abutment |
End support for bridge, culvert or similar
structure. |
adverse grade |
Grade up which a loaded log truck must travel. |
annual plan |
Plan of harvesting for one year's operation. It is often a
long term plan. |
back-cut |
The final cut involved in felling a tree. The back-cut should
be higher than the scarf. |
ballast water |
Water loaded into a ship to provide weight when sailing
without a cargo. |
batter |
Inclination or shape of side slope of walls, banks,
cuttings. |
berm |
Heap of soil associated with the side of a road or skid
track. |
biodiversity |
The range of species of plants and animals in an
ecosystem. |
borrow pit |
An excavation outside the limits of road construction for
obtaining fill used for roadway construction. |
buffer zone |
Area of vegetation retained around a sensitive area or site.
Harvesting and disturbance is excluded from these areas. |
butt |
The stump end of a log. |
buttress |
A ridge of wood that develops in the angle between a lateral
root and the base of a stem to provide lateral root stability to the
stem. |
cable logging |
Any haul system using a machine with powered drums, spars,
blocks, wire rope and butt rigging to haul logs from the felling site to the
landing. Also called Cable Yarding System. |
cadastral |
This term refers to land extent, value or ownership. |
camber |
The amount of crossfall on a road. |
canopy gap |
A break in the leaf canopy of a forest. Gaps permit light to
reach the forest floor. The amount of light is an important factor in forest
regeneration, particularly in rainforests. Usually recorded on a percentage
scale (0-100% light reaching the ground). |
catch drain |
A drain constructed above a batter to prevent erosion of the
batter by surface water. |
catchment |
The area which yields run-off water to a given
point. |
chain brake |
A safety device on a chainsaw designed to stop the chain in
the event of a kickback. |
chaps |
Chainsaw chaps are safety trousers which are cut resistant and
contain material designed to protect against chain saw cuts. |
clearfelling |
Felling and removal, of all or nearly all commercial trees and
the trees in the size classes immediately below the merchantable category which
provide the next harvest, from a specific area in one operation. |
competency |
A concept that focuses on what is expected of a person in the
workplace rather than on the learning process. It embodies the ability to
transfer and apply skills and knowledge to new situations and
environments. |
conservation area |
Areas protected from harvesting by National or Provincial
legislation. |
cording |
Laying of suitable logs, bark or vegetation on the soil to
separate machine tyres or tracks from direct soil contact. |
coupe |
A defined sub-unit of the harvesting area. |
cross-cut |
Cutting through a felled log. Also called
bucking. |
cross-drain |
Drain constructed across a track to divert water to a stable
disposal area. |
cultural area |
Area of social, cultural, historical or anthropological
importance indigenous populations. Includes villages, gardens and sites which
are culturally sensitive. |
culvert |
A channel or conduit carrying water across a road. |
cutting cycle |
In selection (polycyclic) harvesting systems, the planned
number of years between successive harvests on an area of forest. The harvesting
activitiy occurs at the end of thr cutting cycle. It is also referred to as
felling cycle. |
dabob |
Diameter above buttress over bark. |
dbh |
Diameter at breast height. |
designated watercourses |
Those required to be marked on harvesting plans. They include
all classes of streams and gullies where vegetation buffers are to be marked and
retained. |
directional felling |
Felling a tree in a particular direction. |
drilling |
Inserting a vertical cut into the stem with a chainsaw to
determine the presence of internal defect. Defect is indicated by discoloured
sawdust or soft wood. |
end haul |
Excavation and removal of spoil to another site. End haul is
used where side casting of material is not appropriate. |
endangered |
Flora and fauna species in danger of extinction. |
enrichment planting |
Planting trees within a partial forest canopy to increase the
representation of the selected species in the forest. |
environmental sensitivity |
Classification of the importance of a particular area of land
or forest to degradation. |
exclusion area |
Area which is excluded from harvesting. |
feeder road |
A road connecting landings to a main road. |
felling jack |
Tool inserted into the backcut during felling to provide
leverage to force the tree to fall in a particular direction. |
flume |
An open channel or conduit of timber, concrete, metal or
flexible material such as plastic to carry water across unstable
areas. |
flute, fluting |
Supporting buttresses at the base of some species. |
forest authority |
A forest agency authorised by relevant legislation to
administer one or more of the forest regulations. |
forest officer |
Employee of the forest agency or other agency authorised,
under the relevant legislation, to administer one or more of the forest
regulations. |
formation width |
The width of a road, excluding batters. |
future crop trees |
Trees which will provide merchantable timber in the future.
See Potential Crop Trees (PCT). |
geographic information system |
A computerised mapping system and database which uses layers
to store information which can be retrieved as required. |
geotextile |
A material sheet placed on road surfaces to assist in drainage
and road stabilisation. |
guard log |
Log along the outside of bridge, above the main stringer logs
to prevent gravel from falling from the bridge into a watercourse. |
gully |
Gullies are steep-sided channels. The slope of at least one
bank exceeds 15°. Depth of the bank adjacent to the bed may be 30 cm or
more. Vegetation may be growing in the gully bed. Water will flow for less than
2 months in most years. |
habitat tree |
Tree used primarily for animal dwellings. |
harvesting contract |
Legal agreement negotiated between landowners (State, private
or customary) and harvesting companies for the harvesting of forests. |
harvesting debris |
Broken logs, branches, vines or other tree material created as
a result of felling and skidding. |
harvesting supervisor |
Company officer responsible for the management of harvesting
operations in the field. |
harvesting unit |
See coupe. |
haul tracks |
Tracks linking roads and landings and used for haulage of logs
on trucks. May also be called a spur track. |
head wall |
A retaining wall at the inlet end of a culvert. |
hinge wood |
The quantity of wood remaining between the scarf and back-cut
during tree felling |
hung-up tree |
A tree which has not completely reached the ground following
cutting. |
integral arch |
An extension to the winch of a harvesting tractor which gives
lift to one end of the log. |
landing |
Area where logs are stored prior to transport to the log pond.
