 

25 HAGMANN, J. / CHUMA, E. / NEHANDA, G. (1995): Development and Institutionalising of Participatory Innovation Development and Extension in the Agricultural Extension Service in Zimbabwe.

In: GTZ (ed.): Participatory Learning Approaches in Multisectoral Projects, GTZ OE 425, Kurzinfo No. 21, Eschborn, pp.37-42.

Abstract:

The concept for participatory innovation development and extension is based on dialogical communication, farmer experimentation and strengthening of self-organisational capacities of rural communities. Active farmer participation is the mainstay of the approach. Institutionalisation of participatory approaches into a hierarchically structured organisation is a highly complex intervention. It requires a major reorientation of planning, implementation and M&E systems for which high commitment from all staff is needed and must be considered as a medium to long term objective.

Keywords:

Participatory innovation development; communication; farmer experimentation; extension services, institutionalisation of participatory approaches

 

26 HAGMANN, J. / PRASAD, V.L. (1995): Use of Donkeys and their Draught Performance in Semi-Arid Zimbabwe.

In: Tropical Animal Health and Production, 27, pp.231-239.

Abstract:

Animal traction constitutes the most important source of power for agricultural work in Zimbabwe. Two studies, a survey and a short term on-farm trial were conducted to evaluate the use of donkeys as draught animals. The survey covered 59 households in 2 smallholder farming areas. For the on-farm trial, 12 donkeys and 12 cattle were spanned separately in teams of 4 animals to plough 40m x 70m plots of medium textured soils.

The survey findings highlighted the drought tolerance of donkeys compared to cattle. Mortality rates of donkeys were lower. Results of the draught performance trial indicated that donkeys ploughed less area per day (P<0.05) and their walking speed was slower (P<0.05) than cattle. There was no significant difference (P<0.05) in draught force between the two species. The work rate per hour for ploughing with donkeys was 65% of that of cattle.

It was concluded that donkeys play a critical role in providing draught power for smallholder farmers but that their potential is not fully utilised.

Keywords:

Animal draught power; donkey power; tillage

 

27 HAGMANN, J. (1996): Mechanical Soil Conservation with Contour Ridges: Cure for, or Cause of Rill Erosion?

In: Land Degradation and Development, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp.145-160.

The paper was also published as: HAGMANN, J. (1995): State and Effectiveness of the Mechanical Conservation Systems for Rill Erosion Control in Semi-Arid Masvingo. In: TWOMLOW, S. / ELLIS-JONES, J. / HAGMANN, J. / LOOS, H. (eds.): Soil and Water Conservation for Smallholder Farmers in Semi-arid Zimbabwe. Proc. of a Technical Workshop, 3-7 April 1995 in Masvingo, publ. by Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDEP), Belmont Press, Masvingo. pp.91-103

Abstract:

Based on the results of an erosion damage assessment in Southern Zimbabwe, where mechanical conservation work has been carried out since the 1940s, this paper describes the impact of mechanical conservation systems on processes leading to rill erosion. In a study of an catchment area, it was found that influxes of water from roads and waterways as well as contour ridges that were originally designed to control rill erosion had a major role in the formation of rills.

Existing rills and depressions which cause water concentration, silitation of contour drains and over flowing of contour ridges were the main factors leading to excessive rill erosion. The study showed that particularly during a highly erosive year like 1992/93, the damage due to rill erosion can be excessive, causing an abrupt degradation.

It is concluded that the present conservation system is insufficient to control rill erosion effectively and is often the cause for this erosion. Effective control of rill erosion is a pre-condition for optimal implementation for land management systems such as conservation tillage. Therefore, an integrated approach to land husbandry must be developed jointly with farmers and promoted in order to improve crop production and sustainable management of natural resources. This should consider improved mechanical conservation as well as agronomic and biological soil and water conservation techniques.

Keywords:

Land degradation; soil & water conservation; land husbandry; contour ridges; soil erosion; rill erosion; sheet erosion; erosion damage mapping; conservation tillage.

 

28 HAGMANN, J. / MURWIRA, K. (1996): Indigenous Soil and Water Conservation in Southern Zimbabwe: A Study of Techniques, Historical Changes and Recent Developments under Participatory Research and Extension. (Part I).

in: Reij, C. / Scoones, I. / Toulmin, C. (eds.): Sustaining the Soil. Indigenous Soil and Water Conservation in Africa, Earthscan, London, pp.97-106.

Abstract:

The paper analyses the development of soil and water conservation in Zimbabwe. The introduction of the plough more than 70 years ago brought about major changes to the agricultural system and the abandonment of many ISWC techniques. An extension policy which assumes the superiority of Western technology over African agriculture has reduced farmers' confidence in their own solutions. Social organisation has been weakened as traditional and modern institutions have been juxtaposed, while conflicts between generations have worsened as a result of socio-cultural changes.

Participatory processes have been used to revive and combine indigenous knowledge and research capacities of the local farming communities with that of research and development institutions in an interactive way. By working with and strengthening local institutions, farmers confidence in their own capacity for experimentation has created a new generation of soil and water conservation techniques which builds on traditional knowledge but is adapted to current conditions.

Keywords:

Soil and water conservation; indigenous knowledge, participatory research; agricultural extension.

 

29 HAGMANN, J. / MURWIRA, K. (1996): Indigenous Soil and Water Conservation in Southern Zimbabwe: A Study on Techniques, Historical Changes and Recent Developments under Participatory Research and Extension. (Part II)

In: IIED Dryland Programme Issues Paper No. 63, International Institute for Environment and Development, London.

Abstract:

The paper focuses on the impact of colonial conservation efforts in Zimbabwe on the local organisational environment and how social organisation can be re-integrated in a process of participatory technology development. Two projects are discussed in this paper, who have used a participatory process to revive the indigenous knowledge and research capacities of the local communities and to combine them with that of research and development institutions in an interactive way. By strengthening local institutions and farmers’ confidence in their experimental and innovative capacities, a new generation of soil and water conservation techniques has been created. These techniques are built on traditional knowledge but are adapted to current environmental and social conditions. The case study of the two projects shows the potential of participatory approaches to research and extension in SWC.

Keywords:

Soil and water conservation; local organisations, participatory technology development, indigenous knowledge, agricultural extension.

30 HAGMANN, J. / CHUMA, E. / MURWIRA, K. (1996): Improving the Output of Agricultural Extension and Research through Participatory Innovation Development & Extension; Experiences from Zimbabwe.

In: European Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp.15-24.

Abstract:

This paper describes the rationale of a change from conventional extension towards participatory innovation development and extension. The 'Conservation Tillage Project' and the 'Food Security Project' developed such an approach and have embarked on institutionalisation of this approach into agricultural extension service in Masvingo Province in Zimbabwe. Dialogue with farmers, farmer experimentation and the strengthening of self-organisational capacities of communities are the major elements to improve development and spreading of innovations - the efficiency of extension.

The new approach requires a role change of agricultural extension workers from teacher to facilitator as well as appropriate methods and tools. Elements of 'Training for Transformation' and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) were tested and developed and were found to be effective tools. The strategy to institutionalise participatory extension is based on joining efforts and networking with other organisations, a campaign to familiarise institutional staff and a training and follow-up programme for staff in the framework of organisational development.

The experiences show that the attitudinal change required to implement participatory approaches is highly dependent on personalities. To have an impact on the change of attitudes a continuous medium term training process with a close follow-up is required. The paper concludes that institutionalisation of participatory approaches into government bureaucracies is a highly complex intervention which demands substantial changes in planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation procedures are required. Changes of that nature require a process of at least 5 to 10 years and high commitment on the side for institutional staff on all levels and donors as well.

Keywords:

Participatory innovation development; agricultural extension; agricultural research; farmer experimentation; institutionalising participatory approaches, attitude changes

 

31 HAGMANN, J. / MURWIRA, K. / CHUMA, E. (1996): Learning Together: Development and Extension of Soil and Water Conservation in Zimbabwe.

In: Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, Vol. 35, no. 2, pp.142-162.

Abstract:

The paper highlights constraints of the top-down extension of soil and water conservation in semi-arid Zimbabwe. As a response, a new participatory approach to innovation development and extension was developed and tested in an iterative process together with farmers. The conceptual and the implementation models were described and the impact analysed.

The key element of the approach was farmers' own experimentation. Learning by experimenting instead of being taught 'foreign knowledge' was the concept which led to confidence building and to the revival of indigenous knowledge. Innovation for soil and water conservation were developed as a synthesis of traditional and modern ideas jointly by farmers, researchers and extentionists. Spreading of innovations was facilitated by strengthening the capacities of local institutions and improving communication structures and to spread them. In some areas, the approach managed to involve up to 80% of the farmers in soil and water conservation related activities. The adoption increased drastically and self-organising capacities in the communities were strengthened.

Keywords:

Soil and water conservation; participatory extension; participatory innovation development; strengthening of local institutions; training for transformation.

 

32 HAGMANN, J. (1997): Development of a Donkey-pulled Toolframe for Weeding, Ridge-tying and Opening Planting Furrows.

In: Starkey, P. / Simalenga, T. / Miller, F. (eds.): Animal power for weed control. Proceedings of a workshop of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA) held 1-5 November 1993, Tanga, Tanzania, CTA, Wageningen..

Abstract:

To alleviate the draft power crisis in Communal Areas of Southern Zimbabwe a light-draft implement was jointly developed with farmers and a small scale-manufacturer. As the design emerged out of farmers' ideas and criteria, the resulting light, low-cost toolframe with four attachable tools for weeding and opening furrows has been proven to suit farmers' needs and requirements very well with regards to draft requirements, effectiveness in the various operations and to the cost of the implement.

Direct marketing through a local small scale manufacturer allows for prices to be kept low and makes the implement available to a local market. The demand shows that the implement has a high potential for a large-scale adoption and therefore can contribute to improving weeding efficiency of smallholder farmers.

Keywords:

Animal draft power; low cost tools; weeding efficiency. implement design

33 HAGMANN, J., CHUMA, E. GUNDANI, O. (1997): From Teaching to Learning: Tools for Learning about Soil and Water Conservation.

In: ILEIA Newsletter, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 26-27.

Abstract:

Experimentation based participatory research and extension of the ConTill project has shown that land literacy leads to land conservation. Farmers who understand the dynamics of their environment are more effective in their soil conservation and water management strategies. The key to effective land husbandry lies in the site-specific land management through small adapted technologies and measures which farmers fully understand and utilise in their diverse and complex system.

The paper describes several tools and models which enable farmers to learn about and discover bio-physical processes by themselves without having to listen to 'teachers'. Among those tools which were developed in the ConTill project are a simple rainfall simulator, glass boxes to compare the water storage of soils of different depth, metaphors and codes and a simple trial design to compare techniques.

The paper concludes that these learning tools are highly effective in enhancing farmers' self analysis, learning for land literacy and land husbandry. This leads ultimately to effective soil and water conservation as farmers observe these processes in their fields and counteract the destructive erosion. Farmers call this capacity building process the 'school of trying'.

Keywords:

conservation awareness, land literacy, soil and water conservation, learning tools/models, discovery learning, extension.

 

34 HAGMANN, J. / CHUMA, E. / GUNDANI, O. (1997): Is He the Farmer or the Farmer’s Husband? Gender in Agricultural Research and Extension in Zimbabwe.

In: Entwicklungsethnologie (Journal for development anthropology), Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 100 - 119.

Abstract:

The paper reviews the learning process of the project 'Conservation Tillage for Sustainable Crop Production Systems" in Masvingo/Zimbabwe with regard to gender issues in research/technology development and extension. The project started with conventional research where no gender differentiation was conceptualised and went through several stages where the interaction with and the active participation of farmers (particularly female farmers) became increasingly crucial to achieve the desired goals. The result of the learning process was a new approach and concept for innovation development and extension, where the gender dimension is an integral element.

Intensive interaction with rural families has shown that decision making pattern and criteria in the families are highly complex and dynamic and that women have a much stronger influence on decisions behind the screen than assumed. It revealed that the husbands often announced the decisions which were made by their wives. This, and weak communication structures within the families necessitated new approaches, methods and tools in communication and learning in extension and innovation development. The main focus in the methodology was to increase the recognition of women's tasks, achievements and capabilities and thereby empower women through strengthening of their confidence and increase men's acknowledgement of the importance of women's roles in the action learning process.

