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South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
South East Asia
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao P.D.R
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Pacific
American Samoa
Marshall Islands
Nauru
New Zealand
New Caledonia
Niue
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands
Tokelau
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Western Samoa
Australia
Australia
East Asia
China
Hong Kong
Japan
Korea, DPR
Korea, Republic
Macau
Mongolia
Taiwan
REGION |
SIGNATORIES TO: |
PARTICIPATION IN: | ||||
Country |
Convention on Biological Diversity |
World Heritage Convention |
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat |
Convention on Conservation of Nature in the S. Pacific (Apia) |
Convention for the Protection of the Natural Resources and Environment of the South Pacific Region (SPREP) |
UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme |
SOUTH ASIA | ||||||
Bangladesh |
x |
x |
x |
x | ||
Bhutan |
x |
|||||
India |
x |
x |
x |
x | ||
Maldives |
x |
x |
x | |||
Nepal |
x |
x |
x |
x | ||
Pakistan |
x |
x |
x |
x | ||
Sri Lanka |
x |
x |
x |
x | ||
SOUTH EAST ASIA | ||||||
Cambodia |
x |
|||||
Lao P.D.R. |
x |
|||||
Myanmar |
x |
x |
x |
x | ||
Thailand |
x |
x | ||||
Viet Nam |
x |
x |
x |
x | ||
INSULAR SOUTH EAST ASIA | ||||||
Brunei Darussalam |
||||||
Indonesia |
x |
x |
x |
x | ||
Malaysia |
x |
x |
x | |||
Philippines |
x |
x |
x |
x | ||
Singapore |
x |
|||||
PACIFIC | ||||||
American Samoa |
x |
x |
|
x |
||
Cook Islands |
? |
? |
? |
x |
x |
|
Fiji |
x |
x |
x |
x |
||
Guam |
x |
x |
x |
|||
Marshall Islands |
x |
x |
||||
Micronesia (Federated States of) |
x |
x |
||||
Nauru |
x |
x |
||||
New Caledonia |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
New Zealand |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x | |
Niue |
x |
x |
x |
x |
||
Northern Mariana Islands |
||||||
Palau |
x |
|||||
Papua New Guinea |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x | |
Western Samoa |
x |
x |
x |
|||
Solomon Islands |
x |
x |
x |
|||
Tokelau |
? |
? |
? |
? |
||
Tonga |
||||||
Tuvalu |
x |
|||||
Vanuatu |
x |
x |
||||
EAST ASIA | ||||||
China |
x |
x |
x |
x | ||
Hong Kong |
||||||
Japan |
x |
x |
x |
x | ||
Korea, DPR |
x |
x | ||||
Korea, Republic of |
x |
x |
x | |||
Macau |
||||||
Mongolia |
x |
x | ||||
Taiwan |
||||||
AUSTRALIA | ||||||
Australia |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
CATEGORY I Strict Nature Reserve/Wilderness Area: protected area13 managed mainly for science or wilderness protection
CATEGORY Ia Strict Nature Reserve: protected area managed mainly for science
Definition Area of land and/or sea possessing some outstanding or representative ecosystems, geological or physiological features and/or species, available primarily for scientific research and/or environmental monitoring.
CATEGORY Ib Wilderness Area: protected area managed mainly for wilderness protection
Definition Large area of unmodified or slightly modified land, and/or sea, retaining its natural character and influence, without permanent or significant habitation, which is protected and managed so as to preserve its natural condition.
CATEGORY II National Park: protected area managed mainly for ecosystem protection and recreation
Definition Natural area of land and/or sea, designated to (a) protect the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for present and future generations, (b) exclude exploitation or occupation inimical to the purposes of designation of the area and (c) provide a foundation for spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities, all of which must be environmentally and culturally compatible.
CATEGORY III Natural Monument: protected area managed mainly for conservation of specific natural features
Definition Area containing one, or more, specific natural or natural/cultural feature which is of outstanding or unique value because of its inherent rarity, representative or aesthetic qualities or cultural significance.
