SECTION 15
To the knowledge of the authors, a comprehensive list of training institutions which offer courses in cartography is not available. In particular it is difficult to identify resource mapping programs specifically designed for the needs of developing nations. Interest in adapting or setting up programs for foreign students, however, is increasing rapidly in Canada, the United Kingdom and the U.S.A. The following selection of training establishments has been derived from several sources and is offered as a guide to the various types of training programs available.
The most well known training institute and the only one specifically created to offer training to students from developing countries is the I.T.C. in Enschede, Holland. It offers a wide variety of courses at several levels, from introductory to graduate, which are most often taught in English. The I.T.C. recently (1985) announced a new course in nautical cartography in two formats. A five month course beginning in November of each year is available to graduates, technologists and technicians who have had formal training in cartography at a recognized institution and have considerable experience. A longer term course of fifteen months which begins in February of each year is available for those without prior training and experience.
The I.T.C. also supports the establishment of affiliated institutes in developing countries. Some of those already operational are the following:
| i) | Centro Inter-Americano de Fotointerpretacion (C.I.A.F.) Apartado Aéro 53754, Bogotà, D.E., Colombia; |
| ii) | Indian Photo-Interpretation Institute (I.P.I.) P.O. Box 135, Dehra Dun (U.P.), India; |
| iii) | School for Photogrammetric and Cartographic Operators, 10 Jalan Ganesha, Bandung, Indonesia; |
| iv) | Regional Centre for Training in Aerial Surveys, P.M.B. 545, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. |
Other well known institutions historically attended by foreign students include the following:
| i) | Directorate of Overseas Surveys (D.O.S.), Southampton, England; |
| ii) | École Nationale de Science Géographique, Paris, France; |
| iii) | Swiss School for Photogrammetric Operators, St. Gallen, Switzerland; |
| iv) | International Advanced Training Centre for Photogrammetry Operators, Stuttgart, Germany. |
Many universities, colleges and post-secondary institutes offer cartographic and related courses. Unlike the United States, most of the emphasis has been on practically oriented, technician and technologist training at the technical school level. It was not until 1981 that Memorial University of Newfoundland initiated a specialized cartography major at the undergraduate level. Several universities offer graduate courses which are usually part of the geography or engineering programs. The number of foreign students training in Canada is rapidly increasing.
i) The College of Geographic Sciences in Lawrencetown, Nova Scotia is the only technical institute in North America specializing in mapping, surveying and geographic related training. Programs are intensive and relatively short. The following are available: Surveying, Surveying Assistant, Surveying Office Technician, Cartography, Remote Sensing, Planning Technologist, Scientific Computer Programming, Computer Graphics and Geographic Information Systems. The college also maintains modern photogrammetric facilities. The cartography program is a 50 week, total emersion program of 2400 hours in a single training year;
ii) Sir Sanford Fleming College, Lindsay, Ontario offers a three year technologist program in Thematic Cartography, the longest program of its kind in Canada. Located at the School of Natural Resources, the College also offers the following programs: Forestry Technician, Fish and Wildlife, Earth Sciences, Geographic Information Systems, Geological Technician and Farm Management;
iii) Algonquin college, Ottawa, Ontario offers cartographic training. The six semester, two year program in surveying and mapping enables the student to specialize in either cartography, surveying or photogrammetry;
iv) Seneca College, Toronto, Ontario, specializes in municipal and resource aspects of cartography in its four semester, two year program. It offers a work-study program and a block laboratory time approach so that individual subjects are covered in relatively short, intensive study periods. The College also offers optional courses in a number of marine resource subject areas;
v) CEGEP (Collège d'Enseignement Général et Professionel) Limoilou, Québec, Québec and CEGEP de l'Outaouais, Hull, Québec, both offer extensive cartographic training.
Only Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John's, Newfoundland offers a degree course in cartography as part of its Geography program.
Other universities with extensive course offerings in cartographic subjects are:
| i) | Brock University, St. Catherines, Ontario; |
| ii) | Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario; |
| iii) | Ottawa University, Ottawa, Ontario; |
| iv) | Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario; |
| v) | Waterloo University, Waterloo, Ontario; |
| vi) | University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; |
| vii) | University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; |
| viii) | University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick; |
| ix) | University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec; |
| x) | University Laval, Québec, Québec. |
i) Diploma courses:
| a) | de Havilland College, Boreham Wood, Hertfordshire - Land Survey and Cartography; |
| b) | Kingston College, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey - Surveying and Cartography; |
| c) | Somerset College, Taunton, Somerset - Surveying and Cartography; |
| d) | Vauxhall College, London - Surveying and Cartography; |
ii) Undergraduate courses:
| a) | University of Glasgow, Glasgow - Topographic Sciences; |
| b) | University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne - Surveying Sciences; |
| c) | North East London Polytechnic, Dagenham, Essex - Surveying and Mapping Sciences; |
| d) | Oxford Polytechnic, Headington, Oxford - Cartography; |
| e) | Portsmouth Polytechnic, Portsmouth, Hampshire - Geography with cartographic options; |
| f) | University College of Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea - Topographic Science; |
iii) Graduate courses:
| a) | University of Glasgow, Glasgow - Survey, Photogrammetry or Cartography; |
| b) | University of London, London - Cartographic Communication (London School of Economics); |
| c) | University College of Swansea, Swansea - Cartography; |
iv) Other organizations:
| a) | Directorate of Overseas Surveys,Maybush, Southampton - Photogrammetry, Cartography and Photomechanics; |
| b) | School of Military Survey, Feltham, Middlesex - Army Survey course; |
v) Hydrographic surveying:
| a) | Plymouth Polytechnic, Plymouth, Devonshire - Graduate diploma in Hydrographic Surveying; |
| b) | North East London Polytechnic, Dagenham, Essex -Short course in Sea Surveying. |
A more detailed review of cartographic related training in the U.K. may be found in the following publication: Report on full-time training in the United Kingdom in land survey, photogrammetry, remote sensing, cartography and map reproduction (including printing), cadastre, land resources and management studies and hydrographic surveying which are available to overseas students (refer to Kenworthy, E.V., 1983 in bibliography).
Many universities offer courses in cartography and sometimes remote sensing as part of their Geography programs which are mostly concerned with thematic, small-scale mapping. The following universities specialize in this area:
i) Certificate programs:
| a) | California State University at Long Beach, California; |
| b) | George Mason University, Wisconsin; |
| c) | State University of New York at Buffalo, New York; |
ii) Bachelors level:
| a) | Akron University, Akron, Ohio; |
| b) | George Washington University, Washington, D.C.; |
| c) | Idaho University, Idaho; |
| d) | Salem State University, Massachusetts; |
| e) | University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; |
| f) | East Central Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma; |
iii) Masters level:
a) George Mason University, Wisconsin;
iv) Doctoral level:
a) University of Kansas, Lawrence,Kansas;
b) George Washington University, Washington, D.C.;
c) University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
In addition to those listed above, most universities in both developed and developing nations which offer geography programs also have one or more courses in cartography and often in other related areas such as remote sensing. Cartography is included frequently in the curriculum of universities and technical schools which offer surveying and other engineering subjects.
The following publication, although dated, may be of assistance in identifying training institutes and programs world wide: Orbis Geographicus (refer to Meynen, E., 1968/72, in bibliography).