The paper concludes that building human capacity in terms of self-organisation, strengthening of confidence and strengthening the ability to negotiate power and roles is the key issue. This includes specifically women's capacity as they are the backbone of agriculture in many societies. Therefore, it is not the question whether 'gender in development' is needed, but it is an ultimate necessity to consider those people as farmers, who work on the land. The gender perspective should be in-built in any serious development process. Dealing with the 'gender issue' in an isolated way, as specific project component, detached from the overall project concept and approach has no sustainable impact and can even be counterproductive.

Keywords:

Gender; farmers' decision making pattern; action learning; innovation development; extension.

 

35 HAGMANN,J., CHUMA, E., MURWIRA, K. (1997): Kuturaya; Participatory Research, Innovation and Extension.

In: van Veldhuizen, L., Waters-Bayer, A., Ramirez, R., Johnson, D. & Thompson, J.: FARMERS' RESEARCH IN PRACTICE: Lessons From the Field. IT publications, London, pp. 153-173.

Abstract:

The paper describes the action learning process of the ConTill project in Masvingo in its endeavour to develop conservation tillage systems for smallholder farmers which were to be disseminated as technical packages by the extension service. As work progressed the project went through an iterative learning process. From on-station research the project came to trying adaptive on-farm trials. The participatory on-farm research was built upon the work and finally the project worked according proniciples of participatory technology development and extension. In the end a new approach for participatory extension was conceptualised. This led to a dramatic change in emphasis away from the traditional transfer of technology model towards farmer-centred research and extension, an approach which became symbolised by the word 'kuturaya'.

The paper describes this approach and evaluates the lessons learnt in terms of farmer participation, experimentation and research, and about extension and the institutional context. It concludes that the approach was highly successful in pilot case studies, but the real challenge will be the institutionalisation of this approach in the extension department.

Keywords:

farmer experimentation, farmer participatory research, action learning; innovation development; extension, transfer of technology

 

40 MOYO, A. / HAGMANN, J. (1994): Growth-Effective Rainfall in Maize Production under Different Tillage Systems in Semi-Arid Conditions and Granitic Sands of Southern Zimbabwe.

In: Jensen, B.E. / Schjonning, P. / Mikkelsen, S.A. / Madsen, K.B. (eds.) (1994): Soil Tillage for Crop Production and Protection of the Environment. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference, International Soil Tillage Research Organisation (ISTRO), Aalborg, Denmark, pp.475-480.

Abstract:

Crop production in semi-arid areas of Zimbabwe undergoes extreme yield variations. In Makoholi research station, maize yields ranged from 0 to 7.4 t/ha between 1988 to 1993. Erratic rainfall coupled with limited soil water storage capacity and rooting volume of the shallow sandy soils offers few management options to improve plant water supply. In this study, two conservation tillage systems (mulch ripping and tied-ridging) were evaluated and compared to conventional tillage. The objective was to quantify water balance parameters of the different tillage systems.

Based on soil profile moisture determinations and measurements of surface run-off during five years, drainage and growth-effective rainfall were calculated for each season. Growth-effective rainfall was related to the yields obtained and water use efficiency ratios were determined.

Results indicate that both conservation tillage systems increase infiltration compared to conventional tillage. The increased water input into the soil results in higher drainage losses, in particular under the mulch ripping treatment. Growth-effective rainfall was generally highest under tied-ridging. High soil evaporation under ridges, however, reduced the water use efficiency of this system.

From a water balance point of view mulch ripping appeared to be the most favourable tillage option for semi-arid areas. Its constraints in a farming system where residue grazing is important are obvious. Therefore, tied-ridging with its reduction of run-off and associated low soil loss appeared as the most applicable sustainable tillage option as long as residue grazing is a general practice. Soil management in Southern Zimbabwe should generally opt for improving soil cover and rooting volume.

Keywords:

Soil conservation; conservation tillage techniques; soil erosion; water use efficiency.

 

46 MUNYATI, M. (1997): Conservation Tillage for Sustainable Crop Production: Results and Experiences from On-station and On-farm Research in Natural Region II (1988-1996).

In: Zimbabwe Science News Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 27-33..

Abstract:

In the subhumid North of Zimbabwe, from a crop production point of view, mulch ripping is a very promising system capable of capturing the least available rainfall and yet improving groundwater recharge when the season gets very wet. However this also implies that the technique performs best on well drained soils otherwise waterlogging problems can occur. Tied-ridging on the other hand potentially suffers from poor crops establishment during drought prone seasons due to reduced top soil water contents and perform best in under waterlogged conditions or in seasons characterised by continuous wet spell due to its ability to drain out excess water. Although this study has revealed some information with respect to water budgets, there is still a need for complementary studies to be carried out critically assess the nutrient dynamics under these tillage systems.

Keywords:

On-farm research; on-station research; conservation tillage techniques; mulch ripping; no-till tied ridging; water logging, soil erosion.

 

48 NYAGUMBO, I.(1993): The Influence of Socio-Economic Factors on Potential Adoption of No-Till Tied-Ridging in Four Communal Areas of Zimbabwe.

In: Kronen, M. (ed.) (1993): Proceedings of the Third Annual Scientific Conference, SADC Land and Water Man. Res. Prog., held in Harare, ZImbabwe, October 5-7 1992, SACCAR, Gaborone, Botswana, pp. 319-329.

Abstract:

The paper focuses on the socio-economic factors related to the adoption and acceptability of the systems of no-till tied-ridging. No-till tied ridging (nttr), a reduced tillage system recommended for its effectiveness in reducing soil, water and nutrient loss from arable land, is being promoted by the local extension service (AGRITEX) since 1988.

The results presented in this paper emanate from a socio-economic survey carried out as part of the on-farm adaptive research trials being conducted by the joint GTZ-AGRITEX Conservation Tillage Project on communal farmers' fields.

The results indicate that socio-economic constraints could play an important role in influencing the farmer's decision to adopt the system. The survey confirms that participating farmers are better-resourced with more draught power, labour, implements and land.

The majority of participating farmers appreciate nttr system as both a moisture and soil conserving method. However, a considerable proportion (35%) of participants thought the system was labour intensive. The paper also presents an economic analysis of both tillage systems.

The paper finally concludes that socio-economic constraints could be of considerable significance in the adoption of nttr. Socio-economic solutions should be taken into considerations to complement technical solutions offered to the farmers by researcher if the system is to be accepted by below -average farmers.

Keywords:

Conservation tillage; soil erosion; labour constraints, technology adoption.

 

49 NYAGUMBO, I. (1993): Farmer Participatory Research in Conservation Tillage - Practical Experiences with No-till Tied-Ridging in Communal Areas Lying in the Subhumid North of Zimbabwe.

In: Kronen, M. (ed.) (1993): Proceedings of the Forth Annual Scientific Conference, SADC Land and Water Man. Res. Prog., held in Windhoek, Namibia, 11-14 October 1993, SACCAR, Gaborone, Botswana, pp. 236-249.

Abstract:

A collaborative AGRITEX/GTZ project is carrying out adaptive on-farm trials on no-till tied-ridging (nttr), a conservation tillage technique, in northern and southern Zimbabwe since 1990. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of no-till tied-ridging in the northern project region and to obtain an overview of farming related problems as perceived by the farmers in this region.

Feedback on the broad farming-related problems as well as on the problems pertaining to the implementation of no-till tied-riding was obtained during 2-3 day workshops with participating farmers. Informal discussions with the farmers during weekly field visits provided additional information to assess the acceptability of the system while the performance of the technique was evaluated through crop yield parameters, soil water content, and soil penetration resistance measurements.

The workshop results revealed that farmers suffer from a wide range of problems such as lack of income, low returns on investments due to low producer prices, high transport and input costs, high interest rates on loans, poor planning and management, lack of commitment, an erratic pattern of rainfall within and between seasons and are generally in a state of apathy. These constraints all lead to poor agricultural performance which in turn lead to the core problems of rural poverty and hunger.

With regards to the implementation of nttr, the study revealed that farmers' major problems were poor germination and difficulties in planting on top of ridges by hand and weeding. Field measurements however showed that there were statistically no significant differences in grain and stover yields on nttr fields compared to conventionally tilled ones.

Keywords:

Farmer-participatory research; farmer workshops; social problems; social innovations; communication; no-till tied-ridging.

 

53 NYAGUMBO, I. (1997): Socio-cultural constraints to small-holder farming development projects in Zimbabwe: A review of experiences from farmer participatory research in conservation tillage.

In: Zimbabwe Science News, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 42-48

Abstract:

Apart from technical and economic factors, mainly socio-cultural constraints hamper the success of development projects in smallholder farming areas in Zimbabwe. Some of these constraints include people's receiver mentality, a mentality which makes them feel hopeless without the injection of external resources such as free inputs. Strong beliefs in witchcraft exist which result in fear of victimisation and hence fear of the innovativeness to engage in new projects. There is also a tendency towards feelings of jealousy, envy, suspicion and lack of trust which also results in fear of innovations. Leadership wrangles and conflicts between traditional powers and the local government administrative structures especially in terms of land allocation powers were also observed. These conflicts have also tended to stifle development activities and need to be redressed.

Various farmer-oriented methods employed to alleviate the adverse effects of these constraints through involving the whole community in workshops, field days and demonstrations etc. yielded encouraging results and proved to be very effective means of initiating community co-operation and dialogue amongst farmers. This participatory approach is now recommended as the most promising method to foster community co-operation in technology development in Zimbabwe.

Keywords:

Socio-cultural constraints; leadership conflicts; farmer participatory research; community co-operation.

57 TWOMLOW, S. / ELLIS-JONES, J. / HAGMANN, J. / LOOS, H. (eds.) (1995): Soil and Water Conservation for Smallholder Farmers in Semi-arid Zimbabwe - Transfer between Research and Extension.

Proceedings of a Technical Workshop, 3-7 April 1995 in Masvingo, Belmont Press, Masvingo.

Abstract:

AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, GTZ CARD Programme, Silsoe Research Institute, and their collaborating institutions within AGRITEX and DR&SS agreed the need for a joint workshop to be held in April 1995 in Masvingo. More than 70 delegates from participating organisations and other key contributors attended the workshop and used the opportunity for brain storming, presenting papers and work programmes, sharing experiences and agreeing on necessary revisions of extension messages and current transfer strategies and on setting of priorities for future research activities. The main aim of the workshop was to present the state of affairs in the field of soil and water conservation and to formulate recommendations for research and extension.

Keywords:

Soil and water conservation, conservation tillage, soil fertility, Transfer strategies; extension recommendations; technology development; agricultural and rural development; ecological issues; training for transformation; empowerment of farmers.

 

60 VOGEL, H. (1992): Conservation Tillage for Sustainable Crop Production Systems. Concept and Approach of a Development Programme in Zimbabwe.

In: Haskings, P.G. / Murphry, B.M. (eds.): 7th ISCO (International Soil and Water Conservation Organization) Conference Proceedings, People Protecting their Land. Sydney, Australia, 27-30. Sept. 1992, Vol. 2, pp.568-573.

Abstract:

Arable land degradation poses a rising threat to agricultural production in the smallholder farming sector of Zimbabwe. Although Zimbabwe has a long and renowned history of research into the causes and control of soil erosion, little is known about the sustainability and acceptability of the new conservation tillage systems being promoted locally.

On top of this, available financial and man-power resource do not allow Zimbabwe to cope with the immediate agricultural crisis. Hence, in order to assist in the development and extension of sustainable crop production systems based on animal-drawn conservation tillage, a German-Zimbabwean technical co-operation project was initiated in 1988. Apart from the actual technical work which constitutes the core programme, the project also comprises a staff development scheme for Zimbabwean counterparts.

The results of three seasons of on-station trials showed that no-till tied-ridging was best from a soil conservation point of view and very promising with respect to its yield potential. Based on these preliminary results, a project planning workshop was held at which it was decided to set up adaptive on-farm trials in both natural regions for the 1990-91 season.

The brief experience of these farmer managed trials has highlighted several implementation problems, especially with regards to labour availability and hence timeliness of farm operations. However, the on-farm trials also support the findings of the on-going on-station trails with respect to the yield potential of no-till tied-ridging.

Keywords:

Soil erosion; conservation tillage; on-farm trials; labour constraints, development cooperation.

