TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 1. Physical features of the Philippines

A Land Resources
	1. Number of Islands		7,100
	2. Total Land Area		299,735 km2
	3. Percent Agricultural		34%
	4. Length of Coastline		17,460 km
B. Marine Resources
	1. Total Territorial Water (including EEZ)		2,200,000 km2
		a. Coastal	266,000 km2
		b. Oceanic	1,934,000 km2
	2. Shelf Area (Within 200 m depth)		184,600 km2
	3. Coral Reef Area		27,000 km2
C. Inland Water Bodies
	1. Swamplands		3,384 km2
		a. Freshwater	1,063 km2
		b. Brackishwater	2,321 km2
	2. Existing Fishponds (whether in use or idle)		2,538 km2
		a. Freshwater	145 km2
		b. Brackishwater	2,393 km2
	3. Other Bodies		2,500 km2
		a. Lakes	2,000 km2
		b. Rivers	310 km2
		c. Reservoirs	190 km2

(SOURCE: BFAR, 1997 Phil. Fisheries Profile; NSCB, 1998 Phil. Statistical Yearbook)

Table 2. Selected economic indicators, Philippines, 1994 and 1997,

Economic Accounts		1997	% Change from 1996
Gross National Product (in million PHP at current prices)		2,526,891	11.7
Gross National Product (in million PHP at constant 1985 prices)		931,118	5.3
Real Per Capita GNP (in PHP at constant 1985 prices)		12,663	2.9
Gross Domestic Product (in million PHP at constant 1985 prices)		893,017	5.2
Gross Value Added (in million PHP at constant 1985 prices)
	Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery	184,713	2.9
	Industry	320,689	6.1
	Service	387,615	5.5
Income Statistics		1997	1994
Average Annual Income (PHP)		123,881	83,161
Average Annual Expenditure (PHP)		100,194	67,661
Poverty Threshold (Annual per Capita in PHP)		11,388	8,885
Food (Subsistence) Threshold (Annual Per Capita in PHP)		7,724	6,022
Poverty Incidence (% of total families)		32.1%	35.5%
Subsistence Incidence (% of total families)		16.5%	18.1%

(Source: NSCB, 1998 Phil. Statistical Yearbook; NSCB Homepage, http://www.nscb.gov.ph/)

Table 3. Contribution of Fisheries to GVA in Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry, 1997.

	At Current Prices				At Constant 1985 Prices
	Amount(M PHP)	% of GVA in Agri. Sector			Amount (M PHP)	% of GVA in Agri. Sector			% Growth from 1996
Grains, coconut, sugarcane, & other crops	263,560		58.2		99,973		54.1		4.67
Livestock	61,368		13.6		22,273		12.1		5.34
Poultry	36,194		8.0		19,088		10.3		6.83
Agric. activities & services	20,907		4.6		7,992		4.3		1.96
Fishery	67,776		15.0		34,275		18.5		-0.04
Forestry	2,741		0.6		1,112		0.6		-41.41
TOTAL	452,546		100.0		184,713		100.0		2.94

SOURCE: NSCB, 1998 Philippine Statistical Yearbook

Table 4. Export and import of fishery products, Philippines, 1997

	Quantity (mt)	FOB Value
		PHP (million)	USD (million)
Fishery Exports	173,887	16,337	549.8
Fishery Imports	295,015	4,020	138.1
Balance of Trade	(121,129)	12,317	411.7

(Source: 1997 Philippine Fisheries Profile, BFAR)

Table 5. Labor force employed in the fisheries industry, Philippines

Classification	No of Persons
Aquaculture	258,480a
Municipal	675,677b
Commercial	56,715a
Total	990,872

