C.1 Cost of Equipment and
Plants
C.2 Cost of Raw Material
C.3 Labour Rates in the Fishery
Industry
C.4 Cost of Utilities
C.5 Cost of Packaging in the
Fishery Industry
(i) Cost of Packaging Machines (Graham. 1984)
Method |
Manpower |
Throughput |
Energy, W |
Cost, US$ |
Heat Sealing |
Manual |
- |
70-300 |
75-300 |
Manual |
- |
500 |
900 |
|
Semi-automatic |
Up to 200 mm/s |
900 |
2 000 |
|
Continuous |
Semi-automatic |
150-200 mm/s |
1 400 |
7000-10000 |
Vacuum Packing |
||||
Bag fed |
Manual |
15-20s cycle |
550 |
2700-3200 |
(ii) Cost of Processing Equipment in Fish Filleting and Freezing Plants, 500 t Raw Material/Year, Uruguay (Kelsen et al., 1981)
| Fillet, skinned, few bones, interleaved | US$ |
TRIO skinning machine for removing fat (*) |
35000 |
Mechanical V cut table, 20 workers |
25000 |
Lighted control table, 4 workers |
8000 |
Mechanical fish block table, 8 workers |
10000 |
600 trays of 7.5 lb aluminum ea. |
9000 |
Weighing machine |
2500 |
Plastic Trays |
500 |
TOTAL |
90000 |
(*) With possibility to adjust cut thickness for removing sub-cutaneous fat.
(iii) Freezing Plants. Data for a Frozen Shrimp Plant. 900 kg/day, UK (Graham. 1984)
Item |
US$ |
Building; 250 m2, US$ 135/m2 |
33750 |
Plate Freezer, 180 kg/load |
22275 |
| 0 °C Chilling Room, 10 t | 9900 |
-30 °C Cold Store, 20 t |
17550 |
Freezer trays, 30 x 2 |
2925 |
Fish boxes, 500 |
6 187 |
Ice plant, 2.7 t/24 h |
19800 |
Ice storage bin (local construction) |
4950 |
Standby generator, 70 kVA |
13983 |
Weighing machine, 100 kg flat bed |
675 |
Work tables, 6, stainless steel top, wooden supports |
4500 |
Steam cleaner, with water input, Diesel powered |
2925 |
Production line items |
4950 |
Office equipment, clothing, etc. |
4950 |
Pick-up truck |
2375 |
Sub-total |
151 695 |
10% contingency |
15 169 |
Total |
166864 |
CIF at 20% items (excluding building) |
23589 |
10% installation and commissioning items (excluding building) |
11 794 |
Total |
202 247 |
(iv) Cost of Processing Equipment, Fish Protein Concentrate Plant. FPC, Type B, Senegal. 13,6 t Finished Product/day (Vaaland & Piyarat. 1982)
US$ |
|
Installation of complete processing equipment: coagulator, press, rotadisk drier and evaporator including freight, insurance, assembly, starting-up and running in-costs |
1236400 |
Laboratory equipment |
43000 |
Packaging machinery for 75 kg bags |
27400 |
Buildings |
385420 |
Total |
1692220 |
(v) Cost of Drying Plants (Waterman, 1977)
1. Small freshwater fish, East Africa, dried in a mechanized drier or naturally by the sun (0.2 t finished product/day
Drying Method (N) |
Mechanical (M) |
Natural |
Land (M: 500 m2; N: 1 800 m2) x US$ 1/m2 |
500 |
1 800 |
Storage 20 M2 X US$ 75/M2, 10 t capacity |
1 500 |
1 500 |
Buildings for offices and processing, M: 100 m2, N: 10 m2 x US$ 75/m2 |
7500 |
750 |
Mechanized drier, with attachments, installed |
9000 |
--- |
Drying frames, 600 m2 x US$ 1.2/m2 |
--- |
720 |
Other equipment and incidentals expenses |
1 500 |
1 230 |
Total Fixed Investment |
20000 |
6000 |
2. Simple drying/smoking. Small freshwater sardine (Stolothrissa tanganicae) in East Africa. The fish is first brined (10%), sun dried on frames for about 10 h and smoked in a non-mechanized smoke-house for 4 h. Maximum period of production: 220 days/year
