This paper investigates differences in yield and field microclimate of cotton under traditional planting (one plant in a hole) and cluster planting patterns (three plants in a hole). Yield and field microclimate under traditional and clustered planting in the desert oasis region of Hexi corridor were studied. Results showed that the market yield under cluster planting was significantly higher than traditional planting. The spacing between holes in cluster planting had some effect on the yield, with the highest boll weight and lint yield found at 28 cm of spacing between holes. The lint percentage was also significantly enhanced. Under cluster planting, the total boll number per unit area, the light interception and canopy humidity in the middle and last stages increased, while the canopy temperature decreased. The CO₂ concentration in the canopy was affected by cluster planting, but not significantly. In summary, the canopy microclimate and market yield of cotton were improved under cluster planting pattern compared to traditional planting. A 28 cm hole spacing was identified has the optimal distance to achieve a high market yield.