a) 1987 Fisheries Statistics, BFAR
b) 1980 Fisheries Census, NSO

Table 6. Species cultured in the Philippines and extent of commercialization

Species	Hatchery	Source of Seedstock	Grow-out	Extent Commercialized
FISH
Milkfish · Chanos chanos	Developed	Mainly wild-caught plus hatchery	Extensive to intensive Brackishwater ponds Freshwater pens/cages Marine pens/cages Deepwater cages	Grow-out industry highly developed but as of 1998 only one commercial hatchery Commercial feeds readily available
Tilapia · Oreochromis niloticus · O. mossambicus	Developed, already into genetic manipulation	Hatchery SRT, GMT, GIFT, Saline Hybrids	Extensive to intensive Freshwater ponds Brackishwater ponds Freshwater pens/cages Concrete tank systems	Both hatchery and grow-out industry highly developed Commercial feeds readily available
Carps · Cyprinus carpio · Aristhichthys nobilis ·(others)	Developed	Hatchery	Extensive to semi-intensive Freshwater ponds/cages/pens	Limited and not widespread Few private hatcheries mostly government.
Catfish · Clarias batrachus · C. gariepinus	Developed C. macrocephalus still under R & D	Hatchery	Semi-intensive Freshwater ponds Some pens and cages	Limited, mostly small-scale, but more widespread than carps
Mudfish or snakehead · Ophicephalus striatus	Developed but not yet commercial	Wild-caught	Freshwater ponds Some cages	Very limited, mainly as secondary species
Gourami · Osphronemus gouramy	No commercial hatchery	Natural spawns	Extensive Freshwater fishpond	Limited market
Seabass · Lates calcarifer	Developed	Hatchery	Extensive to semi intensive Brackishwater ponds	Growth limited by low price and high production cost.
Grouper · Epinephelus spp.	R & D stage	Wild-caught	Extensive to semi intensive Brackishwater ponds Marine cages	Grow-out limited only by supply of fingerlings Commercial feed available 1998
Rabbitfish · Siganus guttatus · Siganus vermiculatus	Developed but not commercialized	Wild-caught	Brackishwater ponds Marine pens/cages	Limited development; no steady market demand for fingerlings
Spadefish · Scatophagus argos	No work done even at R & D	Wild-caught	Brackishwater ponds Marine pens/cages	Limited development
CRUSTACEANS
Jumbo tiger shrimp · Penaeus monodon	Developed	Hatchery	Extensive to intensive Polyculture w/milkfish Brackishwater ponds	Intensive farms in process of consolidation after production setbacks
Other penaeids · P. indicus · P. merguiensis · Metapenaeus ensis	Developed but not financially viable	Wild-caught	Extensive. Polyculture with milkfish Brackishwater ponds	Growth limited by seasonality of wild fry and high cost of fry produced in hatcheries
Mud crab · Scylla serrata · Scylla oceanica	R & D stage under verification	Wild-caught	Extensive to semi-intensive Brackishwater ponds	Growth limited by uncertainty of seedstock supply
Giant Freshwater Prawn · Macrobrachium rosenbergii	Government hatchery only	Hatchery	Extensive Freshwater ponds	Grow-out technology in dissemination stage
Lobsters · Panulirus spp · Fam. Scyllaridae	None	Wild-caught	Marine pens	Fattening
MOLLUSKS
Oysters · Crassostrea iredalei · Saccostrea spp.	R & D	Natural spatfall	Stakes Lines suspended from fixed racks or floating rafts	Widespread small-scale cultures Red tide a constraint
Green mussel · Perna viridis	R & D	Natural spatfall	Stakes Raft Buoy and long-line	Practiced in all areas with spawning stock Suffers form periodic red tide
Abalone · Haliotis asinina · Haliotis sp.(ex Taiwan)	R & D for H. asinina	Hatchery	R & D stage for H. asinina One company in Cebu growing Taiwan species	Not developed for H. asinina
SEAWEEDS
Carageenophytes · Eucheuma spp · Kappaphycus alvarezii	Seedling bank inR & D stage	Cuttings: ex wild or farm stock	Fixed bottom line, nets Floating lines May be grown in net cages	Highly developed industry
Agarophytes · Gracilaria spp. · Gracilariopsis balinae	n.a.	Cuttings: ex wild or farm stock	Brackishwater pond Fixed bottom line May be grown in net cages	Widespread but limited
Chorophyceae · Caulerpa lentillifera	n.a.	Cuttings: ex wild or farm stock	Brackishwater pond	Mainly in Cebu and some farming in Batangas province

