CHAPTER 5: THE NORTHERN TEMPERATE REGION

5.1 Background

The region comprises Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and hilly regions of Uttar Pradesh.

5.1.1 Land use

The region has a reported area for land utilization of 14.91 m hectares, of which 5.54 m hectares net sown area and 1.69 m hectares not available for agricultural use; 7.68 m hectares are thus available for natural grazing.

5.1.2 Topography

The entire northern hilly region falls under the influence of the Himalayas. Jammu & Kashmir comprises three distinct regions: Leh, the Kashmir Valley and Jammu. Leh slopes gradually towards the north and northeast, while the Kashmir Valley slopes toward the south of the Himalayan axis. The hilly region of Uttar Pradesh consists of a Himalayan tract in the extreme north and comprises Almora, Garhwal and Nainital. Himachal Pradesh is traversed by hills ranging in altitude from low to high.

5.1.3 Major soil types

In the extreme northern Himalayan (snow-clad) region, poorly developed skeletal soils are found. The tribal territory of Kashmir and Ladakh has mountain meadow soils. Southern Kashmir, Jammu and northern Himachal Pradesh have sub-mountaneous podsols, while southern Himachal Pradesh and northern Uttar Pradesh have brown hill soils. Extreme northern Uttar Pradesh, along the Himalayan ranges, represents the terai soils.

5.1.4 Feed and fodder resources

Perennial grasses: Agropyron canaliculatum, A. semicostatum, Agrostis spp., Andropogon tristis, Arundinella nepalensis, Bothriochloa pertusa, Calamagrostis emodensis, Chrysopogon gryllus, C. fulvus, Cymbopogon jwarancusa, C. olivieri, Danthonia jacquemontii, Dichanthium spp., Eragrostis spp., Eremopogon foveolatus, Festuca valesiaca, Heteropogon contortus, Imperata cylindrica, Ischaemum indicum, Iseilema laxum, Koeleria cristata, Muhlenbergia duthieana, Paspalum spp., Phalaris spp., Phleum alpinum, Poa alpina, P. pratensis, Saccharum spp., Themeda anathera, Trisetum spicatum.

Annual grasses: Andropogon pumilus, Apluda mutica, Aristida spp., Arthraxon lancifolius, Digitaria spp., Eragrostis spp., Microstegium ciliatum, Oropetium thomaeum, Oryzopsis lateralis, Panicum spp., Perotis indica, Poa annua, Polypogon fugaz, Setaria glauca, Sporobolus spp., Tripogon spp.

Herbs: Abelia triflora, Alysicarpus spp., Atylosia spp., Cannabis sativa, Carex spp., Cassia spp., Crotalaria spp., Desmodium spp., Fragaria spp., Galium triflorum, Indigofera spp., Lespedeza zericea, Morina longifolia, Phaseolus spp., Plantago major, Polygala mollis, Polygonum spp., Trichodesma indica, Trifolium spp., Thymus serpyllum, Zornia diphylla.

Shrubs and trees: Acacia caesia, A. catechu, A. modesta, Adhatoda vasica, Adina cordifolia, Agave americana, Bauhinia spp., Berberis aristata, B. lycium, B. umbellata, Butea monosperma, Carissa spinarum, Cassia auriculata, Cedrus deodara, Cotoneaster microphylla, Dodonaea viscosa, Holoptelea integrifolia, Hypericum mysorensis, Juniperus macropoda, Madhuca indica, Mallotus philippinensis, Morus spp., Murraya koenigii, Myricaria bracteata, Pinus insignis, P. roxburghii, P. wallichiana, Pogostemon spp., Prinsepia utilis, Prunus armeniaca, Rhododendron spp., Rosa spp., Tectona grandis, Terminalia spp., Viburnum foetens, Zizyphus spp.

Fig.9 Sheep breeds in the northern temperate region

Fig.10 Goat breeds in the northern temperate region

Main crops: maize, cowpea, pulses, oilseeds, millets, sorghum, sugarcane, rice, cotton, etc.