CATEGORY IV Habitat/Species Management Area: protected area managed mainly for conservation through management intervention
Definition Area of land and/or sea subject to active intervention for management purposes so as to ensure the maintenance of habitats and/or to meet the requirements of specific species.
CATEGORY V Protected Landscape/Seascape: protected area managed mainly for landscape/seascape conservation and recreation
Definition Area of land, with coast and sea as appropriate, where the interaction of people and nature over time has produced an area of distinct character with significant aesthetic, ecological and/or cultural value, and often with high biological diversity. Safeguarding the integrity of this traditional interaction is vital to the protection, maintenance and evolution of such an area.
CATEGORY VI Managed Resource Protected Area: protected area managed mainly for the sustainable use of natural ecosystems
Definition Area containing predominantly unmodified natural systems, managed to ensure long term protection and maintenance of biological diversity, while providing at the same time a sustainable flow of natural products and services to meet community needs.
Region |
Ia/Ib |
II |
III |
IV |
V |
VI |
Total | |||||||||
Country |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
% |
AUSTRALIA |
||||||||||||||||
Australia |
7,682,300 |
88 |
39,801 |
437 |
284,302 |
64 |
2,583 |
291 |
133,507 |
33 |
482,805 |
20 |
2,117 |
933 |
945,118 |
12.3 |
Total |
7,682,300 |
|||||||||||||||
TOTAL | |||
Category |
No. |
P.A. Area (km²) |
% countries |
Ia/Ib |
88 |
39,801 |
0.52 |
II |
437 |
284,302 |
3.7 |
III |
64 |
2,583 |
0.03 |
IV |
291 |
133,507 |
1.74 |
V |
33 |
482,805 |
6.28 |
VI |
20 |
2,117 |
0.03 |
Grand Total |
933 |
945,118 |
12.3 |
Region |
Ia/Ib |
II |
III |
IV |
V |
VI |
Total | |||||||||
Country |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
% |
EAST ASIA |
||||||||||||||||
China |
9,597,000 |
37 |
486,282 |
20 |
8,156 |
9 |
1,197 |
149 |
56,210 |
50 |
46,222 |
330 |
83,724 |
595 |
681,794 |
7.1 |
Hong Kong |
1,062 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
51 |
12 |
372 |
0 |
0 |
15 |
423 |
39.87 |
Japan |
369,700 |
8 |
244 |
15 |
12,959 |
0 |
0 |
29 |
4,776 |
13 |
7,522 |
0 |
0 |
65 |
25,502 |
6.9 |
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of |
122,310 |
0 |
0 |
9 |
1,501 |
4 |
105 |
6 |
1,540 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
19 |
3,146 |
2.57 |
Korea, Republic of |
98,445 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
345 |
20 |
6,473 |
0 |
0 |
25 |
6,818 |
6.93 |
Mongolia |
1,565,000 |
10 |
85,253 |
6 |
46,399 |
16 |
12,260 |
1 |
900 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
33 |
144,812 |
9.25 |
Total |
11,753,517 |
|||||||||||||||
TOTALS | |||
Category |
No. |
P.A. Area (km²) |
|
Ia/Ib |
55 |
571,779 |
4.86 |
II |
50 |
69,017 |
0.59 |
III |
29 |
13,562 |
0.12 |
IV |
193 |
63,823 |
0.54 |
V |
95 |
60,589 |
0.52 |
VI |
330 |
83,724 |
0.71 |
Grand Total |
752 |
862,497 |
7.34 |
Region |
|
Ia/Ib |
II |
III |
IV |
V |
VI |
Total | ||||||||
Country |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
% |
SOUTH ASIA |
||||||||||||||||
Bangladesh |
144,000 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
6 |
833 |
2 |
134 |
0 |
0 |
8 |
967 |
0.67 |
Bhutan |
46,620 |
1 |
644 |
4 |
6,606 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
2,411 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
9 |
9,661 |
20.72 |
India |
3,166,830 |
2 |
1,960 |
63 |
31,618 |
0 |
0 |
272 |
104,828 |
1 |
186 |
1 |
464 |
339 |
139,057 |
4.39 |
Nepal |
141,415 |
0 |
0 |
8 |
10,144 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
941 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