Table 7. Philippine aquaculture production in 1997 (in metric tons), by ecosystem, culture system and species (Source: Bureau of Agricultural Statistics)

			BRACKISH	FRESHWATER			MARINE
		TOTAL	Pond	Pond	Pens	Cages	Pens	Cagesa	Others
TOTAL		957,546	199,020	42,793	19,952	42,679	165	32	652,616
FINFISH		259,192	153,700	42,631	19,950	42,679	76	156	-
	Milkfish	161,426	147,251	7	14,168
	Tilapia	91,831	5,939	39,005	4,272	42,615
	Carp	1,865		291	1,510	64
	Grouper	654	496				49	109
	Snapper	32					26	6
	Grunt	12	12
	Siganid	43	2				1	40
	Catfish	1,053		1,052				1
	Mudfish	2,144		2,144
	Gourami	132		132
CRUSTACEANS		45,325	45,320	-	-	-		5	-
	P. monodon	40,102	40,102
	Other Penaeids	1,508	1,508
	Mudcrab	3,710	3,710
	Spiny Lobster	5						5
MOLLUSKS		25,511							25,511
	Oysters	13,853							13,853
	Mussels	11,658							11,658
SEAWEEDSb		627,105							627,105
NOT SPECIFIED		413		162	2		89	160

^a Does not include the production of sea cages in the province of Pangasinan where there are about 70 circular cages, each cage capable of producing 30 mt milkfish per 4-5 month cycle because the cages have not yet been included in the BAS statistical frame.

^b Does not include Caulerpa and Gracilaria production in brackishwater ponds, probably for the same reason as the sea cages..

Table 8. No. of operators and number of persons employed in aquafarm operation by type of aquafarm, Philippines, 1980. (Source: 1980 Census of Fisheries)

Type of Aquafarm	Total Area Operated (ha)	Total No. Employed	Number of Operators	TOTAL
Fishpond	142,145	124,741	43,757	168,498
Fishpen	5,720	5,414	2,379	7,793
Seaweeds	3,565	16,805	16,477	33,282
Oysters	494	2,646	2,204	4,850
Mussels	244	1,989	1,380	3,369
Frog	2	31	27	58
Others	54	1,948	1,694	3,642
TOTAL	152,224	153,574	67,918	221,492

Table 9. Size frequency of a random sample (N=1175) of brackishwater fishponds in the Philippines, whether under Fishpond Lease Agreement (FLA) or privately-owned, by number and by area (based on data from Librero et al, 1977).

Size Class	Number	Per cent by Number	Area (ha)	Average Area (ha)	Per cent by Area
1 ha. and below	178	15.2	110.01	0.62	0.9
1.01 to 5.00 ha	392	33.4	1,109.39	2.83	8.6
5.01 to 10.00 ha	192	16.3	1,457.85	7.59	11.2
10.01 to 20.00 ha	201	17.1	2,926.86	14.56	22.6
20.01 to 50.00 ha	153	13.0	4,768.12	31.16	15.3
More than 50 ha	59	5.0	5,367.07	90.97	41.4
ALL SIZES	1,175	100.0	15,739.30	13.40	100.0

Table 10. Size frequency of brackishwater fishponds in the Philippine under Fishpond Lease Agreement (FLA) by number and by area (based on analysis of BFAR FLA Records as of November 1998).

Size Class	Number	Per cent by Number	Area (ha)	Average Area (ha)	Per cent by Area
1 ha. and below	111	2.4	72.041	0.649	0.1
1.01 to 5.00 ha	2,418	51.5	9,458.368	3.912	15.1
5.01 to 10.00 ha	537	11.4	3,925.285	7.310	6.3
10.01 to 20.00 ha	678	14.4	9,742.785	14.370	15.5
20.01 to 50.00 ha	852	18.2	26,471.038	31.069	42.3
More than 50 ha	98	2.1	12,956.310	132.207	20.7
ALL SIZES	4,694	100.0	62,625.827	13.34168	100.0

Table 11. Number and sizes fishpens in Laguna de Bay registered with the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) by type of ownership. (Based on 1998 LLDA licensing records)