5.1.5 Management practices

Migration. Flocks in the region are small, and most are stationary. In Himachal Pradesh, 27% of sheep are migratory and 73% are stationary. Stationary flocks generally do not contain more than five sheep and are kept as an ancillary occupation to crop farming. The migratory flocks average 22 sheep, although some can exceed 100. In the hilly regions of Uttar Pradesh, 86.8% of sheep are migratory and 13.2% are stationary. Migration may take place from the permanent abode in the valley to the alpine pastures during summer only, or from the temporary abode to the alpine pastures during summer, and to the foothills and plains in the winter. Migration to the alpine pastures begins in April/May and takes a month or more, depending upon the vegetation available as well as the onset of the rains. The flocks start returning to their homesteads during September/ October and reach their destination by November. The permanently migrating flocks leave their homestead for the foothills in November and graze on crop residues in harvested fields, on natural vegetation on fallow lands and in forest areas, and on tree loppings, until March/early April, when they start to return. Shepherds in the hill areas are not nomads, and only one or two members of the family accompany the flock. The economic condition of the shepherds in this region is better than that of their counterparts in the plains. During migration the shepherds generally keep their flocks separate, and one person handles only 100 to 200 animals.

Grazing. The stationary flocks are grazed in harvested fields, along waterways, in forests and in permanent pastures on common grazing land. The sheep are allowed to graze for about 7 hours. About 14% of the flocks are given supplementary feeding, such as fodder and green leaves. Migratory flocks are primarily grazed on alpine pasture during summer and on the harvested fields, forest areas and other uncultivated fallow and barren lands during winter. Tree leaves and pods of fodder trees constitute an important feed resource during winter and early spring, when the flocks are in the foothills and the plains.

Penning. Most owners keep their sheep penned near the house. About 18% keep them with other animals. Occasionally, the animals are kept underground.

Breeding and lambing season. The animals are mostly bred when migration from the alpine pastures begins in September/October, so that lambing takes place in February/ March. To a limited extent, breeding also takes place in February/March. In Himachal Pradesh, most breeding takes place in October/November and January/March.

Shearing. Shearing takes place in January/March, June/July and October/November; somewhat less than half of the sheep are shorn three times a year, the remainder only twice.

Disease. The major cause of sheep mortality in stationary flocks is pneumonia (including lung-worm infestation), followed by liver-fluke, diarrhoea and dysentery (mostly due to internal parasites), sheep-pox and anthrax; in migratory flocks, the major causes are pneumonia, cold winds, diarrhoea and dysentery, anthrax and sheep-pox.

5.1.6 Population, production and important breeds

This region has a sheep population of 2.54 m, representing 6.53% of that of the country as a whole; it produces about 3.08 m kg of wool, 8.27% of the country's wool production. Of this wool, 0.77 m kg is of 36s to 48s quality (suitable for carpets and blankets), and 2.32 m kg is of 48s quality and above (suitable for apparel and superior-quality carpets). The important breeds of sheep are Rampur Bushair, Gaddi, Gurez, Karnah, Bhakarwal, Poonchi, Kashmir Merino and Changthangi (Figure 9); most of these have been involved over the last few years in cross-breeding with exotic fine-wool breeds for increasing apparel-wool production. Although the exact number of cross-breds is not known, the majority of flocks, especially the migratory flocks in Jammu & Kashmir, contain some cross-breds.

The region has 1.89 m goats, 2.8% of the total goat population of the country, including the pashmina-producing goats, Chigu and Changthangi. The other important goat breed of this region is Gaddi (Figure 10).

GADDI	Plate 49
	a) ADULT MALE
	b) ADULT FEMALE
	c) FLOCK

5.2 Sheep breeds

5.2.1 GADDI (also known as Bhadarwah) (Plate 49)

a) Distribution. Kistwar and Bhadarwah Tehsils in Jammu province of Jammu & Kashmir State; Hamirpur, Ramnagar, Udampur and Kulu and Kangra valleys of Himachal Pradesh; and Dehradun, Nainital, Tehrigarhwal and Chamoli districts of Uttar Pradesh.

b) Numbers. The total sheep population in the Gaddi distribution area, according to the 1972 census, was 0.686 m, and according to the 1977 census 0.804 m, of which 0.147 m adult males and 0.501 m adult females.

c) Climate

d) Breed characteristics

ii) Conformation. Medium-sized animals, usually white, although tan, brown and black and mixtures of these are also seen. Males are horned; 10 to 15% of females are horned. Tail is small and thin. The fleece is relatively fine and dense.