3,490 |
14 |
14,575 |
10.31 |
Pakistan |
803,940 |
0 |
0 |
6 |
8,821 |
0 |
0 |
45 |
27,166 |
4 |
1,220 |
2 |
181 |
57 |
37,390 |
4.65 |
Sri Lanka |
65,610 |
0 |
0 |
22 |
4,363 |
0 |
0 |
31 |
3,280 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
53 |
7,643 |
11.65 |
Total |
4,368,415 |
|||||||||||||||
TOTALS | |||
Category |
No. |
P.A. Area (km²) |
% countries |
Ia/Ib |
55 |
571,779 |
4.86 |
II |
50 |
69,017 |
0.59 |
III |
29 |
13,562 |
0.12 |
IV |
193 |
63,823 |
0.54 |
V |
95 |
60,589 |
0.52 |
VI |
330 |
83,724 |
0.71 |
Grand Total |
752 |
862,497 |
7.34 |
Region |
|
Ia/Ib |
II |
III |
IV |
V |
VI |
Total | ||||||||
Country |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
% |
PACIFIC |
||||||||||||||||
American Samoa |
197 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
37 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
37 |
18.91 |
Fiji |
18,330 |
5 |
189 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
189 |
1.03 |
Guam |
450 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
61 |
1 |
61 |
13.63 |
Kiribati |
684 |
2 |
201 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
65 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
266 |
38.93 |
New Caledonia |
19,105 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
101 |
0 |
0 |
8 |
726 |
1 |
27 |
0 |
0 |
11 |
856 |
4.48 |
New Zealand |
265,150 |
87 |
16,895 |
29 |
41,403 |
6 |
233 |
60 |
2,136 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
182 |
60,668 |
22.88 |
Niue |
259 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
54 |
1 |
54 |
20.85 |
Palau |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
12 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
12 |
0.00 |
Papua New Guinea |
462,840 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
73 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
746 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
820 |
0.18 |
Samoa |
2,840 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
28 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
72 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
100 |
3.55 |
Tonga |
699 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
28 |
1 |
28 |
4.06 |
United States Minor Outlying Islands |
658 |
3 |
411 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
411 |
62.61 |
Total |
771,212 |
|||||||||||||||
TOTALS | |||
Category |
No. |
P.A. Area (km²) |
% countries |
Ia/Ib |
97 |
17,697 |
2.29 |
II |
36 |
41,644 |
5.4 |
III |
8 |
310 |
0.04 |
IV |
72 |
3,682 |
0.48 |
V |
1 |
27 |
0 |
VI |
3 |
143 |
0.02 |
217 |
63,506 |
8.23 | |
Region |
|
Ia/Ib |
II |
III |
IV |
V |
VI |
Total | ||||||||
Country |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
% |
SOUTH EAST ASIA |
||||||||||||||||
Cambodia |
181,000 |
0 |
0 |
7 |
7,362 |
0 |
0 |
10 |
20,300 |
3 |
970 |
3 |
4,039 |
23 |
32,672 |
18.05 |
Lao People's Democratic Republic |
236,725 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
17 |
27,563 |
17 |
27,563 |
11.64 |
Myanmar |
678,030 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1,605 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
126 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
1,732 |
0.26 |
Thailand |
514,000 |
0 |
0 |
74 |
39,473 |
0 |
0 |
37 |
27,275 |
1 |
131 |
0 |
0 |
112 |
66,880 |
13.01 |
Viet Nam |
329,565 |
0 |
0 |
9 |
2,024 |
0 |
0 |
43 |
7,919 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
52 |
9,944 |
3.02 |
Total |
1,939,320 |
|||||||||||||||
TOTALS | |||
Category |
No. |
P.A. Area (km²) |
% countries |
Ia/Ib |
0 |
0 |
0 |
II |
91 |
50,467 |
2.6 |
III |
0 |
0 |
0 |
IV |
90 |
55,494 |
2.86 |
V |
5 |
1,227 |
0.06 |
VI |
20 |
31,602 |
1.63 |
Grand Total |
206 |
138,792 |
7.16 |
Region |
|
Ia/Ib |
II |
III |
IV |
V |
VI |
Total | ||||||||
