This energy is stored in cells, which transform electrical energy (direct current) into chemical energy (charging phase) and vice versa (discharge).
Cells consist of two electrodes (one negative and one positive) immersed in
a liquid conductor (electrolyte) and enclosed in a container (the cell).
Several cells in series form a battery.
Various types of cells are classified on the basis of the materials of
which the electrodes are made. Thus, there are lead batteries, nickel
batteries, etc.
A charged lead battery supplies a voltage (open circuit) Va of 2–2.1 V
(voltages of 6, 12 and 24 V can be obtained with 3, 6 and 12 cells,
respectively).
The capacity (unit of measure: Ah, ampere-hour) is defined by the product
of the current I and the output time t.
Nominal capacities generally refer to t=10 h; the capacity decreases with
lower times (i.e., discharging is more violent). Under these conditions,
specific graphs should be consulted.
In addition to capacity, other parameters to be considered when selecting a battery are:
FAO TECHNICAL PAPERS FAO ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH PAPERS:
| 1. | Animal breeding: selected articles from World Animal Review, 1977 (C *E*F *S*) |
| 2. | Eradication of hog cholera and African swine fever, 1976 (E *F *S*) |
| 3. | Insecticides and application equipment for tsetse control, 1977 (E *F *) |
| 4. | New feed resources, 1977 (E /F/S *) |
| 5. | Bibliography of the criollo cattle of the Americas, 1977 (E/S*) |
| 6. | Mediterranean cattle and sheep in crossbreeding, 1977 (E * F *) |
| 7. | Environmental impact of tsetse chemical control, 1977 (E *F *) |
| 7Rev. | Environmental impact of tsetse chemical control, 1980 (E *F *) |
| 8. | Declining breeds of Mediterranean sheep, 1978 (E *F *) |
| 9. | Slaughterhouse and slaughterslab design and construction, 1978 (E *F *S*) |
| 10. | Treating straw for animal feeding, 1978 (C *E*F *S*) |
| 11. | Packaging, storage and distribution of processed milk, 1978 (E *) |
| 12. | Ruminant nutrition: selected articles from World Animal Review, 1978 (C *E*F *S*) |
| 13. | Buffalo reproduction and artificial insemination, 1979 (E **) |
| 14. | The African trypanosomiases, 1979 (E *F *) |
| 15. | Establishment of dairy training centres, 1979 (E *) |
| 16. | Open yard housing for young cattle, 1981 (E *F *S*) |
| 17. | Prolific tropical sheep, 1980 (E *F *S*) |
| 18. | Feed from animal wastes: state of knowledge, 1980 (E *) |
| 19. | East Coast fever and related tick-borne diseases, 1980 (E *S*) |
| 20/1. | Trypanotolerant livestock in West and Central Africa |
| Vol.1 - General study, 1980 (E *F *) | |
| 20/2. | Trypanotolerant livestock in West and Central Africa |
| Vol.2 - Country studies, 1980 (E *F *) | |
| 20/3. | Le bétail trypantolérant en Afrique occidentale et centrale |
| Vol.3 - Bilan d'une décennie, 1988 (F*) | |
| 21. | Guideline for dairy accounting, 1980 (E *) |
| 22. | Recursos genéticos animales en América Latina, 1981 (S*) |
| 23. | Disease control in semen and embryos, 1982 (E *F *S*) |
| 24. | Animal genetic resources - conservation and management, 1981 (E *) |
| 25. | Reproductive efficiency in cattle, 1982 (E *F *S*) |
| 26. | Camels and camel milk, 1982 (E *) |
| 27. | Deer farming, 1982 (E *) |
| 28. | Feed from animal wastes: feeding manual, 1982 (E *) |
| 29. | Echinococcosis/hydatidosis surveillance, prevention and control: |
| FAO/UNEP/WHO guidelines, 1982 (E *) | |
| 30. | Sheep and goat breeds of India, 1982 (E *) |
| 31. | Hormones in animal production, 1982 (E *) |
| 32. | Crop residues and agro-industrial by-products in animal feeding, 1982 (E/F*) |
| 33. | Haemorrhagic septicaemia, 1982 (E *F *) |
| 34. | Breeding plans for ruminant livestock in the tropics, 1982 (E *F *S*) |
| 35. | Off-tastes in raw and reconstituted milk, 1983 (E *F *S*) |
| 36. | Ticks and tick-borne diseases: selected articles from World Animal Review, 1983 (E *F *S*) |
| 37. | African animal trypanosomiasis: selected articles from World Animal Review, 1983 (E *F *) |
| 38. | Diagnosis and vaccination for the control of brucellosis in the Near East, 1983 (E *Ar*) |
| 39. | Solar energy in small-scale milk collection and processing, 1983 (E *F *) |
| 40. | Intensive sheep production in the Near East, 1983 (E *Ar*) |
| 41. | Integrating crops and livestock in West Africa, 1983 (E *F *) |
| 42. | Animal energy in agriculture in Africa and Asia, 1984 (E/F*S*) |
| 43. | Olive by-products for animal feed, 1985 (Ar*E*F *S*) |
| 44/1. | Animal genetic resources conservation by management, data banks and training, 1984 (E *) |
| 44/2. | Animal genetic resources: cryogenic storage of germplasm and molecular engineering, 1984 (E *) |
| 45. | Maintenance systems for the dairy plant, 1984 (E *) |
| 46. | Livestock breeds of China, 1985 (E *) |
