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Quotes
1 Written during participation by James C. Cato in the FAO Partnership Programme with Academic Institutions, 1 January - 30 April 1998. James C. Cato is professor of food and resource economics and director of the Florida Sea Grant College Program, University of Florida, United States. The author manages the Florida Sea Grant College Program under project M/PM-12, which is supported by an award from the Office of Sea Grant, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Grant Number NA76RG-0120, under provisions of the National Sea Grant Programs Act of 1966. United States federal funds were not used in the project. The author may be contacted at P.O. Box 110400, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States, 32611-0400. Email: [email protected]
2 The term seafood safety describes the implication of seafood in transmitting seafood-borne disease or illness to humans. Thus, a "safer" seafood implies a lowered risk of contracting a disease or illness from consuming the seafood. Seafood can be low quality, but not implicated in disease or illness transmittal. However, safe but low quality seafood is sometimes rejected in use or in international trade. Safety, used in the context of this paper includes both safety and quality, when one or the other creates economic gains or losses in the trade and consumption of seafood. The section of the paper on seafood safety and quality contains a more detailed discussion of this distinction
3 Adjusted using the United States Consumer Price Index, 1982-84=100
4 An outbreak refers to an incident in which two or more persons experience a similar illness after ingestion of the same food
5 A case refers to a person who has been ill following consumption of food
6 More than 71 problems listed since some products had more than one danger to health problem
7 Several documents contain detailed discussions of various sources of danger to health from seafood (Huss 1994; Ahmed 1991)
8 A large number of authors have written on the specific issues involved (van Ravenswaay 1995). The interested reader is referred to the article for more detailed information and sources
9 The intent of this paper is to focus on seafood safety issues. The economic issues associated with improving the nutritional aspects of the diet by increasing seafood consumption, or changing the product forms of seafood consumed will not be discussed
10 The Codex Alimentarius Commission is a programme of the FAO and WHO. It functions from FAO headquarters, Rome, Italy. It currently has 153 member countries, covering 97 percent of the world's population. The Codex is a collection of internationally adopted food standards, maximum residue limits for pesticides and residues of veterinary drugs, and codes of practice. Its intent is global protection of consumers' health and economic interests, and the assuring of fair practices in trade
11 The training programme, "E/TP-1: Seafood Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) Education and Training Program," is funded by the National Sea Grant College Program and coordinated by the Florida Sea Grant College Program and Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida
12 ISO 9000 is a set of global standards that provides quality assurance requirements and quality management guidance to promote consistent quality practices. The standards define the critical elements that must be taken into consideration to produce a quality product. The system is designed to manage the prevention of quality defects. See Section 6.0 for further discussion
13 Both investment costs and annualized costs were estimated in this series of studies. Only annualized costs are discussed in the summaries presented in this paper. Interested readers are referred to the cited studies for more detail
14 The Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries sets out principles and international standards of behavior for responsible practices with a view to ensuring the effective conservation, management and development of living aquatic resources, with due respect for the ecosystem and biodiversity (FAO 1995)
15 It is not the intent of this article to review media coverage of seafood safety issues. Rather, a few studies will be reviewed where the actual economic impacts of news reports regarding seafood safety have been estimated. A brief review through 1993 of news stories about seafood safety is available (Wessells and Anderson 1993; Wessells and Anderson 1995). These include reference to one media article indicating that news stories in the United States in the mid to late 1980s caused a temporary reduction of seafood consumption on a national basis of six percent (Burros 1987)
16 Generic, species-based, or brand-based advertising and/or market promotion programs can influence the sales of seafood. Most of this advertising is price related, advertises other attributes of the seafood, or promotes a new product form or existing product forms in new markets. "Safety" has not been a major component of this advertising. Thus, the effects of these techniques are not covered in this document. The measurement of an export market promotion programme on demand and prices for mullet in Florida, United States, can be reviewed as an example (Cato 1976)