 

61 VOGEL, H. (1992): Effects of Conservation Tillage on Sheet Erosion from Sandy Soils at two Experimental Sites in Zimbabwe.

In: Applied Geography, Vol. 12, pp.229-242.

Abstract:

Soil erosion from low-fertility sandy soils in Zimbabwe's Communal Areas is a major problem. The main factors causing soil degradation are inappropriate livestock management and poor cropping technology. The latter is due to insufficient knowledge concerning appropriate permanent cultivation techniques under tropical rainfall and soil conditions.

The existing tillage method is characterized by clean cultivation, which begins with inversion tillage, followed by clean weeding through hoeing (badza). These practices encourage water erosion under the prevailing rainfall pattern. Therefore, one pressing research need in Zimbabwe is to reduce soil erosion in the Communal Areas through improved tillage systems. Consequently, a project was initiated in 1988 to test the sustainability of several ox-drawn tillage systems considered potentially suitable to dryland farming conditions in the Communal Areas. Of the systems tested, a method known as no-till tied-ridging showed the greatest potential. The remaining methods under investigation - ripping into bare ground and hand hoeing - showed sheet erosion rates similar to conventional tillage.

Keywords:

Soil fertility; soil erosion; cropping technology.

 

62 VOGEL, H. (1992): Morphological and Hydrological Characteristics of Gleyic Soils and their Potential for Crops Production. A Case Study from Zimbabwe.

In: Soil Technology, Vol. 5, pp.303-317.

Abstract:

Soils derived from granite form the basis of agricultural crop production in most of Zimbabwe's smallholder farming areas. Yet, in the past, little research was carried out on granitic soils, particularly those that are subject to a seasonally higher water table. This study is thus aimed at improving the limited knowledge about the nature and properties of the latter with special attention given to their agricultural use.

A general feature of gleyic soils is their low clay and organic matter content which imparts low water holding capacity upon them. Consequently, crops grown on these soils frequently suffer from water stress.

Crop production is equally difficult in high rainfall years, when the shallow undulating bedrock prevents water percolation to great depth. In such years, waterlogging suppresses yields. Furthermore, applied fertilizer nutrients and clay particles are being lost through leaching. This further aggravates the already very low soil fertility status.

Because of their high bulk densities and high penetration resistance, these soils only provide for a limited rooting depth (approx. 500 mm). The observed high soil compaction also renders tillage difficult. This is made worse by the presence of in-situ formed stone line at shallow depths.

Given their poor properties, gleyic soils require careful management and a minimum amount of cultivation and fertilization.

Keywords:

Geology; relief; topography; climate; cultivation; soil fertility.

 

63 VOGEL, H. (1993): An Evaluation of Five Tillage Systems for Smallholder Agriculture in Zimbabwe.

In: Der Tropenlandwirt, Vol. 94, pp.21-36.

Abstract:

Soil erosion, both in the form of gully erosion from grazing lands and sheet erosion from arable fields, is widespread in smallholder farming areas in Zimbabwe. A collaborative German-Zimbabwean conservation tillage project is researching into the sheet erosion problem from cropped land.

Its prime objective is to assess the soil and water conservation merits and yield potentials of four tillage systems (tied-ridges, two ripping techniques, and badza holing-out) as compared to traditional mouldboard ploughing. The results achieved over a four-year trial period suggest, that each of the four selected treatments has pros and cons over mouldboard ploughing.

Keywords:

Tillage techniques; soil erosion; soil and water conservation; labour constraints.

 

65 VOGEL, H. (1993): Tillage Effects on Maize Yield, Rooting Depth and Soil Water Content on Sandy Soils in Zimbabwe.

In: Field Crop Research, Vol. 23, pp.367-384.

Abstract:

Maize yields from granitic soils. cultivated by different tillage techniques, were measured over a period of three rainy seasons in the subhumid and semi-arid regions of Zimbabwe. Results revealed that besides tillage, seasonal rainfall pattern and the year x site interaction had highly significant effects on maize production. In addition, topographical and soil profile characteristics were highly related to maize yields.

Out of five tillage systems, the no-till tied-ridging technique resulted in highest grain yield in the subhumid region but yields fluctuated strongly and were rather poor in the semi-arid zone. This was mainly due to lower topsoil water contents in the elevated ridges which prevented waterlogging in the subhumid region but caused emergence and establishment problems in the semi-arid region.

In the semi-arid region the mulch ripping technique was superior to the other treatments in drought years if there were enough crop residues left on the soil surface from the previous season. Where this was not the case, mouldboard ploughing and clean ripping yielded best.

Holing-out (hand hoeing), practised by subsistence farmers short of draught power, performed consistently well in the subhumid region, but yielded inconsistently and rather poorly compared to the other treatments in the semi-arid region.

Keywords:

Cropping technology; tillage techniques; rooting depth, soil water balance

 

66 VOGEL, H. (1994): Conservation Tillage in Zimbabwe - Evaluation of Several Techniques for the Development of Sustainable Crop Production Systems in Smallholder Farming. African Studies Series, A 11, Geographica Bernensia, Bern.

Abstract:

The research result obtained over the 4-year trial period clearly show that none of the tillage techniques investigated offers an ideal solution to the various problems encountered on-station. Although non-till tied-ridging most successfully prevented surface run-off and thus sheet erosion, the extra rainwater stored between the ties did not always benefit crop production. Partly, this was due to treatment-induced higher topsoil temperatures and lower topsoil water contents in the ridges, the combined effect of which proved problematic for crop establishment during early-season droughts and dryspells.

The benefit of rainwater harvesting was further counteracted through rapid percolation of the ponded water below rooting depth made possible by the observed minimal water-holding capacity of the coarse-gained experimental soils. The system's greater yield potential in the humid north was thus a result of the prevention of waterlogging in above-average rainfall years and deepest root proliferation in average rainfall years.

However, since none of the other treatments investigated could successfully address an equal number of crop production constraints, no-till tied-ridging deserved priority for the further on-farm testing which commenced in the 1990-91 season. These adaptive on-farm trials should provide the necessary insight into the acceptability of the system and information on adaptations to the techniques that might overcome some of the shortcomings in the system which had been observed on-station. Ideally, information should also be forthcoming from participating farmers on useful implements and/or implement adaptations as well as suitable cropping patterns.

Keywords:

Soil erosion; cropping technology; conservation tillage techniques; crop yields; weed problems; labour constraints.

 

67 VOGEL, H. (1994): The Effects of Tillage on Topsoil Temperature and Strength in Coarse-Grained Sands with Special Reference to a Tied-Ridging System.

In: Experimental Agriculture, Vol. 30, pp.57-66.

Abstract:

Tillage trials on sandy soils in Zimbabwe have shown that sheet erosion from arable fields under a no-till tied-ridging treatment is negligible but that the system generates environmental conditions adverse to crop potential. It improves crop production by preventing waterlogging in high rainfall years and improving rooting depth when adequate water supply prevents soils from setting hard, but it causes high temperatures in the elevated ridges and rapid drying during dry weather, resulting in poor or delayed emergence and thus in low and uneven crop stands. New strategies need to be developed to minimize these effects.

Keywords:

Soil erosion; tillage techniques; soil strength; topsoil temperature.

 

68 VOGEL, H. (1994): Weeds in Single-Crop Conservation Farming in Zimbabwe.

In: Soil & Tillage Research, 31, pp.169-185.

Abstract:

Weed infestations and hoe weeding requirements for monocropping of maize (Zea mays L.) cultivated by five different tillage techniques were measured over three growing seasons (1989-90) to 1991-92) in the subhumid and semi-arid-agro-ecological zones of Zimbabwe. The trials were conducted on infertile sandy soils and comprised conventional mouldboard ploughing along with four conservation tillage systems: (a) ripping into bare ground, (b) ripping into maize residues, (c) tied-ridging, and (d) badza holding-out (hand-hoeing). All tillage systems were either hand and/or animal powered.

The results showed that weed pressure and hence labour requirements for hoe weeding were very high for all five techniques. Generally, three weeding runs were required in the subhumid zone and two under semi-arid conditions. In the across-years analyses of variance, treatments did not significantly differ. However, the analyses of variance within years and within weeding runs respectively showed that treatments differed significantly. Timing of weeding was revealed to be of prime importance.

Keywords:

Weeding; weed infestations; weeding technology, maize monoculture; mulching; labour constraints.

 

69 VOGEL, H. / NYAGUMBO, I. / OLSEN, K. (1994): Effect of Tied-ridging and Mulch Ripping on Water Conservation in Maize Production on Sandveld Soils.

In: Der Tropenlandwirt, 95, pp.33-44.

Abstract:

Soil water measurements taken weekly at 6 depth levels over a period of 26 months (October 1991 to November 1993) in a sandveld soil in the subhumid north of Zimbabwe revealed tillage treatment to have a significant effect (P<0.05) on soil water levels during the first two months of the rainfall-growing season (October-April). During this period, soil water levels in the top 750 mm of the soil profile, the rooting depth for maize in this soil, was significantly higher on the mouldboard ploughing treatment.

Thereafter (December - April), the effect of tillage treatment on water content within the same zone was not statistically significant, except for the severe drought in February and March 1992. During this midseason drought period, soil water levels in the top 450 mm of the ridged treatment were 30-40% lower than those recorded in ploughed soil; and slightly higher than the ploughed soil in the top 150mm on the mulched treatment.

Parallel studies involving non-weighing lysimeters indicated that tied-ridges experience more deep percolation of water than ploughed soil, in particular if heavy rainfall occurs early in the growing season when the maize plants are still small and the water-collecting cross-ties are of adequate height. In 1992-93, more internal leaching of applied fertilizer nutrients occurred from ridged than from ploughed soil In contrast, however, surface runoff from ploughed field plots was always significantly higher than from tied-ridged and mulch ripped plots.

Maize (Zea mays L.) yields at the site under investigation were significantly higher on the tied-ridges treatment; except for the 1991/92 drought season when differences in treatment yields were statistically insignificant. the higher biomass production on tied-ridges field plots was mainly due to increased root depth and root length density, and the prevention of waterlogging in above-average rainfall years.

Keywords:

Nutrient leaching; maize yield; tied-ridging; water logging.

 

70 VOGEL, H. (1995): Management issues in the planning and implementation of an agricultural research project in Zimbabwe.

In: Bosch, M., Preuss, H.J.A. (eds.): Management Issues in National Agricultural Research Systems: Concepts, Instruments, Experiences. Schriften des Zentrums für regionale Entwicklungsforschung der Justus Liebig Universität Giessen. LIT Verlag Münster-Hamburg, pp. 279-290.

Abstract:

The experience of CONTILL highlights that on-station research without complementary on-farm experimentation (and vice versa) cannot produce sufficiently conclusive evidence on whether a new (tillage) technology is, on the one hand, technically sound and agronomically sustainable and, on the other hand, economically viable and socially acceptable. In order to lay the foundation for CONTILL's successful integration of on-station applied and on-farm adaptive tillage research, project management always had to be in line with established AGRITEX policies.

In general, expatriates must not be perceived as professionals acting from the outside. The experience made in CONTILL corroborates that their advise will only be received positively if they gain reputation as loyal professionals, if their priority-setting is clear and their actions consistent, and if new ideas are being introduced step-by-step (yet persistently) so that people and bureaucracies can gradually adapt to them.

Keywords:

Research management; on-farm research, on-station research, research institutions.

2.2 Unpublished Project Research Reports:

The reports presented here had a limited distribution within Zimbabwe and partly outside, but were not officially published in journals or proceedings.

1 CHUMA, E. (1992): Report on Contill On-Farm Trials in Gutu District,

Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

Abstract:

Farmers in Gutu are aware that the conventional method of crop establishment leads to reduction in yields and there is need to try new techniques. The no-till tied-ridging system was welcome but farmers identified a number of problems in the implementation of the system. The planting method has been found to be problematic. This calls for more perfection of the system if it is to be taken up by farmers. Also high labour requirements with the presently available machinery will make the adoption difficult.

This season has been too dry to asses all the benefits of the no-till tied-ridges system. However, moisture data show that in a dry year in the sandy conditions of Gutu the moisture conservation benefit of tied ridging is not apparent on ridges. Overall it is apparent that there is need to try the system in a better year where farmers can compare the benefits and problems and when more technical data can be collected to evaluate the system.

