FAO ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH PAPER   77

COVER
Training manual for embryo transfer in cattle
Contents


by
George E. Seidel, Jr and
Sarah Moore Seidel
Animal Reproduction Laboratory,
Colorado State University,
Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA

Cover photo: Donor cow with her ten embruo transer
calves and the recipients that gestated them.

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.


The mention of specific companies or of their products or brand names does not imply any endorsement or recommendation on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.


M-22
ISBN 92-5-102804-4


All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.

Preface

Preparing this training manual for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations was truly challenging. Since most of our planet's inhabitants live in so-called developing countries, it was deemed appropriate to provide information that would be useful in both developed and developing countries. Keeping this manual to manageable size, while providing sufficient basic information to make it useful, required numerous arbitrary decisions concerning what to include or exclude. We have limited citations to scientific literature to those thought to be useful for readers of the manual, rather than attempting to document all information from a scientific perspective. Clearly we have borrowed heavily from these sources and from unpublished observations. We acknowledge with gratitude the work of our colleagues, students and associates.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, © FAO 1991


Hyperlinks to non-FAO Internet sites do not imply any official endorsement of or responsibility for the opinions, ideas, data or products presented at these locations, or guarantee the validity of the information provided. The sole purpose of links to non-FAO sites is to indicate further information available on related topics.

Contents

Preface

Tables

Abbreviations

1. HISTORIC FRAME OF REFERENCE

2. APPLICATIONS OF EMBRYO TRANSFER

Increase reproduction of females

Circumvent infertility

Import/export

MOET programmes

Twinning

Embryo transfer as part of other biotechnology

3. MANAGING DONOR AND RECIPIENT HERDS

Donor selection

Selection of sires

Management of donors

Selection of recipients

Management of recipients

Oestrus detection

Pregnancy diagnosis

Managing pregnant recipients

4. SUPEROVULATION

Superovulatory treatments

Insemination

5. RECOVERY OF EMBRYOS

Non-surgical recovery of embryos

Isolation of embryos

Reflushing and prevention of multiple pregnancies in donors

6. MAINTAINING EMBRYOS IN VITRO

Storage conditions

Media

Macromolecular supplements

Containers

Pipettes

7. EVALUATION OF EMBRYOS

Embryological terminology

Evaluation

8. TRANSFER OF EMBRYOS

Surgical transfer

Non-surgical transfer

Loading straws

Non-surgical transfer equipment

Anaesthesia

Transfer procedure

Synchrony of productive cycles

Methods of synchronizing oestrus

Example of programming a herd for embryo transfer

9. CRYOPRESERVATION OF BOVINE EMBRYOS

10. SPLITTING EMBRYOS

11. BRIEF OVERVIEW OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

Sexing embryos

In vitro fertilization

Chimeras

Cloning by nuclear transplantation

Embryonic stem-cells

Transgenic animals

12. SUCCESS RATES OF EMBRYO TRANSFER

Measures of success

Determinants of success

Current production averages

13. COSTS OF EMBRYO TRANSFER

14. EMBRYO TRANSFER AND DISEASE TRANSMISSION

15. WASHING PROCEDURES FOR WORK AREAS, GLASSWARE AND EQUIPMENT

Embryo handling area

Glassware and metal equipment

Plastic and other heat-labile equipment

Solutions

Siliconizing glassware

Rinsing prior to use

16. RECORD KEEPING

17. EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES

Equipment, supplies, drugs and reagents

Microscopes

Freezing machines

18. QUALITY CONTROL

Records

Culture medium

Equipment and supplies

Animals

Semen handling and artificial insemination

Embryo transfer procedures

19. TRAINING PROGRAMMES

20. A NOTE TO ADMINISTRATORS

Key ingredients for successful embryo transfer programmes

Appropriate goals

BIBLIOGRAPHY

References cited

Selected books on embryo transfer

Tables

Table 1
Therapy for various types of infertility based on embryo transfer procedures

Table 2
Comparison of importing germplasm as postparturient animals, as semen or as embryos

Table 3
Recommended culture conditions

Table 4
Modified Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline

Table 5
Stage of normal embryonic development as a function of days after donor's oestrus

Table 6
Pregrancy rates of embryos classified into quality groups based on gross morphology

Table 7
Percentage pregnant with varying degrees of donor-recipient oestrus cycle asynchrony

Table 8
Example of programming donors and recipients

Table 9
Steps in the embryo transfer process and the ability to deal with them successfully

Table 10
Factors that may alter success rates with embryo transfer

Table 11
Distribution of transferable embryos produced by superovulated donors

Table 12
Distribution of numbers of pregnancies from 64 superovulated donors

Table 13
Costs of embryo transfer

Table 14
Information on some commercially available freezing machines

Table 15
Suggested schedule of quality control measures

Table 16
Example of four-week training programme in embryo transfer

Table 17
Examples of reasonable goals of embryo transfer programmes

Abbreviations

AI
artificial insemination

BMOC-3
Brinster's mouse ova culture medium-3

BSA
bovine serum albumin

cc
cubic centimetre

CL
corpus luteum

cm
centimetre

eCG
equine chorionic gonadotrophin = PMSG

ET
embryo transfer

FSH
follicle stimulating hormone

g
gram

GnRH
gonadotrophin releasing hormone

hCG
human chorionic gonadotrophin

i.m.
intramuscular

IU
international unit

kg
kilogram

LH
luteinizing hormone

mg
milligram

ml
millilitre

mm
millimetre

ng
nanogram

PBS
phosphate-buffered saline

PMSG
pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin = eCG

TCM-199
tissue culture medium-199

s.c.
subcutaneous

μ or μm
micron/micrometre

μg or mcg
microgram