|
line planting |
Planting of trees in lines through forest or
regrowth. |
log cluster |
Group of 3 or more logs placed in a triangular fashion to act
as a culvert. |
log pond |
Main storage area for logs awaiting shipment or
processing. |
log scaling |
Measurement of logs for the purpose of determining
volume. |
logging arch |
See integral arch. |
main road |
A permanent or semi-permanent road carrying large volumes of
timber. |
management information system |
A computerised system involving GIS used for the management of
a forest enterprise. |
operational plan |
Plan providing precise details of harvesting proposals,
including location of roads, landings and skid tracks. Operational plans usually
cover relatively small areas. |
outlet wall |
Retaining wall placed at the outlet end of a
culvert. |
out-slope |
Sloping the surface of a track to shed water to the downhill
side. |
permanent road |
A road which will be maintained after harvesting is
finished. |
planning officers |
Company officers responsible for the planning of harvesting
operations. |
plantation |
A forest crop or stand raised artificially by sowing seed or
planting seedlings or clones raised in a nursery. |
potential crop trees |
These are the stems which make up the residual stand and form
the basis of subsequent cutting cycles. |
production forests |
Forests which are being managed for the production of wood and
other products on a sustainable basis. |
protected forests |
Forest areas which are excluded from harvesting for any
reason. |
protection zone |
Area of forest excluded from harvesting in an operational
plan. |
reduced impact guidelines |
These are mechanisms by which a code of harvesting practice is
implemented with particular emphasis on protecting soil, water and forest stand
values |
reforest |
To establish a tree crop on forest land. |
regenerating forests |
Forests which have been disturbed and altered from their
natural state but are growing back to that natural state. |
regeneration |
Seedlings of tree species. |
road crown |
To shape a landing, road or track so that it is higher in the
centre than the outside, allowing water to drain to the sides. |
rotation |
The planned number of years between the formation or
regeneration of a crop of trees and the time when the same crop is felled for
final harvest. |
saddle |
A low point on a ridge or spur. |
scarf |
Two cuts to remove a wedge usually made to assist directional
felling. |
sediment trap |
See silt trap. |
selection harvesting |
Harvesting systems in which crop trees are removed on a cycle
based on a cycle of felling entries that occur more frequently than one rotation
based on cutting limits or other criteria. |
shoreline |
Limit of high tide; limit of mangrove growth. |
shoulder |
See verge. |
side cast |
Pushing material to the side, usually during road or track
construction. |
side drain |
Drain which diverts water from a table drain. |
sight distance |
The distance along a road or track that a driver can see other
objects (usually other vehicles). |
silt trap |
Hole dug to catch sediment in run-off water flowing in drains.
Log or rock bars may also be used. |
skid track |
Track along which a log is pulled by a tractor. |
skidding |
The pulling of logs from the felling point to a
landing. |
skyline yarding system |
A cable yarding system which makes use of a heavy wire rope
(the skyline) which is stretched between two spars (or spar trees) and used as a
track for a skyline carriage. The system enables the log to be fully suspended
during extraction. |
spur tracks |
See haul tracks. |
stakeholders |
Individuals or groups of individuals who have an interest in,
or an impact on, the outcomes of a decision as well as groups or individuals
dependent to some degree on the outcome for their personal or institutional
goals. |
strategic plan |
Long term plan which provides broad description and broad
details of future harvesting and forest management plans. More than one
strategic plan can be used to allow planning across a range of time
periods. |
stream |
Stream is a watercourse where water may flow for more than 2
months in most years. The beds are generally characterised by the presence of
clean, water-washed stone, gravel, or exposed bedrock materials. |
susceptibility class |
Land classification of susceptibility to
degradation. |
sustainable forest management |
The process of managing permanent forest land to achieve one
or more clearly specified objectives of management with regard to the production
of a continuous flow of desired forest products and services without undue
reduction in its inherent values and future productivity and without undue
undesirable effects on the physical and social environment. (Definition of the
International Tropical Timber Organisation) |
swamp |
Surface water present for 6 months of the year. |
table drain |
The drain parallel to and at the side of a road. |
task planning |
Undertaken by the harvesting company and details particular
jobs such as construction of a landing. |
temporary crossing |
A watercourse crossing which will be removed after
harvesting. |
tree crown |
Leaves and branches which make up the top of the
tree. |
understorey |
That part of the forest vegetation growing below the forest
canopy. |
v-drain |
V-shaped table drain. |
verge |
The part of the road construction continuous and flush with
the pavement on either side. It is generally only used by passing vehicles but
may be used for travel by track machines. |
village |
A cluster of dwellings in a rural environment. |
water bar |
See cross-drain. |
water body |
Surface water area such as a lake, lagoon or ocean. |
watercourse |
Defined line that receives and conducts concentrated overland
flow for some period in most years. Flows may be permanent or periodic.
Watercourse includes a stream, gully and a waterway. Classes are defined in
terms of permanency of flow, bed material, bed width and side slope. |
wedge |
A high impact plastic or aluminium wedge driven into the
back-cut to assist directional felling. |
winch rope |
Flexible wire rope used to winch logs towards the skidding
tractor. |
wing wall |
Side walls provided at a culvert or bridge to retain road fill
material. |