Keywords:

Conservation tillage; drought; labour constraints; sandy soils,

 

4 CHUMA, E. (1993): Report on a Socio-economic Survey with Farmers Participating in Adaptive Trails on No-till Tied-ridging in Two Communal Areas of Gutu District.

Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

Abstract:

The survey provided base line data on the socio-economic environment of farmers participating in adaptive trials.

Structure of households: Most of the households are large implying a heavy burden on the heads of households. Women head one third of the households but participate more in decision making on agricultural activities. It is therefore recommended that women should be more involved in training even when they are not necessarily household heads.

Resources of households: The availability of implements is not likely to inhibit the participation of farmers in no-till tied-ridging. Draught power is however likely to be a major constraint for many farmers. There does not appear to be any advantage of trial farmers over other farmers.

Attitudes to innovations: Trial farmers are involved with more innovative activities than non-trail farmers. However not all their experiences with the innovations have been good and this could very well be influencing their present attitudes. So it is recommended that more investigations on this issue by way of informal interviews and discussions be done.

Farmers problems: It was possible to identify many of the farmers problems. It is recommended to apply more diagnostic design methods and train farmers and extension workers in the participatory approach.

Keywords:

Socio-economic differences; household leadership; decision-making at household level, no-till tied ridging

 

2 CHUMA, E. (1993): Annual Report on Adaptive Tillage Trials on No-till Tied-Ridging in Gutu Communal Lands (1992/93 Season).

Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

Abstract:

The near normal season (1992/93) provided the first drought-free opportunity for the no-till tied-ridging system to be tested on farmers fields in Gutu District. The following comments and conclusions can be drawn:

1. The adaptive trial approach

The approach has proved to be quite demanding mainly in terms of monitoring but the results are pleasing. Farmers and researchers have developed a relationship which encourages participation of all parties involved. Farmers have understood the principles of small scale experimentation and have developed some self confidence and respect. Most of them have became quite innovative and less expectant of free handouts. It is recommended that the project should strengthen communication with the local AGRITEX staff to facilitate easy adoption of developed components of the project.

2. Management of the trials

Implementation of the no-till tied-ridging system (according to Contill) has improved a lot. All trial farmers had ridges in place before planting. None destroyed ridges before discussing with project staff. However ties are still not being put in by many farmers. the project will intensify training on the implementation of the system and also asses the reasons for non adoption of some components of the system.

3. Performance of the system

The soil conservation function of the no-till tied-ridging system has been confirmed on-farm. Yield results for this season showed a yield advantage of the systems which however could not be explained by moisture conditions on ridges. Ridges performed more a drainage function than a water harvesting function on these course textured sands. More soil properties will be evaluated to explain the yield results.

Keywords:

Soil conservation; farmer participatory research; communication; no-till tied-ridging.

5 CHUMA, E. (1994): Annual Report on Adaptive Tillage Trials on No-till Tied-Ridging in Gutu Communal Lands (1993/94 Season),

Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

Abstract:

Performance of the NTTR System: This year's results further confirmed the performance of the nttr systems in Vleis where maize yields were significantly higher than on conventional tillage. Vleis in Gutu are either planted early to sole crop maize (in August) or planted with the rains maize intercropped with rice. Farmers will be encouraged to try to integrate ridges to these vlei management system.

Farmer Participation: Participation of farmers in the management and evaluation of trials particularly during evaluation tours have been very encouraging. It has however been realised the approach and the gospel of experimentation (KUTURAYA) should be extended to the communities. Training for Transformation report back workshops will introduce the principles of the approach to the communities. To raise awareness of soil and water conservation, demonstration field days are planned in each of the communities. to give farmers support, some inspiration and ideas to experiment with it is planned to organise field trips to areas like Mutoko and Gokwe/Sanyati.

Keywords:

No-till tied-ridges; soil moisture; yields; farmer participation; field trips; group structures; group work.

 

8 DIKITO, M. / NYAGUMBO, I. (1992): Report on Two Farmer's Workshops Held From the 26th-30th October 1992 at Domboshawa Training Centre.

Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

Abstract:

This report is a compilation of issues that emanated from two similar workshops held with farmers participating in the adaptive on-farm trails being run by the AGRITEX-GTZ Conservation Tillage project, testing a conservation tillage system, no-till tied-ridging in the communal lands of Chinamhora, Musana and Chiweshe since 1990.

The objectives of the workshops was to encourage the trial farmers to be more open in expressing their opinions thereby taking a more active role in the research and execution of the trials. This in turn enables the project to obtain necessary feedback on the technical and non-technical constraints/problems associated with implementing the system.

The results indicate that the farmers generally have their goals and are clear about the problems causing their failures but are unsure about the solutions to those problems. Both groups identify hunger/starvation as the core problem, among others established in problem trees through cause-effect relationships. The main problem highlighted, namely failure to pay back loans, high interest rates, low financial returns from investment and low yields all seem to be associated with the farmers' poor background.

The major no-till tied-ridging problems, as indicated by the farmers, are weeding and planting on top of ridges by hand. Another major cropping problem also affecting the productivity is termites which affected yields considerably during the previous season (1991/92). The farmers appreciate the trials as being their own, but are discontented about not being given inputs by the project. They are also found to be ignorant of the various settings on their ploughs although the extent to which this problem influences is not clear.

The report finally makes various recommendations for future workshops as well as the need for running courses on training for transformation in the communities in which trials or new projects are being undertaken. It also indicates the need for research to look into methods of alleviating the labour inputs during planting on ridges as well as cheap and simple solutions to the problem of termites. It also recommends Agritex to train more farmers on the use of farm implements particularly plough settings and maintenance.

Keywords:

No-till tied ridging; farmer workshops; training for transformation; labour constraints; weeding.

 

10 GOTORA, P. (1991): Adaptive No-till Tied-ridging Trials in Small-scale Farming Areas of Zimbabwe,

Unpublished paper, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo. (In: Project Research Report 1)

Abstract:

The paper describes the first year of implementation of adaptive on-farm trials on no-till tied ridging in the sub-humid areas of Northern Zimbabwe.

The main objective of the adaptive on-farm trials was to observe the practical implications and to monitor the effects on yield, moisture and soil loss from no-till tied-ridging system in Communal farming areas. This was to be compared to the existing conventional system of mouldboard ploughing.

The trial approach of the first year is described. Field staff from AGRITEX helped to install and monitor the system with the farmers. In previous demonstrations, Agritex provided the crop inputs for the demonstrations and farmers provide the draft power, machinery and labour requirements. For the adaptive trials, however, farmers provide their own crop inputs, draft power, machinery and labour and carry out the trials under their conditions.

Results of this first season indicated that tied ridging is able to provide higher yields. However, poor germination of the maize crop on ridges turned out to be a major weakness. this was due to planting when the ridges were still dry and to deep seed placement. Higher labour demand of tied ridging were assessed.

Keywords:

No-till-tied ridging; on-farm trials;

 

11 GOTORA, P. (1993): On-farm Demonstration and On-Farm Adaptive Trial Report 1989/90 and 1990/91.

Unpublished paper, IAE, Harare. (In: Project Research Report 4).

Abstract:

This paper describes results of two seasons (1989/90 - 1990/91) of on-farm demonstrations and adaptive research on no-till tied ridging (nttr) systems versus conventional tillage on sandy soils in small-scale farming areas of Zimbabwe.

The trials indicated that the land preparation for tied ridging is problematic. Levelling of the often eroded fields and rills can hardly be rectified by farmers with their resources. The pegging of ridges was also a problem as well as the trial supervision by extension workers.

A variety of alterations to the initial tied ridging technology is made in order to make the technology more practical and implementable by farmers.

Keywords:

On-farm trials; no-till tied ridging;

12 GTZ / IAE / AGRITEX (1990): Working Document for the On-Station Component of the Project "Conservation Tillage for Sustainable Crop Production Systems. Unpublished paper,

Unpublished paper, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

Abstract:

The paper describes in detail the approach and the research methodology of the on-station trials carried out in the sub-humid North and the semi-arid South of Zimbabwe.

The Contill project is the research component supportive to observational (on-farm) tillage trials, (OTTS), which terminated in 1988 and, is additional to the current research programme at the IAE.

The OTT trials were set up to evaluate yields and practical aspects of implementation of possible, suitable tillage systems for increasing crop production in Communal Areas. Such evaluations have been carried out on eighty sites throughout Zimbabwe from 1983/84 to 1987/88 (IAE, Annual Report 1987/88). Since it was not possible to assess within the OTT trials the conservation merits of the selected systems, fears were expressed that the already serious erosion situation would be exacerbated if systems were selected solely on the basis of yield, economics or ease of implementation.

Thus, the project outlined in this document was proposed to supply the necessary conservation component to allow rational selection of suitable production systems, and to help understand the observed between-site variations in performance of the respective OTT treatments. The soil erosion research data was to be utilised to validate the soil loss estimator method for southern Africa

Keywords:

On-station research; Soil erosion research, soil conservation; tillage techniques; trial design, SLEMSA.

 

14 HAGMANN, J. (1992): Preliminary Report on Results of Adaptive On-farm Tillage Trials in Zaka and Chivi Districts.

Unpublished paper, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo, 63pp.

Abstract:

This report provides an overview of the results of the first year of on-farm trials and of a socio-economic survey. The results showed that most households obtain income from non-agricultural sources which influence the investment behaviour in agriculture substantially. Technically, the first year showed that the focus on conservation tillage is insufficient to address the prevailing problems in natural resource management. Recommendations are made to expand the project focus on physical conservation measures, land husbandry and watershed management, animal draft power technologies, and grazing land management.

 

Keywords:

adaptive research, conservation tillage techniques; on-farm trials; farmer participation; gender.

 

15 HAGMANN, J. / CHUMA, E. / GUNDANI, O. (1992): Report on Two Workshops With Farmers Participating in Adaptive On-farm Trials in Gutu, Zaka and Chivi Communal Areas. Workshop held at Alvord Training Centre on September 21 to 26, 1992,

Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

Abstract:

Workshops with farmers have been carried out in the framework of the adaptive trial programme of the ConTill Project. Besides gaining a deeper insight into farmers socio-economic/cultural environment the objective of the workshop was to encourage farmers participating in adaptive on-farm trials to express their views more openly and take a more active role in planning and carrying out of the trials.

The methodology contained elements of the 'Training for Transformation'-Programme and - among others - elements of the ZOPP-methodology. Moderation was carried out by community trained 'facilitators'.

Both workshops revealed basic problems centred around social and environmental issues in the communities and in the rural society in general. Both problem areas are out of balance and therefore under pressure to change. Lack of co-operation among people and lack of leadership were identified as barriers for overcoming major problems.

Related to the trials, the existence of a social risk for innovators was revealed. Farmers who are innovative, trying out new techniques, are readily laughed at in case of failures and therefore individuals are reluctant towards innovations.

Solutions and ways of overcoming some of the problems were elaborated by farmers and the approach of the trial programme was clarified.

Keywords:

Farmers participation; on-farm trials; socio-economic differentiation; leadership problems.

 

16 HAGMANN, J. (1992): Working Document for the On-farm Component of the Project.

Unpublished paper, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

Abstract:

The paper describes in detail the rational for the adaptive on-farm trials, the goals and the results to be achieved. It stresses the need for integration of quantitative and qualitative research on technology and on socio-economic factors. The methodology is specified and record sheets are provided.

The Contill Project which had carried out on-station research for two seasons at the start of the adaptive trials. The experience gained on-station showed that the project objective "improved tillage techniques are available for field use" could not be reached by on-station research alone, but needed additional adaptive on-farm trials to interlink technical and socio-economic aspects of agricultural production systems.

At a planning seminar in May 1990 consensus was reached on the necessity of such additional on-farm trials. The development, modification and selection of tillage techniques, adapted to the natural environment and to the farmers' mode of production, was identified as necessary in order to achieve the overall project purpose of making adequately tested technologies available to Agritex.

It was further agreed that each participating farmer should employ only one new tillage technique together with their traditional practice (conventional mouldboard ploughing). the first technology to be tested on-farm is no-till tied-ridging. Further technologies will be tested after being agreed upon in the Conservation Tillage Research Committee.