	Corporations	Cooperatives	Individual	Total
Number	96	24	47	167
Area (ha)	3,750.460	438.590	236.598	4,425.648
Mean (ha)	39.067	18.275	5.034	26.501
Minimum (ha)	5.000	4.950	4.530	4.530
Maximum (ha)	52.340	25.230	7.628	52.340

Table 12. Comparison of capital investments of different types of fishcages in Taal Lake, 1995. (From UPLB Foundation, 1996)

Type of Fish Cage	Cage Size (m × m)	Cost per Cage (PHP)	Unit Cost (PHP/m2)
Fixed	5 × 10	10,025.00	200.50
	7 × 10	11,245.00	160.00
	8 × 10	11,245.00	140.52
	10 × 10	11,595.00	114.95
	10 × 15	12,143.00	80.95
	12 × 15	13,395.00	74.41
Floating	5 × 10	9,300.00	186.00
	7 × 10	9,300.00	132.85
	8 × 10	9,300.00	116.25
	10 × 10	12,643.00	126.43
	10 × 12	12,843.00	107.02
	12 × 12	16,755.00	116.35
	12 × 14	16,755.00	99.73
	12 × 15	18,315.00	101.75
	18 × 20	2,896.00	80.44
Submerged	10 × 12	12,720.00	106.00

Table 13. Number of fish cages by size type, Taal Lake, July 1995 (from UPLB Foundation, 1996)

Cage Size (m × m)	Area per Unit (m2)	No. of Units	Per Cent by No (%)	Total Area (m2)	Per Cent by Area (%)
5 × 10	50.0	120	3.8	0.600	1.3
7 × 10	70.0	204	6.5	1.428	3.1
8 × 10	80.0	141	4.5	1.128	2.4
7 × 12	84.0	60	1.9	0.504	1.1
10 × 10	100.0	681	21.7	6.810	14.7
10 × 12	120.0	45	1.4	0.540	1.2
10 × 14	140.0	120	3.8	1.680	3.6
12 × 12	144.0	24	0.8	0.346	0.7
12 × 14	168.0	228	7.3	3.830	8.2
12 × 15	180.0	1,349	43.0	24.282	52.3
14 × 15	210.0	51	1.6	1.071	2.3
18 × 20	360.0	117	3.7	4.212	9.1
ALL CAGES	142.2	3,140	100.0	46.431	100.0

Table 14. Costs and returns analysis of fishcage operations in Taal Lake by stocking density per cycle, 1995 (from UPLB Foundation, 1996)

Size of Cage (m × m)	Stocking Density (No/m2)	Average Expenses (PHP)	Average Yield (MT)	Ave. Gross Income (PHP)	Ave. Net Income (PHP)	No. of Samples
7 × 10	214	45,552.50	1.50	67,500.00	21,653.33	20
5 × 10	200	59,640.75	1.75	78,750.00	25,370.75	12
8 × 10	188	45,522.50	1.50	67,500.00	15,628.66	14
12 × 14(a)	178	112,455.00	3.17	142,500.00	52,031.67	22
12 × 12	174	108,005.00	2.50	112,500.00	3,011.67	6
10 × 12	167	95,513.20	2.73	122,966.00	23,650.33	8
18 × 20	139	211,460.00	4.83	217,501.20	6,040.00	11

a) As printed in original table but is probably a typographical error, correct size may actually be 12m x 15m.

Table 15 Comparative economics of pen/cage farming by species (in PHP), Lingayen Gulf, Philippines, 1997 (Data culled from various tables in Morales and Padilla, 1998.)

