Ecosystems

An ecosystem is a natural entity (or a system) with distinct structures and relationships that inter-link biotic communities (of plants, animals and micro-organisms) to each other and to their abiotic environment. The extension of an ecosystem does not have precise limits, but is characterised by a common origin or common dynamic process. Ecosystems make up big natural systems such as grasslands, mangroves, coral reefs and tropical forests, but also agro-ecosystems, which are highly dependent on human activities for their existence and maintenance.

Activities addressing ecosystem management need to consider the multiple goods and services provided by the different levels (species and gene) and functions of biodiversity and the interactions between its various components (for example nutrient cycling, pollination, pest control, regulation of the water cycle and the maintenance of local wildlife and their habitats). Management approaches to ecosystems, particularly agro-ecosystems, must be focused, however, not only on the biological organisation, (e.g. the essential structure, processes and functions; and interactions between organisms and their environment) but also on the human interactions that shape and influence them. This should be carried out with the view to promote responsible and sustainable practices.