In the 90/91 season a limited number of on-farm trials were initiated in several communal areas in northern and southern Zimbabwe. In order to obtain a set-up of 32 farmers groups in four communal areas in both, northern and southern Zimbabwe other trials were started in the 91/92 season. Trials in Masvingo Province (Gutu, Chikwanda, Zaka and Chivi Communal Lands, eight farmers each) are carried out by the Makoholi team of the project, whereas trials in the northern areas (Mutoko, Msana, Chinamora and Chiweshe Communal Lands, eight farmers each) are carried out by the team based in Hatcliffe.

Keywords:

Farmer participation; adaptive on-farm trials; farming systems research;

 

19 HAGMANN, J. (1994): Implements for Conservation Tillage. Draft brochure for Farmers. Unpublished brochure, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

Abstract:

The implements which are presented here have been developed in the "ConTill Project" jointly be farmers and researchers. The aim at reducing draught power requirements and the use of donkeys as alternative draught power to oxen. Therefore, all the implements shown here can be pulled by one donkey, some by two donkeys and some are even hand tools.

The brochure is a guide booklet to farmers who want to know about new agricultural implements. It contains graphics of the implements and descriptions of their functions.

Keywords:

Conservation tillage; draught power; tools; implements.

 

21 HAGMANN, J. (1994): The Fanja Juu System; An Option for Soil and Water Conservation in Semi-Arid Zimbabwe.

Paper published as Project Report of the AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

Abstract:

This paper is meant to be a discussion paper which should serve as an inspiration. Its objective is not to promote the fanja juu system, but to provide background information and the pros and cons for those, who are interested in the discussion and who eventually want to test and develop the system together with farmers.

The fanja juu system could help to harvest water which is bound to be drained from the field by the conventional contour ridge system. Through slight modification of the conventional system it could become a fanja juu. The advantage of changing the existing system is its strength of the bunds which have been consolidated over many years. A direct benefit of turning towards fanja juus is the possible cultivation of the contour drain. The most fertile soil has been translocated into the drains so that yields of this strip promise to be very high.

Keywords:

Fanja juu; contour ridges; soil and water conservation; land husbandry.

 

36 IRDEP M&E in coop. with CONTILL Project (1994): A Baseline Farming Systems Survey, Zaka District '94,

Survey report published by the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDEP), Masvingo.

Abstract:

Overall a total of 1271 households (homesteads) were selected for participation in the survey. The average household size is 6.5 persons. 62.1% of the households are male headed; 24.2% are de facto female headed; 13.7% are de-jure female headed. More than 40% of the members of the households in the sample are children below 17 years of age. All households in the sample owned at least 1 ha arable plot. The average holding per household is 2.5 ha. The main sources of household income are con-agricultural ( off-farm remittances, handicrafts, brewing). 8.2% of the households owned no livestock at all. More than 72% of the households owned no cattle at the time of the survey. The average cattle holding per owner was 1.5 animals. The main crops grown are maize (90%), groundnuts (70%) and rapoko (60% of the farmers).

The survey found that there is no great opportunity to increase the area under small grains as the farmers argue that there is no monetary incentive compared to maize. Maize yields average 1.35 +/ha while those for small grains were below 1 t/ha. On average only 10% of the farmers are practising a systematic crop rotation. 15% more master farmers than ordinary farmers practice crop rotation, but even among those trained farmers 79% do not rotate crops systematically.

The adoption of fertilisers was very low (less than 5%) until 1980. More than 65% of users applied fertilisers for the first time when they got government handouts in 1992/93. Thus it remains doubtful, if these farmers will continue to use fertilizer if they have to buy it with the removal of subsidies. use of pesticides is still not widely adopted. Most of the adopters, if not all, are cotton growers. Improved seeds, maize in particular, are very widely used at present.

More than 65% of the respondents had access to safe drinking water. The average distance to a protected water source is 922 meters. 41% of the sample households had access to a Blair Latrine.

Keywords:

Household composition; resources; asset ownership; agricultural implements; household income; livestock ownership; cattle production; crop production; marketing; adoption of innovations; farmers' perception on environmental degradation.

 

37 MOYO, A. (1992): Report on On-station activities in Makoholi, 1991/92 Season.

Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

Abstract:

Tied-ridging system is most viable as far as the soil protection aspect is concerned <0,1t/ha and thus proves to be the best system in ensuring the sustainability of agricultural production in Communal Areas. For this reason this treatment is the only one so far that is being tried out on-farm for this applicability in communal areas. For the yield aspect this system has not proved to be better than the conventional tillage.

The mulch ripping treatment is anticipated to be the best system for the semi-arid region as long as there is much stover from the previous season to fully realise this aims (reducing soil loss and runoff, cover soil and thereby reducing evaporation, as well as keeping the soil moisture at a reasonably high level).

The only problem with this system is that stover is used as cattle feed during the winter period, which leaves this system more an illusion than reality for the communal areas. It is also feared that leaving the stover in the fields could be a hazard in the communal areas as some pests such as maize stalk borer in the stover could be left over from one season to the other. This combined with the fact that most communal farmers cannot afford pesticides might be disastrous, thus much research has to be carried out before this system can be promoted.

Keywords:

tillage systems; mulch ripping; pests and diseases.

 

38 MOYO, A. (1994): Annual Report on Soil Erosion Assessment of Different Tillage Systems, Results of Makoholi On-station Trials 1993/94 Season.

Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

Abstract:

The on-station trials have been going on since 1988/89 season and are the basis for recommendations for on-farm trials which were first set up during the 1991/92 season. ON-station trials make it also possible to develop models as well as carry out field measurements under controlled conditions thus enabling collection of reliable data. This, however, does not mean that the best treatments on-station also bring out the best results on-farm, as there are many factors which also contribute to the success of a treatment e.g. management, labour requirements, inputs etc.

Tied-ridging is viable as far as soil protection is concerned and thus proves to be quite good in ensuring the sustainability of agricultural production in communal areas.

The mulch ripping treatment had the potential of becoming the best system for the semi-arid region both in terms of yield and soil and water conservation. Erosion has in the past six seasons been reduced to very low levels and advantages of mulching have been observed in reduced evaporation and keeping the soil moisture at a reasonably high level throughout the season. The only bottleneck of extending this treatment in the communal areas could be that of utilisation of crop residues as fodder during the winter months.

Keywords:

On-station trials; on-farm research; tillage techniques.

 

41 MOYO, A. (1996): Evaluation of two Different Soil Analysis Methods, Correlation between Zimbabwean Standard Soil Chemical Methods and Hach Soil Portable Laboratory Methods.

Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo..

Abstract:

It is generally very difficult to produce accurate results if the concentration of the respective nutrients is very low. This was the case with most cations in the analysed sandy soils. The limited accuracy thus sometimes resulted in not too high correlations. The cation concentrations were every low and posed more problems as they were almost as high as the detection limits of the instruments used (Hach). When the concentrations of the elements is high, a high degree of accuracy is guarantied. Thus very high correlations for similar studies have been found.

For phosphorus and all cations tested (Ca, Mg, K) it is recommended that the Hach procedures be used and the regression equation be applied t convert the Hach values to standard values so that the test results may be interpreted in the same manner. Results from both methods for nitrogen, however, have no relationship whatsoever, meaning that either the Hatch procedures are not suitable for the determination of nitrogen of Zimbabwean sandy soils or they have totally different scale of rating. The conclusion, therefore, is that the Hach laboratory should not be used for the determination of nitrogen in the soils unless a proper rating from the Hach company is made available. The extremely low shaking time for the Hach method does not have a negative effect on the results as the results are reproducible.

Keywords:

Soil chemical analysis, portable soil laboratory, nutrient analysis; Hach laboratory.

 

42 MOYO, A. (1996): The Effect of Soil Erosion on Soil Productivity as Influenced by Tillage: With Special Reference to Clay and Organic Matter Losses.

Paper presented to the 9^th ISCO Conference in Bonn, 26 - 30. August 1996- (Proceedings forthcoming).

Abstract:

In semi-arid regions where rainfall is limiting, yield decline becomes apparent as soon as the water holding capacity of the soils is reduced as a result of poor structure.

Mulch ripping is the most recommended tillage system for conserving soil and water and sustaining yields while tied-ridging can also be used satisfactorily to conserve soil and water but should be combined with mulch for better yields. The conventional tillage practice in the communal areas has to be replaced by conservation tillage techniques so as to reduce soil and water losses and improve/maintain soil productivity.

Keywords:

Water holding capacity; yields; mulching; conservation tillage techniques.

 

43 MOYO, A. (1997): Fielddays: Educating Farmers on Soil Erosion and its Effects and Offering Solutions through Soil and Water Conservation Techniques.

Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo..

Abstract:

The Contill project site at Makoholi Research Station has during the past few years, been transformed into a training centre for farmers and extension staff in Masvingo province and also for some farmers and extensionists from outside the province. This training has been in form of one day field tours. The main aims of theses field days are to raise awareness on soil and water conservation techniques and to explain, through visual aids, the process of erosion and its effects on soil productivity. Farmers are exposed to the many options of soil and water conservation.

This paper presents the field day programme utilised for exposing farmers and extension workers to the new technologies.

Keywords:

Field days; on-station demonstrations; soil and water conservation; awareness raising; learning tools,

 

45 MUNYATI, M. / NYAGUMBO, I. (1994): Report on the On-farm Mid-Season Evaluation Tours, Musana, Chiweshe, Chinamhora and Chivi 1993/94 Season, CONTILL/On-farm Trials.

Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

Abstract:

The field tours carried out in all the four areas (Chivi, Chiweshe, Musana and Chinamhora) proved to be very effective as an extension tool in taking the message across to farmers both in terms of the Contill approach and in generating farmer to farmer information and knowledge exchange. It also created some enthusiasm amongst farmers to be more innovative and also generated some interest among the non-trial farmers in the respective areas.

The tours created some closer co-operation between the Contill Research team and the Agritex extension personnel as well as the respective communities. Since the non-trail farmers from the respective areas also participated in the evaluation tours, this helped to break the barrier between the trial and non-trial farmers and also created a better understanding of the CONTILL project's approach by both the extension workers and the non-trial farmers.

Keywords:

Field tours; farmer to farmer discussions; co-operation; communication; participatory extension.

47 NYAGUMBO, I. (1992): On Farm Trials Season 91/92 Chinamhora/Chiweshe Report.

Unpublished annual report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

Abstract:

While tied-ridging is undoubtedly effective in soil conservation it still might not be the best solution to guarantee the poor communal farmer a harvest during bad seasons.

The approach to on-farm research has to be studied carefully if meaningful conclusions are to be drawn from the trials. An approach where researcher-controlled trials are run in-parallel with farmer adaptive trials might be a possible compromise.

There is a need for another tillage system to be tried out together with tied-ridging lest tied-ridging proves to be ineffective for the farmer perceived goal for improved yields. an example could be the rip-between-row treatment.

Keywords:

Tied-ridging; tillage systems; on-farm research.

 

51 NYAGUMBO, I. (1996): Adaptive On-farm Conservation Tillage Research in the Sub-humid North of Zimbabwe: An overview of findings by the Conservation Tillage Project 1991-1996,

Paper presented to AGRITEX, Soil & Water Conservation Branch, Unpublished paper, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

Abstract:

A collaborative project between AGRITEX and GTZ (CONTILL) has since 1990 carrying out adaptive on-farm research on a conservation tillage technique, no-till tied-ridging in comparison to widely used technique annual mouldboard ploughing with the main objective of establishing acceptability of this technique in farmer's environment.

The results obtained indicate that farmers are seriously resource constrained in terms of draft power, land, implements and labour. In addition, farmers face a multi-sectoral range of problems which were classified as financial, technical, environmental and social and which all lead to the core problem of starvation. Socio-cultural factors were observed during the 6 year old study which include attitude problems like receiver mentality, beliefs in witchcraft, suspicion and jealousy amongst farmers, abuse of customary laws and high death rates. These constraints generally contribute to instability within the communities and thus tend to hamper development.

The participatory approach known as 'kuturaya' meaning 'to try' is recommended as a tool for creation of awareness and inspiring farmers to try out various other conservation tillage operations apart from no-till tied-ridging on community scale. This approach is cited as an approach to address some of the socio-cultural constraints as well as addressing community based problems through community self-help efforts

Keywords:

Socio-cultural constraints; participatory technology development and extension; community self-help; training for transformation.