	Milkfish	Grouper	Siganid	Polyculture
No. of Farms in Sample	80	6	5	4
Avg Farm Size (m2)	1,385	170	160	207
Avg Investment Cost	66,962	13,517	10,768	12,350
Avg Fixed Cost per Cropping	7,629	1,424	1,473	1,944
Avg Variable Costs per Cropping	88,415	36,112	31,285	15,317
Avg. Production per Cropping (kg)	8,875	169	355	Milkfish 148 Siganid 176
Avg Farmgate Prices	61	332	118
Avg Gross Revenue	195,339	55,886	41,914	24,364
Avg Net Profit	99,037	18,013	8,567	6,514
Avg Culture Period (months)	4.0	6.7	3.9	3.75
Margin for Profit and Risk	4,815	2,841	1,667	694
Imputed Family Labor	590		2,839	2,839
Economic Rent per Unit Area	67.60	89.26	25.38	13.49

Gross Profit = Revenues - Variable Costs
Net Profit = Gross Profit - Fixed Costs
Economic Rent = Net Profit - (Margin for Profit and Risks + Imputed Family Labor)

Table 16. Investment requirements and cost and returns (in PHP per ha per year, US$1=PHP26) of Kappaphycus farming in Panagatan Cays, Caluya, Antique, Philippines, 1996 (Summarized and reformatted from Hurtado-Ponce et al, 1996).

		Fixed-bottom	Hanging Long-line
Capital Investment		11,260	17,009
Working Capital		7,490	8,455
	Total Investment	18,750	25,464
Production, dry (kg)
	First Crop	9,300	7,150
	Second and Third Crops	18,600	14,300
Revenues, (@PHP7.50/kg)
	First Crop	69,750	63,625
	Second and Third Crops	139,500	107,250
	Total Revenues	209,250	170,875
Operating Expenses
	First Crop	7,490	8,455
	Second and Third Crops	5,180	5,310
	Total Cash Expenses	12,670	13,765
Non-Cash Expenses
	Family Labor, 1st Crop	1,800	1,800
	Family Labor, 2nd & 3rd Crop	3,600	3,600
	Sub-Total Family Labor	5,400	5,400
	Depreciation, 1st Crop	821	1,350
	Depreciation, 2nd & 3rd Crop	2,463	4,051
	Sub-Total Depreciation	3,284	5,401
	Total Non-Cash Expenses	8,684	10,801
Net Income
	First Crop	59,639	52,020
	Second and Third Crops	128,257	94,289
	Total Net Income	187,896	146,309
Return on Investment (%)		1,002	575
Payback Period		105 to 135 days (after 1st crop)	105 to 135 days (after 1st crop)

Note: Operating expenses for the second and third crop together is lower than that of the first crop alone because seedstock expense is non-recurring.

Table 17. Costs and returns of seaweed production by species and by province/technology, Philippines 1996. (Summarized from the Fisheries Statistics of the Philippines, 1992-1996)

		BOHOLa	CEBUb
		Eucheuma	Eucheuma	Gracilaria	Caulerpa
Yield (kg/ha/cycle)c		18,716	6,329	2,943	4,522
Price (PHP/kg)d		17	17	7	7
Quantity sold (kg/ha/cycle)e		3,022	1,055	2,937	4,486
Return (PHP/ha/cycle)		51,374	17,935	20,559	31,402
Costs (PHP/ha/cycle
	Seedlings/Seedstock	6,570	1,956	1,955	418
	Other Material Inputs	2,962	2,059	1,083	1,212
	Labor	13,644	6,127	11,422	11,890
	Other Producion Cost	3,515	929	508	747
	Marketing Cost	4,927	1,266	-	-
	TOTAL COST	31,618	12,337	14,968	14,267
Net Farm Income (PHP/ha/cycle)f		19,756	5,598	5,591	17,135

a) Hanging long-line method
b) Bottom farming
c) Fresh form
d) Wholesale price for Eucheuma, farmgate price for Gracilaria and Caulerpa
e) Dried form for Eucheuma, fresh form for Gracilaria and Caulerpa
f) Net wholesale income for Eucheuma, net farm for Gracilaria and Caulerpa

Table 18. Annualized cost and returns for seaweed farming in Bohol and Cebu, Philippines based on Fisheries Statistics of Philippines, 1992-1996 figures as presented in Table 15. All figures in Philippine Peso per hectare per year.