Investment Cost |
US$ |
Construction of drying and smoking plant |
22000 |
Equipment (scales, seamer, generator, hydraulic pump, others) |
8000 |
Total Investment |
30000 |
3. Highly mechanized drying of salted fillets in small and large scale driers.
| Investment Cost | Large Drier | Small Drier |
| (driers only) | 190000 |
8000 |
(vi) Investment for Artisanal Fishmeal Plants, Tanzania, 20 kg Finished Product/day (Mlay and Mkwdizu 1982)
US$ |
|
Cooking area, covered |
17 |
Drying and milling |
14 |
Storage |
57 |
Drying materials |
22 |
Working capital |
57 |
Total |
168 |
(vii) Small scale fishmeal 121ants, 80 kg/day (Etoh, 1932)
US$ |
|
Equipment (heater, cooker, cooking basket, press, crusher, drier, grinder, others) |
1 433.0 |
Miscellaneous including fittings, rakes, shovel, etc. |
145.6 |
Total |
1 578.9 |
(viii) Large-scale Fishmeal Plants (Atlas. 1975)
Cost, US$ |
||
Capacity t of raw material/24 h |
Concentration of Stickwater |
|
Without |
With |
|
15 |
200 000 |
|
25 |
235 000 |
|
30 |
320 000 |
|
60 |
455 000 |
|
150 |
800 000 |
|
250 |
1 100000 |
|
(ix) Cost of Equipment for the Fishery Industry
Equipment |
Throughput |
Unit |
Cost, US$ |
Country |
Reference |
Steamboiler |
3 500 |
kg/h |
45500 |
Norway |
(Myrseth, 1985) |
Compressed air plant |
2500 |
1/h |
3 250 |
" |
" |
Can seaming machines |
150 |
cans/min |
49400 |
" |
" |
Overpressure retort |
5500 |
cans of 450 g |
58500 |
" |
" |
Gutting machines |
30 |
fish/min |
22500 |
UK |
(Graham, 1984) |
Heading machines |
35 |
fish/min |
7500 |
" |
" |
Heading and gutting machines |
180 |
fish/min |
22600 |
Argentina |
1994 |
Battering and breading machines |
350 |
kg/h |
22500 |
UK |
(Graham, 1984) |
Forming machine |
2000 |
kg/h |
22500 |
" |
" |
Filleting table |
1 |
post (0.85 m2) |
340 |
Argentina |
1994 |
Whole fish washer (recycling water) |
40 |
t/8 h |
25900 |
" |
" |
Raw material |
US$ |
Unit |
Country |
References |
Hake |
230-280 |
t |
Argentina |
1990 |
Hake |
250 |
t |
Uruguay |
(Kelsen et al., 1981) |
Sea Salmon |
650 |
t |
Argentina |
1990 |
Kingclip |
800 |
t |
" |
" |
Croaker |
580 |
t |
Uruguay |
(Kelsen et al., 1981) |
Anchovy |
700 |
t |
Argentina |
1989 |
Sardine for drying/smoking |
195 |
t |
Africa |
(Waterman, 1977) |
Sardines |
183 |
t |
Tropical Countries |
(Edwards et al., 1981) |
Sardines |
197 |
t |
Norway |
(Myrseth, 1985) |
Tuna (Yellowfin) |
250 |
t |
Indonesia |
(Bromiley et al., 1973) |
Tuna |
1000 |
t |
Cape Verde |
1990 |
Shrimp |
361 |
t |
Indonesia |
(Bromiley, 1973) |
Fish for fishmeal plants |
40-50 |
t |
Tropical Countries |
(Shaw, 1976) |
Fish for fishmeal |
45 |
t |
Europe |
(Atlas, 1975) |
Fish for fishmeal |
41.7 |
t |
Tanzania |
(Mlay and Mkwizu, 1982) |
Fish for fishmeal and drying |
80 |
t |
Brazil |
(Vaaland & Piyarat, 1982) |
Fresh water fish for fishmeal |
60 |
t |
African Countries |
(Waterman, 1977) |
Fish, Pacific Pollock |
121 |
t |
USA |
(Bartholomai, 1987) |
Fish for canning and freezing,including shellfish |
160-380 |
t |
Tropical Countries |