Country |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
No. |
Area (km²) |
% |
INSULAR SOUTH EAST ASIA |
||||||||||||||||
Brunei Darussalam |
5,765 |
9 |
662 |
1 |
488 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
10 |
1,151 |
19.97 |
Indonesia |
1,919,445 |
56 |
38,864 |
35 |
114,708 |
1 |
50 |
48 |
46,632 |
37 |
4,100 |
66 |
32,387 |
243 |
236,743 |
12.33 |
Malaysia |
332,965 |
23 |
872 |
17 |
8,153 |
0 |
0 |
9 |
5,797 |
1 |
10 |
1 |
206 |
51 |
15,040 |
4.52 |
Philippines |
300,000 |
0 |
0 |
11 |
2,623 |
5 |
197 |
8 |
3,197 |
13 |
4,044 |
1 |
109 |
38 |
10,172 |
3.39 |
Singapore |
616 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
27 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
27 |
4.54 |
Total |
2,558,791 |
|||||||||||||||
TOTALS | |||
Category |
No. |
P.A. Area (km²) |
% countries |
Ia/Ib |
88 |
40,399 |
1.58 |
II |
64 |
125,974 |
4.92 |
III |
6 |
247 |
0.01 |
IV |
66 |
55,655 |
2.18 |
V |
51 |
8,155 |
0.32 |
VI |
68 |
32,703 |
1.28 |
Grand Total |
343 |
263,135 |
10.28 |
1. Bangladesh currently scores very low on protected area, with few options to acquire large new areas. All remaining original vegetation should be brought under protection, and further improvements could be made to management effectiveness.
2. Bhutan is already well over the CI=1 score with a huge proportion of the country already protected whilst plenty more natural habitat remains also. The country does not need new reserves but resources should be focused on management effectiveness.
3. Brunei Darussalam is well over the CI = 1 point. There are a few habitat gaps in the PA coverage however and some improvements can be made to management and opening up some of the excellent reserves to visitors and scientists.
4. Cambodia is above CI = 1.0 by virtue of the enormous reserve system recently declared. However, there is virtually no management and priority must go on personnel development and management planning. A greater area of freshwater swamp and lake should be transferred from category VI (multiple use) to category IV (managed nature reserve).
5. India would achieve the increase in CI score required if it gazettes the many outstanding proposals of Rogers and Panwar (1988) and raises its standards of management. Areas of particular importance are the Himalayan forests and forests of North-east India.
6. Indonesia has the largest task to do. It is by far the most important country in the realm for biodiversity conservation and will need to protect a high proportion of its area to reach a CI score of 1. However, the target is easily within range. There are many excellent proposed sites reserved for conservation on government land-use maps but never gazetted. In addition, the country has an extensive system of hydrological protection forests. Emphasis on new gazettement should focus on the Mollucas and Lesser Sundas with several important revisions to be made to boundaries of some Irian Jaya reserves.
7. Lao PDR has recently declared a large system of protected areas and still has many large proposals on the table. However, these sites are currently unmanaged and many overlap with production forests, hydroelectric projects and so on. It is recommended that about half the system where competing land-use is minimal be declared as Category IV reserves. Major investment in manpower development to manage an excellent PA system should be the key priority and more emphasis should be paid to transfrontier reserve linkages, for example with Viet Nam.
8. Sri Lanka is already doing a good job in conserving its biodiversity. However, most of the reserves are in the less biologically valuable dry zone. All remaining lowland forest patches in the wet zone should now come under protection.