		BOHOL	CEBU
		Eucheuma	Eucheuma	Gracilaria	Caulerpa
Revenue		154,122	53,805	102,795	157,010
Production Expenses
	Seedstock	6,570	1,956	1,955	418
	Other Material Inputs	8,886	6,177	5,415	6,060
	Labor	40,932	18,381	57,110	59,450
	Other Production Costs	10,545	2,787	1,524	2,241
	Marketing Cost	14,781	3,798	-	-
	Total Production Cost	81,714	33,099	66,004	68,169
Net Income		72,408	20,706	36,791	88,841

Note: Three harvests per year were assumed for Eucheuma based on Hurtado-Ponce (1996) while five harvests a year were assumed for Caulerpa and Gracilaria based on Trono (1988). The seedstock expense was assumed to be non-recurring while all other expenses were scaled up corresponding to the number of production cycles assumed.

Table 19. Investment requirements and cost and returns (in PHP per ha per year, US$1=PHP27) of Gracilaria farming in ponds and canals Iloilo and Capiz provinces, Panay Island, Philippines, 1990 (Summarized and reformatted from Hurtado-Ponce et al, 1992).

		Pond (Actual)a	Pond (Potential)b	Canalc
Capital Investment
	Pond Development	10,000	10,000	-
	Drying platform, dugout, etc	4,000	4,000	4,000
Working Capital		2,000	2,000	600
	Total Investment	16,000	16,000	4,600
Production, dry (kg)
	First Crop	450	900	1,300
	2nd to 8th Crops @315kg/crop	2,205	4,410	6,370
	Total Production (kg dry)	2,655	5,310	7,670
Revenues, (in PHP @PHP7.00/kg)
	First Crop	3,150	6,300	9,100
	2nd to 8th Crops	15,435	30,870	44,590
	Total Revenues	18,585	37,170	53,690
Operating Expenses
	First Crop	1,376	1,639	588
	2nd to 8th Crops	8,099	8,407	938
	Total Cash Expenses	9,475	10,046	1,526
Non-Cash Expenses
	Family Labor, 1st Crop	-	-	1,200
	Family Labor, 2nd to 8th Crop	-	-	8,400
	Sub-Total Family Labor	-	-	9,600
	Depreciation, 1st Crop	350	350	100
	Depreciation, 2nd to 8th Crop	2,450	2,450	700
	Sub-Total Depreciation	2,800	2,800	800
	Total Non-Cash Expenses	2,800	2,800	10,400
Net Income
	First Crop	1,424	4,311	7,212
	2nd to 8th Crop	4,886	20,013	34,552
	Total Net Income	6,310	24,324	41,764
Return on Investment (%)		39%	152%	908%

a Based on actual survey in Villa and Leganes, Iloilo and Pan-ay, Capiz, 1990
b Potential yield if the ponds were seeded at 400 g/m² instead of 200 g/m²
c Uses existing canal in a fishpond system. No development cost involved.

Table 20. Size frequency of oyster farms by region, Philippines, 1974 (from Librero et al, 1976)

REGION	NUMBER OF FARMS				Average Area per Farm(m2)
	50 m2 and Below	51-500 m2	Above 500 m2	All Sizes
I	28	55	16	99	389
II	-	1	5	6	3,678
IV	5	22	21	105	2,214
VI	-	-	10	10	10,800
All Regions	33	78	52	163
Ave. Area per Farm (m2)	35	260	7,300	2,460

Table 21. Starting year of oyster farm operators, Philippines, 1974. (after Librero et al, 1976)

Region	1931-40	1941-50	1951-60	1961-70	1971-74	All Years
I	1	1	6	32	59	99
II				1	5	6
IV	2	1	7	25	13	48
VI				8	2	10
All Regions	3	2	13	66	79	163

Table 22. Other sources of income of oyster farmers (Philippines, 1974 and Western Visayas, 1990) and mussel farmers (Cavite 1974 and Western Visayas, 1990).(From Librero et al, 1976; Siar et al, 1995)

	Oyster Farmers		Mussel Farmers
	1974	1990	1974	1990
Sources of Income
Fishing and related activities	77.9	57.6	97.0	80.7
Business/entrepeneurial	6.9	8.7	-	18.1
Farming and related activities	6.9	10.9	-	8.4
Others	8.4	33.7	3.0	18.0

NOTE: Percentages in 1990 figures may add up to more than 100% because of multiple responses.