(Shaw, 1976) |
Sunflower oil |
0.5 |
kg |
Cape Verde |
(1990) |
Bread crumbs |
0.52 |
kg |
Argentina |
1990 |
Medium quality salt |
0.3 |
kg |
" |
" |
Salt |
0.5 |
kg |
Cape Verde |
(1990) |
Salt |
0.182 |
kg |
African Countries |
(Waterman, 1977) |
Wood |
1.3 |
m3 |
" |
" |
Process |
Labour, US$ |
Unit |
Country |
Reference |
Frozen |
||||
Filleters |
0.06 |
kg skinless hake fillet |
Argentina |
1990 |
Labourers |
1.12 |
hour |
" |
" |
Packagers |
1.11 |
hour |
" |
" |
Freezer Attendants |
1.49 |
hour |
" |
" |
Salted, dried and canned |
||||
Labourers |
0.80 |
hour |
Argentina |
1990 |
Packagers |
0.79 |
hour |
" |
" |
Workers, drying |
0.30 |
day |
African Countries |
(Waterman, 1977) |
Workers, canning |
1.35(*) |
day |
Indonesia |
(Bromiley et al., 1973) |
Workers |
10. 00(*) |
day |
Cape Verde |
1990 |
Supervisor |
14.00(*) |
day |
" |
" |
Industrial Workers |
||||
3-4 |
day |
Tropical Countries |
(Shaw, 1976) |
|
| Untrained workers | 0.78 |
hour |
Brazil |
(Vaaland & Piyarat, 1982) |
Specialized workers |
0.11 |
hour |
Africa |
(Waterman, 1977) |
Processing workers |
155.4 |
month |
Senegal |
(Jarrold & Everett, 1978) |
Salaries, permanent personnel |
||||
Administrative employee |
200-300 |
month |
Argentina |
1990 |
Foreman |
300-500 |
month |
" |
" |
Production Chief |
1 000 |
month |
" |
" |
Managers |
1 500-2000 |
month |
" |
" |
Maintenance Officials |
400-600 |
month |
" |
" |
| Machinists | 400-600 |
month |
" |
" |
Managers |
4 059 |
year |
Brazil |
(Vaaland & Piyarat, 1982) |
Foreman |
1 462 |
year |
" |
" |
Manager |
1 125 |
month |
UK |
(Graham, 1984) |
Supervisor |
560 |
month |
" |
" |
Administrative |
337 |
month |
" |
" |
Mechanical |
150 |
month |
" |
" |
Workers |
90 |
month |
" |
" |
Administrative |
333 |
month |
Senegal |
(Jarrold & Everett, 1978) |
Technicians |
444 |
month |
" |
" |
Catching |
||||
Captain |
39 |
month |
Bangladesh |
(Eddie & Nathan, 1980) |
| Crew | 19.5 |
month |
" |
" |
Non-specialized fisherman |
133.2 |
month |
Senegal |
(Jarrold & Everett, 1978) |
(*) Includes social benefits
Utility |
Cost, US$ |
Unit |
Country |
Reference |
Electricity |
||||
0.20 |
kWh |
Argentina |
1990 |
|
0.10-0.15 |
kWh |
Tropical Countries |
(Shaw, 1976) |
|
0.1125 |
kWh |
UK |
(Graham, 1984) |
|
0.069-0.076 |
kWh |
Tropical Countries |
(Edwards, 1981; Street, 1980) |
|
0.044 |
kWh |
Norway |
(Myrseth, 1985) |
|
0.05 |
kWh |
African Countries |
(Waterman, 1977) |
|
0.0078 |
kWh |
Brazil |
(VaaIand & Piyarat, 1982) |
|
0.20 |
kWh |
Cape Verde |
1990 |
|
Self-generated |
||||
0.02-0.05(*) |
kWh |
USA |
(Jelen & Black, 1983) |
|
0.016-0.045 |
kWh |
" |
" |
|
Fuels |
||||
Fuel Oil |
0.20 |
1 |
Argentina |
1990 |
0.40 |
1 |
USA |
(Bartholomai, 1987) |
|
0.2-0.28 |
1 |
(Jelen & Black, 1983) |
||
0.31 |
1 |
Tropical Countries |
(Edwards, 1981) |
|
0.26 |
1 |
Norway |
(Myrseth, 1985) |
|
0.2 |
kg |
Cape Verde |
1990 |
|
0.235 |
kg |
Brazil |
(Vaaland & Piyarat, 1982) |
|
0.2 |
kg |
African Countries |
(Waterman, 1977) |
|
0.74 |
1 |
Seychelles |