9. Maldives has little terrestrial biodiversity of value (a few endemic pandans). A minimal terrestrial reserve system would be adequate. In contrast, the marine resources are remarkable and a large protected area system is needed in the sea. The marine section of the Review will give more details.
10. Malaysia. Protected area networks in Sabah and Sarawak have been growing steadily although the forest area has also shrunk over the past decade. Peninsular Malaysia has an inadequate system of reserves with many large proposals outstanding and ungazetted for many years. Malaysia has the financial resources and personnel to ensure good management but it is important to get more land into the protected areas system in this biologically very rich part of the realm.
11. Myanmar is still very slow in developing a protected areas system. The total area protected is small and contains a lot of secondary habitat and important proposed areas remain unprotected. Under the new policy of the Forestry Department a major increase in the area under protection is planned.
12. Nepal has an adequately large protected areas network, but there is a bias towards high mountain reserves and tropical terai reserves with a gap in the temperate middle hills. Many reserves are category VI and are therefore scored quite low in the CI index. In many cases the percentage of area used for tourism and other uses is very small and with a zoning system most reserves could be upgraded to category IV.
13. Pakistan scores relatively low on biological richness and thus does not require a very large protected areas system. Network size has already been achieved by adding huge areas of desert and wasteland to the PA system. What is needed is a more strategic central approach to development of the PA system and a major increase in management standards.
14. Philippines is one of the most biologically important countries but also the most seriously degraded and under-protected. As a result of the NIPAS (National Integrated Protected Areas System) project a new system of conservation areas has been proposed. A few of these priority areas have already been gazetted but it is urgent to get on with this important job. Major improvements in management of protected areas and law enforcement are also needed. A period of stability is required so that technical work can be completed.
15. Papua New Guinea is one half of the single most important biogeographical unit in the whole realm, yet it has less than 2% of its land area under protection. Major opportunities remain to develop an excellent system, but the government must reconcile numerous and contradictory proposals. The system of sites recommended in the Review would provide complete coverage of habitats and biounits. The second problem is to find a formula whereby the government can invest in major conservation areas with the co-operation of local communities who by tradition retain all land ownership. Poor communications, high operational costs and severe manpower shortages are a serious constraint.
16. Singapore has lost almost all its natural habitat. Tiny remnant forest patches are already protected together with a large area of secondary forest. The most useful improvements to be made are to process the proposed additional reserves which will add important mangrove forests and wetlands to the system.
17. Thailand has already protected almost all available natural habitats. There remain a few key habitat gaps such as mangroves and freshwater swamps, but the priority must be on law enforcement and improving management.
18. Viet Nam has achieved a well-balanced system but it is too limited in area. The government has agreed to double the size of the existing network and excellent proposals have been made to do this. There is so little original forest left that all remaining areas should be taken into the protected areas system. Production forestry should become based on secondary forests and plantations. Poverty among the population and inability to buy imported timber forces the continuing policy of exploiting the dwindling resource of original forests. More attention needs to be paid to currently neglected freshwater and wetland systems. Major improvements in management effectiveness are possible.