Table 23. Cost and returns of oyster and mussel farming, Western Visayas, Philippines, 1990 (in PHP, US$1.00 = PHP26.00). (From Samonte et al, 1994)

			Per Farm		Per 1000 m2
			Oyster Farming (n=70)	Mussel Farming (n=76)	Oyster Farming (n=70)	Mussel Farming (n=76)
Returns			5,985	10,608	4,507	15,154
Costs
	Cash Costs
		Materials	2,853	4,484	2,148	6,406
		Hired Labor	364	1,634	274	2,334
		Miscellaneous	146	314	110	448
Total			3,363	6,432	2,532	9,188
	Non-Cash Costs
		Unpaid owner labor	710	360	535	514
		Unpaid family labor	520	300	392	428
		Depreciation	436	569	328	813
Total			1,666	1,229	1,255	1,755
Total Costs			5,029	7,661	3,787	10,943
Operating Income			2,622	4,176	1,975	5,966
Net Farm Income			956	2,947	720	4,211

Table 24. Averages of economic indicators for Philippine rice monoculture and rice-fish culture from three case studies (from Bimbao et al, 1990).

Item			Price per unit (US$)	Value/Cost (US$/ha)a
				Rice Monoculture	Rice-Fish Culture
Gross returns			0.18/kg	700.00	799.75
	Rice		0.90/kg	700.00	673.75
	Fish				126.00
Costs				469.35	505.60
	Variable			389.85	426.10
		Laborb		244.25	248.30
		Seeds	0.30/kg	15.00	13.50
		Fertilizer		57.50	57.50
		Chemicals		73.10	66.20
		Fingerlings	0.01/pc		37.50
		Screens, plastic bags			3.10
	Fixed			79.50	79.50
		Interest on loan		11.25	11.25
		Land amortization		29.00	29.00
		Irrigation fee		21.85	21.85
		Others		17.40	17.40
Net returns				230.65	294.15

Table 25. Comparison of fishery production in Laguna de Bay, Philippines before (1968) and after (1973) fishpens were introduced. (From Delmendo and Gedney, 1974)

		1968		1973
Net Fishpen Area (ha)		-		4,802
Total Fishpen Area (ha)		-		5,762
Open Water (ha)		90,000		84,237
		Volume (mt)	Value (PHP’000)	Volume (mt)	Value (PHP’000)
Open Water Catch
	Fish	39,015	58,583	20,723	53,330
	Shrimps	27,552	13,776	23,957	14,749
	Snails	96,483	4,824	77,560	4,207
	Open Water Sub-total	163,050	77,183	122,240	72,286
	Fish Only per ha	0.434	0.651	0.246	0.633
	All Species per ha	1.812	0.858	1.451	0.858
Fishpen Catch		-	-	19,204	76,815
	Avg. Catch per ha	---	---	3.999	15.996
Total Fish Catch		39,105	58,583	39,927	130,145
Avg Fish Catch per ha		0.434	0.651	0.444	1.446
Total Catch All Species		163,050	77,183	141,444	149,101
Avg Catch per ha		1.812	0.858	1.572	1.657

Table 26. Farming records of the SPCMBY Federation on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth in Sampaloc Lake, Philippines with the corresponding fish cage area. (From Santiago and Arcilla, 1993)

Year	Rearing Period (days)	Harvest Size (g)	Ave. Daily Inc. (g)	Cage Area (ha)
1980	180-240	200-250	1.09	6
1981	150-180	167-200	1.12	6
1982	360-420	143-167	0.39	10
1983	360-540	143-167	0.35	12
1984	360-420	143-167	0.42	16
1985	360-420	143-167	0.39	16
1986	360-420	143-167	0.39	21
1987	360-480	143-167	0.37	24
1988	360-540	143-167	0.33	25
1989	360-540	143-167	0.33	28

Linear regression between cage area (x) and average daily increment (y): y = 0.9772 + -0.027 x;(r = -0.713)

Table 27. R & D expenditure in agriculture, natural resources and fisheries as percentage of GVA in agriculture, fishery and forestry, Philippines, 1986 to 1995 (in million pesos) (Source: GVA from NSCB, 1998; R &D Expenditures from PCAMRD, 1996)