52 NYAGUMBO, I. (1996): In-situ Field Determinants of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivities on Two Soil Types.

A study carried out in partial fulfilment of a PhD study entitled: The Effect of Three Tillage Systems on Drainage and Seasonal Water Budgets of Two Zimbabwean Soils under Maize, 3rd Draft, University of Zimbabwe, Department of Soil Science, Harare.

Abstract:

Unsaturated hydraulic conductivities were determined using an internal drainage method known as the Instantaneous Profile Method on two sites, one on a fersiallitic red clay and the other on a paraferralitic granite-derived sand under various tillage techniques. K-0 functions were obtained for each soil type at different depths.

The results show that drainage rates drop very rapidly on sands from about 3000 mm/d to about 2mm/d in one day and drainage rates become insignificant at about - 55 cm (5.5. kPa) matric potential. For the clay drainage rates drop fairly rapidly from about 350mm/day to about 2 mm/day in 4 days at matric potentials of -80 cm (-8kPa) or lower. field capacity water content for the sand varies with depth from about 0.16-0.43 (160-430 mm/m) and from about 0.54-0,57 (540-579 mm/m) from the clay soil.

Results from the sandy soil which is considered poorly drained due to an underlying relatively unweathered granite sheet highlight the need to be cautious when combining results measured on different locations in a non-uniform soil. The results from this study will be used to monitor drainage and therefore soil water balances under three tillage techniques on test at both sites.

Keywords:

Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, matric potential; field methodologies.

 

54 OLSEN, K. (1993): Comparison of Some Types of Analyses of Soil Strength Measurements, 13 pages,

Unpublished paper, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo. (In: Project Research Report 9)

Abstract:

In a project on conservation tillage, soil strength measurements were taken to evaluate the tillage treatments' influence on soil strength and therefore on root development. In this study five approaches to the analysis of the soil strength data are discussed on the basis of whether the statistical assumptions are fulfilled, and whether easily interpretable conclusions could be obtained. An approach based on derived varieties is recommended as the most appreciate.

Keywords:

Soil temperature; soil strength; statistical analysis.

 

55 OLSEN, K. (1994): Modelling Runoff and Soil Loss on Coarse-grained Sandy Soils at Domboshawa, Zimbabwe, 34 pages,

Unpublished paper, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo. (In: Project Research Report 12)

Abstract:

As part of an on-going erosion experiment at Domboshawa (Zimbabwe), collected data on rainfall energy, runoff, soil loss, crop cover, and soil moisture, were analysed with a view to predict runoff and soil loss. The experimental site at Domboshawa lies in a subhumid agro-ecological zone and features coarse-grained sandy soils. The data used for this study cover four consecutive rainy seasons and six different tillage treatments.

Soil moisture models were investigated in order to predict soil moisture for the days not covered by the weekly field recordings. A one-layer, physically based model was chosen. With the derived soil moisture figures, multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine the influence of soil moisture, rainfall energy, and crop cover, on runoff and soil loss respectively. Rainfall energy was significant in explaining runoff as well as soil loss.

Soil moisture generally had a significant effect on runoff but not on soil loss. Crop cover generally significantly affected soil loss but not runoff. With regards to both runoff and soil loss, mulch ripping and tied-ridging performed better than cleaver ripping, conventional tillage, and hand hoeing respectively.

Keywords:

Conservation tillage techniques; soil erosion modelling; rainfall energy; crop cover; soil moisture models.

 

59 VOGEL, H. (1991): Conservation Tillage for Small-Scale Farming in Zimbabwe, 13 pages,

Unpublished paper, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo. (In: Project Research Report 1).

Abstract:

The results obtained so far indicate that of the techniques being investigated, no-till tied-ridging has the greatest potential for the Communal Areas in Zimbabwe. The system not only addresses the ultimate problem of conservation successfully but also copes with the seemingly contradictory issues such as rainwater harvesting and preventions of waterlogging, so providing yields at consistent levels in the humid areas.

The water conservation benefit is hoped to become even more pronounced once the ridges have fully settled and consolidated, thus allowing for more capillary action in these medium to coarse-grained sandy soils. This, along with planting on the ridge flanks or right in the furrow basins, should increase the benefits of tied-ridging compared to other treatments. However, the questions to be answered on farmers' fields are: how to overcome the bottleneck of increased time and labour requirements at the initial installation of the tied-ridge system; and how the women will cope with weeding if annual weeds build up further and /or the planting position is moved down from the crest of the ridge.

Keywords:

No-till tied-ridging; water conservation; labour constraints; weeding.

 

64 VOGEL, H. (1993): Maize Root Profiles in Gleyic Sandy Soils as Influenced by Ridging and Ploughing in Zimbabwe.

Unpublished paper, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo. (In: Project Research Report 7), 14 pages.

Abstract:

Little information is available in Zimbabwe on the response of maize (Zea Maize L.) plants to their root environment in poorly draining sandy soils. Since a large proportion of maize in Zimbabwe is grown on land frequently subject to waterlogging, a study of maize rot profiles under field conditions was carried out during in 1992-93.

The prime objective of this field study was to characterise the distribution and to quantify the length of maize roots in gleyic sandy soils under a ridge till-plant system compared to conventional mouldboard ploughing. Concomitant plant and soil chemical analyses were expected to provide further information on plant nutrient uptake, in particular with regards to nitrogen.

Although the study was limited in scope, the relationship between tillage, certain soil physical factors, rooting and uptake of nitrogen by maize plants could be fairly well defined. The results confirmed that ridging increases soil rooting volume and thus root length per unit volume of the soil resulting in significant higher yields.

Keywords:

Tillage techniques; soil and water conservation; soil strengths; maize root profiles.

2.3 Consultancy Reports

9 ELWELL, Henry (1994): Feasibility of Modelling Annual Soil Loss, Runoff and Maize Yield for the Two Research Sites, Domboshawa and Makoholi. Projections to other Natural Regions in Zimbabwe. Testing of and Contributions to SLEMSA.

Unpublished consultancy report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

Abstract:

The report describes the results of modelling of the runoff, soil loss, rainfall, crop cover and yield data of 1988 to 1993 with regard to the Soil Loss Estimator Model for Southern Africa.. This model has been developed in Zimbabwe and its verification on the sandy soils was the original objective of the ConTill project.

The most important results emerging from the analysis of the annual data at both sites are as follows:

The data of both sites showed a promising degree of consistency with recognisable trends that can be modelled.

The soils in Domboshawa showed no change in erodibility whereas Makoholi soils showed an increasing erodibility and declining soil fertility over time.

Throughout Natural Region I to III the highest soil losses an runoff can be expected from conventional tillage and the lowest from tied ridging and mulch ripping; while tied ridging is likely to give the most favourable yields (irrespective of soil drainage) and conventional tillage most likely to give the least. Tied ridging therefore shows great promise throughout NR I to III as the most sustainable system of those tested.

tied ridging and mulch ripping are potentially the most sustainable treatment being tested in NR III-V.

The analysis has demonstrated the great value of prediction modelling in extracting the maximum information from research data.

The report provides detailed data analysis and conclusions with regard to the SLEMSA model and the tested treatments.

 

Keywords:

Modelling, soil erosion, SLEMSA,

 

56 SARUPINDA, C. (1992): A Preliminary Study of the Adoption of the No-till Tied-Ridging System in Musana, Chinamhora, Mutoko and Chiweshe Communal Lands.

Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

Abstract:

The study revealed that the participants in the on-farm trials generally own more oxen, implements and land than the non-participants. Also the participation of the females and the resource poor in the system was comparatively low.

Generally, both participants and non-participants realise the importance of the system in moisture and soil conservation. However, the interviewed farmers said the system had advantages in terms of its labour intensity and draft power requirements. The paper concludes that some resource requirements for the system cannot be met by the relatively resource poor farmers. However, the future of the system in the communal areas look bright considering the fact that both the participating and non-participating farmers can derive advantages of saving labour and costs; and reversing the wastage of nutrients.

Certain implements required in the system, such as ridgers and riper tines should be made available in a more cheaper and lighter form. Since it is difficult for the poor farmers to acquire these implements, resource pooling should be encouraged by the extension personnel in order to promote the adoption of the system. The extension staff should also be able to categorise the farmers according to resource endowment and experience in the system. This will help in passing extension messages on the system according to the resource capacities and capabilities of different sub-groups.

Keywords:

Socio-economic evaluation; adoption of innovations; no-till tied-ridging.

 

58 ULRICH, M. (1994): Various Socio-Economic Aspects Concerning the Adaptive On-farm Trial Programme of the Collaborative AGRITEX/GTZ project: Conservation Tillage for Sustainable Crop Production Systems.

Unpublished report, AGRITEX/GTZ Conservation Tillage Project, IAE, Harare/Masvingo.

Abstract:

No trial farmers had more household members living on the farm and earning money from wage employment outside the farm than trial farmers. This group of farmers might see a risk in adopting NTTR, only assuming that labour shortage will occur during the peak season. It could cause the loss of income from wage employment by spending more time on the farm.

Non-trial farmers relied more on non-agricultural income activities than their counterparts. Therefore it can be assumed that their willingness to start with a new system, which could be as risk and only compensated or with labour, would not be great. Labour shortage during peak periods such as planting and weeding can be major bottlenecks reducing the adoption of the system of NTTR.

NTTR is not combined with a minimum amount of land, implements or draught power. Implement shortage does not exclude farmers from adopting NTTR, as long as the basic implements such as cultivators (for tieing) and ploughs are available. In some cases the husbands have left the farm in order to work outside the farm and their wives have remained. With regards to no-till tied-ridging it can be assumed that an adoption is rather more difficult to be carried out without the head of household.

The difference of households in terms of cash income form on-farm as well as from off-farm activities are evident. Food security becomes difficult for households which have very little income sources in an environment with high risks of crop failure and livestock losses. Therefore the diversity of income sources of low resource households has to be increased by promoting on- and off-farm income activities.

Keywords:

Socio-economic differences; implements; labour constraints; remittances.

2.4 Higher Degree Theses and Proposals

In the framework of the ConTill project the research work of the individual researchers could be utilised for further degree studies. The following PhD or Mphil studies are being carried out or have been completed:

50 NYAGUMBO, I. (1994): The Effect of Three Tillage Systems on Drainage and the Seasonal Water Budgets of two Zimbabwean Soils under Maize.

Dphil research proposal, University of Zimbabwe, Department of Soil Science, Harare.

Abstract:

The objectives of the proposed study can be summarised as follows:

1. To develop suitable techniques to distinguish between drainage and evaporation losses from soils under crop production.

2. To obtain seasonal water budgets of mouldboard ploughing, tied-ridging and mulch ripping with a view to development of soil moisture prediction models.

3. To quantify drainage water loss from the 3 tillage systems and thus determine the potential influence on groundwater recharge.

4. To compare lysimeter and in-situ estimates of soil drainage thus estimating soil nutrient losses.

Keywords:

Soil water budget studies; tillage systems; groundwater recharge; soil water modeling;

 

44 MUCHAONYERWA, P. (1995): Effects of Soil Moisture and Temperature on Germination and Emergence of Maize (Zea mays).

A project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science Agriculture (Honours), Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, Harare.

Abstract:

Tied-ridging has been recommended in semi-arid areas of Zimbabwe to control soil erosion and improve water harvesting. Emergence has been low on ridges (20-25 cm) compared to moulboard ploughing at Makoholi, and was suggested to be due to high temperatures and low moisture contents. As a result of draught power shortages, communal farmers in Masvingo use ridges, 10-15 cm high and have had no emergence problems.

In a field experiment, 20-25 cm and 10-15 cm high ridges were used to determine ridge height effects on soil moisture and temperature. Soil moisture and temperature are worsened by high ridges. Germination and emergence of maize are reduced by high temperature, low soil moisture content. Lower ridges are more acceptable for the better establishment since they are cooler and moister than higher ridges especially if planting is done on the ridge compared to furrow planting. Since moisture is often limiting germination and emergence, priming of the maize seeds will help to speed up the rates of germination and emergence. Lower ridges may also be used in conjunction with mulching used to improve water conservation.

Keywords:

Germination of maize seeds; tied-ridging; soil moisture; soil temperature.

 

39 MOYO, A. (1994): Assessment of the Effect of Soil Erosion on Nutrient Loss from Granite-Derived Sandy Soils under Different Tillage Systems in Zimbabwe.