Region |
Country |
Agency |
Budget year |
Budget (US$) |
Protected areas |
Budget/ US$per sq.km |
No. of staff |
Staff/1000sq.km protected area |
South Asia |
Bangladesh |
Forest Directorate |
1995 |
233,446 |
949 |
246 |
197 |
208 |
Bhutan |
Nature Conservation Division (Forest Department) |
1994 |
612,903 |
6,606 |
93 |
51 |
8 | |
India |
||||||||
Nepal |
Department of Wildlife and National Parks |
1994 |
1,197,299 |
15,025 |
80 |
879 |
59 | |
Pakistan |
Aggregate national total |
1991 |
193,135 |
31,337 |
6 |
3206 |
102 | |
Seychelles |
Conservation and National Parks Section |
1995 |
38,873 |
40 |
972 |
26 |
650 | |
Sri Lanka |
Department of Wildlife Conservation |
1994 |
8,548,888 |
7,864 |
1,087 |
670 |
85 | |
South East Asia |
Brunei Darussalam |
Forest Department |
1995 |
3,904,653 |
1,036 |
3,769 |
171 |
165 |
Cambodia |
||||||||
Indonesia |
||||||||
Lao PDR |
Protected Areas and Wildlife Division |
1994 |
12,224 |
24,400 |
1 |
|||
Malaysia |
Aggregated national total |
1991 |
7,424,148 |
14,848 |
500 |
|||
Myanmar |
Nature and Wildlife Conservation Division |
1995 |
251,194 |
3,622 |
69 |
674 |
186 | |
Philippines |
||||||||
Singapore |
||||||||
Thailand |
National Parks Division |
1995 |
35,330,416 |
40,216 |
879 |
1683 |
42 | |
Wildlife Conservation Division |
1996 |
10,094,339 |
27,840 |
363 |
758 |
27 | ||
Viet Nam |
||||||||
East Asia |
China |
Various |
1993 |
600,000 |
681,794 |
1 |
20000 |
29 |
Japan |
||||||||
Mongolia |
||||||||
Korea, DPR |
||||||||
Korea, Republic |
National Parks Authority |
1993 |
56,499,000 |
7,568 |
7,466 |
|||
Taiwan |
Department of National Parks |
1996 |
45,390,126 |
3,222 |
14,088 |
668 |
207 | |
Hong Kong |
Agriculture and Fisheries Department |
1996 |
27,561,439 |
417 |
66,095 |
1326 |
3180 | |
Australia |
Australia |
Aggregated data from ten agencies |
1990 |
160,066,372 |
445,600 |
359 |
||
South Pacific |
CNMI |
|||||||
Fiji |
Fiji National Trust |
1991 |
360,934 |
8 |
46,274 |
8 |
1026 | |
FSM |
||||||||
New Caledonia |
Environment, Parks and Reserves Management Service |
1994 |
19,229,433 |
518 |
37,122 |
11 |
21 | |
New Zealand |
Department of Conservation |
1996 |
80,792,056 |
89,978 |
898 |
1350 |
15 | |
Nuie |
||||||||
Palau |
||||||||
Papua New Guinea |
Department of Environment and Conservation |
1993 |
2,205,882 |
10,448 |
211 |
147 |
14 | |
Solomon Islands |
||||||||
Tokelau |
||||||||
Tonga |
||||||||
Tuvalu |
||||||||
Vanuatu |
Environment Unit |
1993 |
33,155 |
33 |
1,005 |
|||
Western Samoa |
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries |
1990 |
49,803 |
234 |
213 |
|||
Size of Populations
5001- 50,001- 250,001- Over
Country 1-5000 50,000 250,000 1 million 1 million Other*
Cambodia9 5 1 117
China28242919 27 99
India92 1225625 39152
Indonesia367 1716224 15 79
Laos4021 8 11 64
Nepal2926 6 63 55
Philippines446326 89 22
Thailand 2619 4 17 54
Vietnam332610 81 56
Other Asian Nations 203 1516949121412
Total 871 628 269142164 1,000
Source: Clay (1993)
* Size unknown or cross-border groups
List of Working Papers already printed
APFSOS/WP/01 Regional Study - The South Pacific
APFSOS/WP/02 Pacific Rim Demand and Supply Situation, Trends and Prospects: Implications for Forest Products Trade in the Asia-Pacific Region
APFSOS/WP/03 The Implications of the GATT Uruguay Round and other Trade Arrangements for the Asia-Pacific Forest Products Trade
APFSOS/WP/04 Status, Trends and Future Scenarios for Forest Conservation including Protected Areas in the Asia-Pacific Region
12 For further information on the management categories, readers should consult the Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories (IUCN, 1994).
13 A protected area is defined in the new Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories as: An area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means.