Year	GVA	R & D Expenditure	% of GVA
1986	145,807	1,058	0.72
1987	163,927	337	0.21
1988	183,515	1,133	0.62
1989	210,009	1,071	0.51
1990	235.956	1,147	0.48
1991	261,868	1,248	0.48
1992	294,922	1,387	0.47
1993	318,546	2,524	0.79
1994	372,507	2,502	0.67
1995	412,197	2,713	0.66
Average	259,925	1,512	0.58

Table 28. Source of credit of municipal fishermen in five municipalities in the provinces of Iloilo, Antique and Guimaras, Panay Island, Philippines, 1990 (From Samonte and Ortega, 1992).

Source		Number	% of Borrowers
FORMAL
	Government Bank	1
	Rural Bank	2
	Credit Union	3
	Commercial Bank	1
Sub-total		7	2.4
INFORMAL
	Relatives	93	32.0
	Friends	102	35.2
	Traders	31	10.7
	Private Lenders	7	2.4
	Store	37	12.8
	Employer	10	3.4
	Barangay Funds	3	1.1
Sub-total		283	97.6
Total Number Of Borrowers		290
Total Number of Respondents		350

Table 29. Factors considered by fishermen in the selection of credit source, Panay Island, Philippines, 1990. (From Samonte and Ortega, 1992).

Factors	Number	Percent
Accessibility	144	51
Fast credit extension	87	31
Liberal terms	72	25
Only source known	50	18
Buyer of produce	18	6
For household items	6	2
Others	4	1
Number of Informal Borrowers	283
Total Number of Respondents	350

NOTE: Total percentage is more than 100% since fishermen considered more than one factor in the selection of credit source.

Table 30. Production loans granted under the fisheries sector, Philippines, 1992 to 1997. (From Kraft, 1998).

Year	Total Agricultural Loans		Loans to Fisheries
	Amount (million PHP)	Growth (%)	Amount (million PHP)	Growth (%)	% Share to Total Agriculture Loans
1992	56,057.9	-	7,063.3	-	12.6
1993	54,488.0	(2.8)	8,173.2	15.7	15.0
1994	56,382.8	3.5	8,852.1	8.3	15.7
1995	62,765.7	11.3	9,352.1	5.6	14.9
1996	69,666.6	11.0	9,405.0	0.6	13.5
1997	75,043.2	7.7	10,581.1	12.5	14.1
Average	62,400.7	6.1	8,904.5	8.5	14.3

Table 31. Total area covered and production levels of farms participating in the National Rice-Fish Culture Program, 1979 to 1986 (from Sevilleja, 1992)

Year	Total Area (ha)	No. of Farms	Ave. Area per farm (ha)	Production (kg/ha)
				Rice	Fish
1979a	193	428	0.45	4,965	115
1980	249	446	0.56	5,150	208
1981	497	1,141	0.44	5,015	155
1982	1,3997	2,284	0.61	5,010	174
1983	759	1,237	0.61	4,450	164
1984	424	932	0.45	3,900	152
1985	607	1,177	0.52	4,300	119
1986	185	550	0.34	3,850	140

a. May to October only

Figure 2. Philippine fisheries production by sector, 1988 to 1997.

Figure 3. Contribution of different sectors of fisheries to total fish production, 1988 and 1997.

Figure 4. Annual growth rate of Philippine aquaculture industry, 1989 to 1997.

Figure 5. Size distribution of freshwater fishponds in Central Luzon, Philippines by number and by area, 1997 (from Reyes et al, 1992)

Figure 6. Fish Production from Freshwater Cage Culture, Philippines, 1985 - 1997 (Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, various years)

Figure 7. Size frequency of 640 fish cage farms in Laguna de Bay, Philippines. Each farm may consist of more than one cage unit. (Based on LLDA registration records for all municipalities, except Binangonan, Rizal, as of 1998.).

Figure 8. Seaweed production, Philippines, 1981 to 1997 (Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, various years)

Figure 9. Production of oysters and mussels, Philippines, 1985 to 1997 (Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, various years).