Dphil Research Proposal, University of Zimbabwe, Harare.

Abstract:

Nutrient losses resulting from soil erosion represent one of the more important factors affecting productivity of soils in the Communal Areas of Zimbabwe. Soils in these areas are mainly inherently infertile granitic sands of low pH, low organic matter and low clay contents and as such are highly susceptible to high losses of native and applied nutrients through surface erosion and subsurface leaching.

Although rill and gully erosion in the Communal Areas are largely under control through mechanical conservation structures such as contour ridges, grassed waterways and storm drains, sheet erosion is still a major threat to soil fertility. This process, selectively deprives soil for their fine articles, plant nutrients and organic matter. As a result, coarse particles accumulate. "Green Revolution" technologies tend to mask the seriousness of these problems since declining fertility and productivity goes unnoticed.

The objectives of the proposed PhD study is therefore to compare the sheet erosion under different tillage techniques with regard to differences in loss of primary nutrients, loss of organic matter and clay particles, the leaching of different nutrients and the relation of leaching losses to erosion-induced losses and the economics of nutrient losses. Nutrient budget models are to be developed to predict the amount of nutrient losses in relation to sheet erosion.

Keywords:

Sheet erosion; nutrient losses; conservation tillage; organic matter losses.

 

66 VOGEL, H. (1994): Conservation Tillage in Zimbabwe - Evaluation of Several Techniques for the Development of Sustainable Crop Production Systems in Smallholder Farming.

African Studies Series, A 11, Geographica Bernensia, Bern.

Abstract:

This PhD thesis is composed of most of the published papers of the author (abstracts see under published papers).

2.5 Papers Presented at International Conferences

A variety of papers were presented at international conferences and workshops. Some of them were separately published in journals, others in proceedings and in journals. The conferences and workshops listed here are just the most reputable workshops. Numerous presentations were given at national and local workshops in Zimbabwe. These are not mentioned here.

1992:

FIRST WORKSHOP OF THE ANIMAL TRACTION NETWORK FOR EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA (ATNESA),

HELD 18-23 JANUARY 1992, LUSAKA, ZAMBIA

18 HAGMANN, J. (1992): Development of an Animal-drawn Disc Ridger for a Tied-Ridging System of Conservation Tillage.

In: Starkey, Paul / Mwenya, Emmanuel / Stares, John (eds.): Improving animal traction technology. Proceedings of the first workshop of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA) held 18-23 January 1992, Lusaka, Zambia. CTA Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp.198-202.

 

7th ISCO (International Soil and Water Conservation Organization) Conference on:

People Protecting their Land

held in Sydney, Australia, 27-30. Sept. 1992.

60 VOGEL, H. (1992): Conservation Tillage for Sustainable Crop Production Systems. Concept and Approach of a Development Programme in Zimbabwe.

In: Haskings, P.G. / Murphry, B.M. (eds.): 7th ISCO (International Soil and Water Conservation Organization) Conference Proceedings, People Protecting their Land. Sydney, Australia, 27-30. Sept. 1992, Vol. 2, pp.568-573.

 

3RD Annual Scientific Conference of the

SADC-Land and Water Management Research Programme,

HARARE, Zimbabwe from 5-11 October 1992:

48 NYAGUMBO, I. (1993): The Influence of Socio-Economic Factors on Potential Adoption of No-Till Tied-Ridging in Four Communal Areas of Zimbabwe,

In: Kronen, M. (ed.) (1993): Proceedings of the Third Annual Scientific Conference, SADC Land and Water Man. Res. Prog., held in Harare, Zimbabwe, October 5 to 7, 1992, SACCAR, Gaborone, Botswana, pp.319-329.

63 VOGEL, H. (1993): An Evaluation of Five Tillage Systems for Smallholder Agriculture in Zimbabwe.

In: Kronen, M. (ed.) (1993): Proceedings of the Third Annual Scientific Conference, SADC Land and Water Man. Res. Prog., held in Harare, Zimbabwe, October 5 to 7, 1992, SACCAR, Gaborone, Botswana, pp.290-303..

 

1993:

ACIAR/SACCAR workshop in Harare on 30 August to 1 September

64 VOGEL, H. (1993): Maize Root Profiles in Gleyic Sandy Soils as Influenced by Ridging and Ploughing in Zimbabwe.

Paper presented as a poster display to the ACIAR/SACCAR workshop in Harare on 30 August to 1 September 1993.

4th Annual Scientific Conference of the

SADC-Land and Water Management Research Programme,

Windhoek, Namibia from 11-14 October 1993:

3 CHUMA, E. (1993): Effects of Tillage on Erosion-related Soil Properties of a Sandy Soil in Semi-Arid Zimbabwe.

In: Kronen, M. (ed.): Proceedings of the Forth Annual Scientific Conference, SADC Land and Water Man. Res. Prog., SACCAR, Gaborone, Botswana, pp.319-330.

17 HAGMANN; J. (1993): Farmer-participatory Research in Conservation Tillage; Approach, Methods and Experiences from an Adaptive On-farm Trial Programme in Zimbabwe.

In: Kronen, M. (ed.): Proceedings of the Forth Annual Scientific Conference of the SADC Land and Water Management Research Programme, held in Windhoek, Namibia, October 11 to 14, 1993, SACCAR, Gaborone, Botswana, pp.217-236,

49 NYAGUMBO, I. (1993): Farmer Participatory Research in Conservation Tillage - Practical Experiences with No-till Tied-Ridging in Communal Areas Lying in the Subhumid North of Zimbabwe.

In: Kronen, M. (ed.) (1993): Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Scientific Conference, SADC Land and Water Man. Res. Prog., held in Windhoek, Namibia, October 11 to 14, 1993, SACCAR, Gaborone, Botswana, pp.236-249.

 

WORKSHOP of the

ANIMAL TRACTION NETWORK FOR EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA (ATNESA)

HELD 1-5 NOVEMBER 1993, TANGA, TANZANIA:

32 HAGMANN, J. (1997): Development of a Donkey-pulled Toolframe for Weeding, Ridge-tying and Opening Planting Furrows.

In: Starkey, P. / Simalenga, T. / Miller, F. (eds.): Animal power for weed control, (CTA) Wageningen, The Netherlands..

1994:

13th International Conference,

International Soil Tillage Research Organisation (ISTRO),

Aalbourg, Denmark, 1994.

20 HAGMANN, J. (1994): Lysimeter Measurements of Nutrient Losses from a Sandy Soil under Conventional-Till and Ridge-Till.

In: Jensen, B.E./Schjonning,P./Mikkelsen, K.B. (eds.): Soil Tillage for Crop Production and Protection of the Environment. Proceedings of the13th International Conference, International Soil Tillage Research Organisation (ISTRO), Aalbourg, Denmark, pp.305-310.

40 MOYO, A. / HAGMANN, J. (1994): Growth-Effective Rainfall in Maize Production under Different Tillage Systems in Semi-Arid Conditions and Granitic Sands of Southern Zimbabwe.

In: Jensen, B.E. / Schjonning, P. / Mikkelsen, S.A. / Madsen, K.B. (eds.) (1994): Soil Tillage for Crop Production and Protection of the Environment. Proceedings of the13th International Conference, International Soil Tillage Research Organisation (ISTRO), Aalborg, Denmark, pp.475-480.

 

GTZ-Workshop on Management Issues in National Agricultural Research Systems

Rabat, Morocco, October 31 to November 1994

70 VOGEL, H. (1994): Management issues in the planning and implementation of an agricultural research project in Zimbabwe.

In: Bosch, M., Preuss, H.J.A. (eds.): Management Issues in National Agricultural Research Systems: Concepts, Instruments, Experiences. Schriften der Justus Liebig Universität Giessen. LIT Verlag Münster-Hamburg, pp. 279-290

 

INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SYSTEMS ORIENTED RESEARCH IN AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT.

HELD IN MONTPELLIER, FRANCE, 21-25 NOVEMBER 1994

7 Chuma, E. (1994): The Contribution of Different Evaluation Methods to the Understanding of Farmers' Decisions on Adoption and Adaptation of Innovations. Experiences from the Development of a Conservation Tillage System in Southern Zimbabwe.

Published in (1996): The Contribution of Evaluation Methods to Understanding of Innovations in Zimbabwe. In: Budelman, A. (ed.): Agricultural R&D at the Crossroads: Merging systems research and social actor approaches. KIT Publications, Amsterdam, pp. 81-91.

1995:

Technical Workshop

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION FOR SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN SEMI-ARID ZIMBABWE - TRANSFER BETWEEN RESEARCH AND EXTENSION

held 3-7 April 1995 in Masvingo:

24 HAGMANN, J. / CHUMA, E. / MURWIRA, K. / MOYO, E. (1995): Transformation of Agricultural Extension and Research Towards Farmer Participation; Approach and Experiences in Masvingo Province, Zimbabwe.

In: Twomlow, S. / Ellis-Jones, J. / Hagmann, J. / Loos, H. (eds.) (1995): Soil and Water Conservation for Smallholder Farmers in Semi-arid Zimbabwe. Proceedings of a Technical Workshop held 3-7 April 1995 in Masvingo. Belmont Press, Masvingo, pp.135-145.

27 HAGMANN, J. (1995): State and Effectiveness of the Mechanical Conservation Systems for Rill Erosion Control in Semi-Arid Masvingo.

In: TWOMLOW, S. / ELLIS-JONES, J. / HAGMANN, J. / LOOS, H. (eds.): Soil and Water Conservation for Smallholder Farmers in Semi-arid Zimbabwe - Transfer between Research and Extension, Proceedings of a Technical Workshop, 3-7 April 1995 in Masvingo, published in Zimbabwe by the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDEP) and printed by Belmont Press, Masvingo, pp.91-103.

6 CHUMA, E. / HAGMANN, J. (1995): Summary of Results and Experiences from On-Station and On-Farm Testing and Development of Conservation Tillage Farming Systems in the Semi-Arid Masvingo, Zimbabwe.

In: Twomlow, S. / Ellis-Jones, J. / Hagmann, J. / Loos, H: (eds.): Soil and Water Conservation for Smallholder Farmers in Semi-Arid Zimbabwe, Proceedings of a Technical Workshop held 3-7 April 1995 in Masvingo, Masvingo: Belmont Press, pp.41-60.

 

INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON

SOIL CONSERVATION EXTENSION; FROM CONCEPTS TO ADOPTION.

HELD IN CHIANG MAI, June 4-11, 1995

HAGMANN,J., MURWIRA,K., CHUMA,E. (1996): Participatory Development and Extension of Soil and Water Conservation in Southern Zimbabwe.

In: Sombatpanit,S., Zöbisch, M., Sanders,D.; Cook,M. (eds): SOIL CONSERVATION EXTENSION; FROM CONCEPTS TO ADOPTION. Soil and Water Conservation Society of Thailand, Bangkok., pp. 337 - 358

 

1996

INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON

'FOOD SECURITY AND INNOVATIONS; SUCCESS AND LESSONS LEARNT'

HELD AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HOHENHEIM (GERMANY), MARCH 11-13, 1996:

HAGMANN,J., CHUMA,E., MURWIRA,K. (1997): Institutionalising Participatory Extension: Experiences from Zimbabwe.

In: Heidhues, F., Fadani, A. (eds.): FOOD SECURITY AND INNOVATIONS: SUCCESSES AND LESSONS LEARNED. Peter Lang publ, pp. 593-605.

 

13TH CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOIL CONSERVATION ORGANISATION (ISCO),

HELD IN BONN, GERMANY IN AUGUST 1996

CHUMA, E., HAGMANN,J. (1998): Testing and Development of Conservation Tillage Techniques through Combined On-Station and On-Farm Interactive Participatory Research.

Paper refereed and accepted for publications In: the proceedings of the 13th ISCO Conference, held in Bonn, Germany in August 1996. (forthcoming)

HAGMANN,J., CHUMA, E., MURWIRA, K. (1998): Strengthening Peoples Capacities in Soil and Water Conservation in Southern Zimbabwe.

Paper refereed and accepted for publications In: the proceedings of the 13th ISCO Conference, held in Bonn, Germany in August 1996. (forthcoming)

MOYO, A. (1996): The Effect of Soil Erosion On Soil Productivity as Influenced By Tillage: With Special Reference to Clay and Organic Matter Losses.