(Parker, 1989) |
|
0.27 |
1 |
Thailand |
" |
|
Fuel(**) |
40 |
t |
Peru |
(Engstrom et al., 1974) |
Inboard engines |
0.15 |
1 |
Senegal |
(Jarrold and Everett, 1978) |
Outboard engines |
0.24 |
1 |
Senegal |
" |
Diesel Oil |
0.21 |
1 |
Bangladesh |
(Eddie & Natham, 1980) |
0.6 |
1 |
Indonesia |
" |
|
Gas Oil |
0.23 |
kg |
Morocco |
(Haywood and Curr, 1987) |
Natural Gas |
||||
0.26 |
m3 |
USA |
(Bartholomai, 1987) |
|
0.07-0.16 |
m3 |
" |
(Jelen & Black, 1983) |
|
Water |
||||
Processing |
1 |
m3 |
Argentina |
1990 |
" |
1 |
m3 |
USA |
(BarLholomai, 1987) |
" |
0.195 |
m3 |
Norway |
(Myrseth, 1985) |
" |
0.1 |
m3 |
Tropical Countries |
(Edwards, 1981) |
" |
0.066 - 0.26 |
m3 |
USA |
(Jelen & Black, 1983) |
" |
1 |
m3 |
Cape Verde |
|
Freezing |
0.56 |
m3 |
UK |
(Graham, 1984) |
Ice |
0.046 |
kg |
Seychelles |
(Parker, 1989) |
Block lce, 110-120 kg |
1.95 |
block |
Bangladesh |
(Eddie & Natham, 1980) |
10.2 |
t |
Thailand |
(Haywood and Curr, 1987) |
|
23.92 |
t |
Morocco |
" |
|
0.022 |
kg |
Paraguay |
(FAO, 1991) |
|
Flake Ice |
0.035 |
kg |
(FAO, 1991) |
|
Ice (ready for sale) |
0.16 |
kg |
Tanzania |
(Lupin, 1985b) |
0.017 |
kg |
Europe |
" |
(*) Highly dependent upon the consumption and location.
(**) This price being weighted to include estimated costs for lubricants and greasing.
Packaging materials |
Cost, US$ |
Unit |
Country |
References |
Lithographed cans, 170 g |
0.17 |
can |
Argentina |
1991 |
Cans, 380 g |
0.16 |
can |
||
Cans, 125 g |
0.058 |
can |
Venezuela |
1990 |
Cans, 425 g |
0.08 |
can |
Tropical Countries |
(Shaw, 1976) |
Cans, N� 2 |
0.1 - 0.25 |
can |
USA |
(Bartholomai, 1987) |
Cans, 115 g |
0.06 |
can |
Tropical Countries |
(Edwards, 1981) |
| Cans, 180 g | 0.12 |
can |
Cape Verde |
1990 |
Vacuum packs for frozen fish |
0.075 |
kg prod. |
France |
(Jul, 1985) |
Polyethylene |
1.7-2.1 |
kg |
Argentina |
1990 |
Plastic bags |
15 |
1 000 bags |
Tropical Countries |
(Shaw, 1976) |
Bags for dried fish |
13 |
1 000 bags |
African Countries |
(Waterman, 1977) |
| Nylon, interleaved | 1.33 |
t prod. |
Uruguay |
(Kelsen et al., 1981) |
Polypropylene bags, 50 kg |
0.25 |
bag |
Argentina |
1990 |
Bags for fishmeal |
0.60 |
bag |
Tropical Countries |
(Shaw, 1976) |
Bags for fishmeal |
0.28 |
bag |
Europe |
(Atlas, 1975) |
Packaging for dry products and fishmeal |
16 |
ton prod. |
Brazil |
(Vaaland & Piyarat, 1982) |
Waxed cardboard boxes, 7 kg |
0.26 |
box |
Argentina |
1990 |
Corrugated cardboard box, 21 kg |
0.46-0.50 |
box |
Argentina |
1990 |
Master box, 15 kg |
0.48 |
box |
Uruguay |
(Kelsen et al., 1981) |
Boxes for cans of fish |
0.27 |
box |
Tropical Countries |
(Shaw, 1976) |
Boxes for dried fish |
0.32 |
box |
African Countries |
(Waterman, 1977) |
Cardboard boxes (x 24 cans) |
0.15 |
box |
USA |
(Bartholomai, 1987) |
| Boxes (x 100 cans) | 0.50 |
box |
Tropical Countries |
(Edwards, 1981) |
Boxes (x 24 cans) |
0.30 |
box |
Cape Verde |
1990 |
Straps and labelling |
4 |
t FB |
Argentina |
1990 |
Plastic drums, 200 kg |
25 |
drum |
Argentina |
1994 |