| 47. | Réfrigération du lait à la ferme et organisation des transports, 1985 (F*) |
| 48. | La fromagerie et les variétés de fromages du bassin méditerranéen, 1985 (F*) |
| 49. | Manual for the slaughter of small ruminants in developing countries, 1985 (E *) |
| 50. | Better utilization of crop residues and by-products in animal feeding: |
| research guidelines - 1. State of knowledge, 1985 (E *) | |
| 50/2. | Better utilization of crop residues and by-products in animal feeding: research guidelines- |
| 2.A practical manual for research workers, 1986 (E *) | |
| 51. | Dried salted meats: charque and carne-de-sol, 1985 (E *) |
| 52. | Small-scale sausage production, 1985 (E *) |
| 53. | Slaughterhouse cleaning and sanitation, 1985 (E *) |
| 54. | Small ruminants in the Near East: Vol. I |
| Selected papers presented at Tunis Expert Consultation, 1986 (E *) | |
| 55. | Small ruminants in the Near East: Vol. II |
| Selected papers from World Animal Review, 1986 (E *Ar*) | |
| 56. | Sheep and goats in Pakistan, 1985 (E *) |
| 57. | Awassi sheep, 1985 (E *) |
| 58. | Small ruminant production in the developing countries, 1986 (E *) |
| 59/1. | Animal genetic resources data banks - 1. Computer systems study for regional data banks, 1986 (E *) |
| 59/2. | Animal genetic resources data banks - 2. Descriptor lists for cattle, buffalo, pigs, sheep and goats, 1986 (E *) |
| 59/3. | Animal genetic resources data banks - 3. Descriptor lists for poultry, 1986 (E *) |
| 60. | Sheep and goats in Turkey, 1986 (E *) |
| 61. | The Przewalski horse and restoration to its natural habitat in Mongolia, 1986 (E *) |
| 62. | Milk and dairy products: production and processing costs, 1988 (E *F *S*) |
| 63. | Proceedings of the FAO expert consultation on the substitution of imported concentrate feeds in animal production systems in developing countries, 1987 (E *) |
| 64. | Poultry management and diseases in the Near East, 1987 (Ar*) |
| 65. | Animal genetic resources of the USSR, 1989 (E *) |
| 66. | Animal genetic resources - strategies for improved use and conservation, 1987 (E *) |
| 67/1. | Trypanotolerant cattle and livestock development in West and Central Africa - Vol. I, 1987 (E *) |
| 67/2. | Trypanotolerant cattle and livestock development in West and Central Africa - Vol. II, 1987 (E *) |
| 68. | Crossbreeding Bos indicus and Bos taurus for milk production in the tropics, 1987 (E *) |
| 69. | Village milk processing, 1988 (E *F *) |
| 70. | Sheep and goat meat production in the humid tropics of West Africa, 1988 (E/F*) |
| 71. | The development of village-based sheep production in West Africa, 1988 (E *F *S*) |
| 72. | Sugarcane as feed, 1988 (E/S*) |
| 73. | Standard design for small-scale modular slaughterhouses, 1988 (E *) |
| 74. | Small ruminants in the Near East, Volume III: North Africa, 1988 (E *) |
| 75. | The eradication of ticks, 1989 (E/F *) |
| 76. | Ex situ cryoconservation of genomes and genes of endangered cattle breeds by means of modern biotechnological methods, 1989 (E *) |
| 77. | Training manual for embryo transfer in cattle, 1991 (E *) |
| 78. | Milking, milk production hygiene and udder health, 1989 (E *) |
| 79. | Manual of simple methods of meat preservation, 1989 (E *) |
| 80. | Animal genetic resources - a global programme for sustainable development, 1990 (E *) |
| 81. | Veterinary diagnostic bacteriology - a manual of laboratory procedures of selected diseases of livestock, 1990 (E *) |
| 82. | Reproduction in camels - a review, 1990 (E *) |
| 83. | Training manual on artificial insemination in sheep and goats, 1991 (E *) |
| 84. | Training manual for embryo transfer in water-buffaloes, 1991 (E *) |
| 85. | The technology of traditional milk products in developing countries, 1990 (E *) |
| 86. | Feeding dairy cows in the tropics, 1990 (E *) |
| 87. | Manual for the production of anthrax and blackleg vaccines, 1991 (E *) |
| 88. | Small ruminant production and the small ruminant genetic resource in tropical Africa, 1991 (E *) |
| 89. | Manual for the production of Marek's disease, Gumboro disease and inactivated Newcastle disease vaccines, 1991 (E *) |
| 90. | Application of biotechnology to nutrition of animals in developing countries, 1991 (E *) |
| 91. | Guidelines for slaughtering, meat cutting and further processing, 1991 (E *) |
| 92. | Manual on meat cold store operation and management, 1991 (E *) |
| 93. | Utilization of renewable energy sources and energy-saving technologies by small-scale milk plants and |
| collection centres, 1992 (E *) |
Availability: December 1991
Ar - Arabic
C - Chinese
E - English
F - French
S - Spanish
* Available
** Out of print
*** In preparation
The FAO Technical Papers are available through the authorized FAO Sales Agents or directly from Distribution and Sales Section, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