Paper refereed and accepted for publications In: the proceedings of the 13th ISCO Conference, held in Bonn, Germany in August 1996. (forthcoming)

 

Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation (ZBC), 1993: TV Documentary: „Conservation Farming for Communal Farmers", Harare.

ZBC made a documentary on the Conservation Tillage Project. The technical aspects as well as the situation in the Communal Areas were presented in the documentary which was shown in an agricultural programme on Zimbabwean TV.

Hagmann, J. (1993): Photo Documentation of ConTill On-Farm Trials 1992/93 season.

This documentation focuses technical aspects in soil conservation, but also social and cultural aspects of rural life. It consists of approx. 100 photographs which are commented and explained.

3 Compendium of Reports and papers

This section contains the reports and papers which show the most relevant results and outputs of the ConTill project. Those papers which are mentioned earlier, but which are not found in this compendium can be requested from the Institute of Agricultural Engineering.

The number of each paper relates to the number provided in the bibliographic references, the first part of this reference material

3. CHUMA, E. (1993): Effects of Tillage on Erosion-Related Soil Properties of a Sandy Soil in Semi-Arid Zimbabwe.

6. CHUMA, E. / HAGMANN, J. (1995): Summary of Results and Experiences from On-Station and On-Farm Testing and Development of Conservation Tillage Systems in the Semi-Arid Masvingo, Zimbabwe.

7. CHUMA, E. (1996): The Contribution of Evaluation Methods to Understanding of Innovations in Zimbabwe..

17. HAGMANN, J. (1993): Farmer-participatory Research in Conservation Tillage; Approach, Methods and Experiences from an Adaptive On-farm Trail Programme in Zimbabwe,

18. HAGMANN, J. (1994): Development of an Animal-drawn Disc Ridger for a Tied-Ridging System of Conservation Tillage.

20. HAGMANN, J. (1994): Lysimeter Measurements of Nutrient Losses from a Sandy Soil under Conventional-Till and Ridge-Till.

21. HAGMANN, J. (1994): The Fanja Juu System; An Option for Soil and Water Conservation in Semi-Arid Zimbabwe.

23. HAGMANN, J. / CHUMA, E. / GUNDANI, O. (1995): Integrating Formal Research into a Participatory Process.

24. HAGMANN, J. / CHUMA, E. / MURWIRA, K. / MOYO, E. (1995): Transformation of Agricultural Extension and Research Towards Farmer Participation; Approach and Experiences in Masvingo Province, Zimbabwe.

26. HAGMANN, J. / PRASAD, V.L. (1995): Use of Donkeys and their Draught Performance in Semi-Arid Zimbabwe.

27. HAGMANN, J. (1996): Mechanical Soil Conservation with Contour Ridges: Cure for, or Cause of Rill Erosion?

28. HAGMANN, J. / MURWIRA, K. (1996): Indigenous Soil and Water Conservation in Southern Zimbabwe: A Study of Techniques, Historical Changes and Recent Developments under Participatory Research and Extension. (Part I).

30. HAGMANN, J. / CHUMA, E. / MURWIRA, K. (1996): Improving the Output of Agricultural Extension and Research through Participatory Innovation Development & Extension; Experiences from Zimbabwe.

32. HAGMANN, J. (1997): Development of a Donkey-pulled Toolframe for Weeding, Ridge-tying and Opening Planting Furrows.

33. HAGMANN, J., CHUMA, E. GUNDANI, O. (1997): From Teaching to Learning: Tools for Learning about Soil and Water Conservation.

34. HAGMANN, J. / CHUMA, E. / GUNDANI, O. (1997): Is He the Farmer or the Farmer’s Husband? Gender in Agricultural Research and Extension in Zimbabwe.

35. HAGMANN,J., CHUMA, E., MURWIRA, K. (1997): Kuturaya; Participatory Research, Innovation and Extension.

40. MOYO, A. / HAGMANN, J. (1994): Growth-Effective Rainfall in Maize Production under Different Tillage Systems in Semi-Arid Conditions and Granitic Sands of Southern Zimbabwe.

42. MOYO, A. (1996): The Effect of Soil Erosion on Soil Productivity as Influenced by Tillage: With Special Reference to Clay and Organic Matter Losses.

46. MUNYATI, M. (1997): Conservation Tillage for Sustainable Crop Production: Results and Experiences from On-station and On-farm Research in Natural Region II (1988-1996).

48. NYAGUMBO, I.(1993): The Influence of Socio-Economic Factors on Potential Adoption of No-Till Tied-Ridging in Four Communal Areas of Zimbabwe.

49. NYAGUMBO, I. (1993): Farmer Participatory Research in Conservation Tillage - Practical Experiences with No-till Tied-Ridging in Communal Areas Lying in the Subhumid North of Zimbabwe.

51. NYAGUMBO, I. (1996): Adaptive On-farm Conservation Tillage Research in the Sub-humid North of Zimbabwe: An overview of findings by the Conservation Tillage Project 1991-1996,

53. NYAGUMBO, I. (1997): Socio-cultural constraints to small-holder farming development projects in Zimbabwe: A review of experiences from farmer participatory research in conservation tillage.

54. OLSEN, K. (1993): Comparison of Some Types of Analyses of Soil Strength Measurements, 13 pages,

55. OLSEN, K. (1994): Modelling Runoff and Soil Loss on Coarse-grained Sandy Soils at Domboshawa, Zimbabwe, 34 pages,

61. VOGEL, H. (1992): Effects of Conservation Tillage on Sheet Erosion from Sandy Soils at two Experimental Sites in Zimbabwe.

62. VOGEL, H. (1992): Morphological and Hydrological Characteristics of Gleyic Soils and their Potential for Crops Production. A Case Study from Zimbabwe.

63. VOGEL, H. (1993): An Evaluation of Five Tillage Systems for Smallholder Agriculture in Zimbabwe.

64. VOGEL, H. (1993): Maize Root Profiles in Gleyic Sandy Soils as Influenced by Ridging and Ploughing in Zimbabwe.

65. VOGEL, H. (1993): Tillage Effects on Maize Yield, Rooting Depth and Soil Water Content on Sandy Soils in Zimbabwe.

67. VOGEL, H. (1994): The Effects of Tillage on Topsoil Temperature and Strength in Coarse-Grained Sands with Special Reference to a Tied-Ridging System.

68. VOGEL, H. (1994): Weeds in Single-Crop Conservation Farming in Zimbabwe.

69. VOGEL, H. / NYAGUMBO, I. / OLSEN, K. (1994): Effect of Tied-ridging and Mulch Ripping on Water Conservation in Maize Production on Sandveld Soils.

For your orientation:

List of Full Papers included in the Section:

Paper No, Author Year Title

3 CHUMA, E. (1993): Effects of Tillage on Erosion-Related Soil Properties of a Sandy Soil in Semi-Arid Zimbabwe.

6 CHUMA, E. / HAGMANN, J. (1995): Summary of Results and Experiences from On-Station and On-Farm Testing and Development of Conservation Tillage Systems in the Semi-Arid Masvingo, Zimbabwe.

7 CHUMA, E. (1996): The Contribution of Evaluation Methods to Understanding of Innovations in Zimbabwe..

17 HAGMANN, J. (1993): Farmer-participatory Research in Conservation Tillage; Approach, Methods and Experiences from an Adaptive On-farm Trail Programme in Zimbabwe,

18 HAGMANN, J. (1994): Development of an Animal-drawn Disc Ridger for a Tied-Ridging System of Conservation Tillage.

20 HAGMANN, J. (1994): Lysimeter Measurements of Nutrient Losses from a Sandy Soil under Conventional-Till and Ridge-Till.

21 HAGMANN, J. (1994): The Fanja Juu System; An Option for Soil and Water Conservation in Semi-Arid Zimbabwe.

23 HAGMANN, J. / CHUMA, E. / GUNDANI, O. (1995): Integrating Formal Research into a Participatory Process.

24 HAGMANN, J. / CHUMA, E. / MURWIRA, K. / MOYO, E. (1995): Transformation of Agricultural Extension and Research Towards Farmer Participation; Approach and Experiences in Masvingo Province, Zimbabwe.

26 HAGMANN, J. / PRASAD, V.L. (1995): Use of Donkeys and their Draught Performance in Semi-Arid Zimbabwe.

27 HAGMANN, J. (1996): Mechanical Soil Conservation with Contour Ridges: Cure for, or Cause of Rill Erosion?

28 HAGMANN, J. / MURWIRA, K. (1996): Indigenous Soil and Water Conservation in Southern Zimbabwe: A Study of Techniques, Historical Changes and Recent Developments under Participatory Research and Extension. (Part I).

30 HAGMANN, J. / CHUMA, E. / MURWIRA, K. (1996): Improving the Output of Agricultural Extension and Research through Participatory Innovation Development & Extension; Experiences from Zimbabwe.

32 HAGMANN, J. (1997): Development of a Donkey-pulled Tool Frame for Weeding, Ridge-tying and Opening Planting Furrows.

33 HAGMANN, J., CHUMA, E. GUNDANI, O. (1997): From Teaching to Learning: Tools for Learning about Soil and Water Conservation.

34 HAGMANN, J. / CHUMA, E. / GUNDANI, O. (1997): Is He the Farmer or the Farmer’s Husband? Gender in Agricultural Research and Extension in Zimbabwe.

35 HAGMANN,J., CHUMA, E., MURWIRA, K. (1997): Kuturaya; Participatory Research, Innovation and Extension.

40 MOYO, A. / HAGMANN, J. (1994): Growth-Effective Rainfall in Maize Production under Different Tillage Systems in Semi-Arid Conditions and Granitic Sands of Southern Zimbabwe.

42 MOYO, A. (1996): The Effect of Soil Erosion on Soil Productivity as Influenced by Tillage: With Special Reference to Clay and Organic Matter Losses.

46 MUNYATI, M. (1997): Conservation Tillage for Sustainable Crop Production: Results and Experiences from On-station and On-farm Research in Natural Region II (1988-1996).

48 NYAGUMBO, I.(1993): The Influence of Socio-Economic Factors on Potential Adoption of No-Till Tied-Ridging in Four Communal Areas of Zimbabwe.

49 NYAGUMBO, I. (1993): Farmer Participatory Research in Conservation Tillage - Practical Experiences with No-till Tied-Ridging in Communal Areas Lying in the Subhumid North of Zimbabwe.

51 NYAGUMBO, I. (1996): Adaptive On-farm Conservation Tillage Research in the Sub-humid North of Zimbabwe: An overview of findings by the Conservation Tillage Project 1991-1996,

53 NYAGUMBO, I. (1997): Socio-cultural constraints to small-holder farming development projects in Zimbabwe: A review of experiences from farmer participatory research in conservation tillage.

54 OLSEN, K. (1993): Comparison of Some Types of Analyses of Soil Strength Measurements, 13 pages,

55 OLSEN, K. (1994): Modelling Runoff and Soil Loss on Coarse-grained Sandy Soils at Domboshawa, Zimbabwe, 34 pages,

61 VOGEL, H. (1992): Effects of Conservation Tillage on Sheet Erosion from Sandy Soils at two Experimental Sites in Zimbabwe.

62 VOGEL, H. (1992): Morphological and Hydrological Characteristics of Gleyic Soils and their Potential for Crops Production. A Case Study from Zimbabwe.

63 VOGEL, H. (1993): An Evaluation of Five Tillage Systems for Smallholder Agriculture in Zimbabwe.

64 VOGEL, H. (1993): Maize Root Profiles in Gleyic Sandy Soils as Influenced by Ridging and Ploughing in Zimbabwe.

65 VOGEL, H. (1993): Tillage Effects on Maize Yield, Rooting Depth and Soil Water Content on Sandy Soils in Zimbabwe.

67 VOGEL, H. (1994): The Effects of Tillage on Topsoil Temperature and Strength in Coarse-Grained Sands with Special Reference to a Tied-Ridging System.

68 VOGEL, H. (1994): Weeds in Single-Crop Conservation Farming in Zimbabwe.

69 VOGEL, H. / NYAGUMBO, I. / OLSEN, K. (1994): Effect of Tied-ridging and Mulch Ripping on Water Conservation in Maize Production on Sandveld Soils.