e) Flock structure. Average size of stationary flocks: 5: of migratory flocks: 22.

f) Reproduction. Under farm conditions (4, 10, 11): lambing percentage on the basis of ewes available: 58.9% (129); litter size: single.

g) Mortality (3,4): 0 to 3 months: 20.5%; 3 to 6 months: 27.6%; 6 to 12 months: 42.4%; adults: 10.7%.

h) Breeding. Pure breeding, except that, to a limited extent, cross-breeding with exotic fine-wool breeds (especially Rambouillet and Merino) is being carried out, primarily through natural service with exotic or cross-bred rams. The cross-breds show improvement in fleece production and quality over the pure breed.

i) Performance

• Meat: body weight (kg) (sources: 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 19, 20)

• Wool production and quality (sources: 3, 4, 15)

5.2.2 RAMPUR BUSHAIR (Plate 50)

a) Distribution. Simla, Kinnaur, Nahan, Bilaspur, Solan and Lahaul and Spiti districts of Himachal Pradesh and Dehradun, Rishikesh, Chakrota and Nainital districts of Uttar Pradesh.

b) Numbers. The total sheep population in the Rampur Bushair distribution area, according to the 1972 census, was 0.550 m, of which 0.086 m adult males and 0.334 m adult females.

c) Climate

d) Breed characteristics

ii) Conformation. Medium-sized animals. The fleece colour is predominantly white, with brown, black and tan also seen on the fleece in varying proportions. The ears are long and drooping. The face line is convex, giving a typical Roman nose. The males are horned; most females are polled. The fleece is of medium quality and dense. Legs, belly and face are devoid of wool.

e) Flock structure. Range of flock size: migratory flocks: from 20 to 1 000; stationary flocks: from 2 to 10.

f) Reproduction. Under farm conditions (5): lambing percentage varies from 52.9 to 88.3%.

g) Mortality. In farmers' flocks: young: 8 to 15%; adults: 5 to 10%. Under farm conditions (5): 0 to 6 months: 13.9% (93); 6 to 12 months: 17% (173); adults: 19.86% (1 673).

h) Breeding. Pure breeding, except in limited areas where the State Department of Animal Husbandry has initiated cross-breeding with exotic fine-wool breeds (Rambouillet and Merino). The cross-breds show improvement in both fleece production and quality.

RAMPUR BUSHAIR	Plate 50
	b) ADULT FEMALE

i) Performance

• Meat: body weight (kg) (sources: 1, 5, 12)

• Wool production and quality (sources: 12, 18)

5.2.3 BHAKARWAL

The name of the breed is derived from the nomadic tribe which rears these sheep.

a) Distribution. No distinct home tract; sheep are entirely migratory.

b) Breed characteristics

1. Size. Adult ewes weigh between 29 and 36 kg; rams can weigh as much as 55 kg. In adult females, height at withers: 62 cm; body length: 65 cm; chest girth: 82 cm.

2. Conformation. Medium-sized animals, with a typical Roman nose. The animals are generally white, although coloured fleeces are occasionally observed. All animals are spotted fawn or grey. Rams are horned; ewes are polled. Ears are long and drooping. Tail is small and thin. Fleece is coarse and open.

c) Breeding. Most of this breed have now been crossed with Merino for improving greasy-wool production and quality for apparel wool and only a very small proportion of flocks still contain pure Bhakarwal animals.

d) Performance. The sheep are shorn three times a year. The total annual wool produced, per animal, ranges from 1 to 1.5 kg. The wool quality is from 36s to 40s, with an average fibre diameter varying from 36 to 38 μ.

POONCHI	Plate 51
	b) ADULT FEMALE

5.2.4 POONCHI (Plate 51)

a) Distribution. Poonch and part of Rajori districts of Jammu province.

b) Breed characteristics

1. Size. The weight of the adult ram ranges from 35 to 40 kg, that of a ewe from 25 to 30 kg. Weight of females at 2½ years: 27.64 ± 2.00 kg. Average height at withers of adult female: 57.0 ± 1.89 cm; body length: 56.7 ± 1.97 cm; chest girth: 72.6 ± 2.63 cm.

2. Conformation. Similar in appearance to Gaddi, but lighter. Animals are predominantly white in colour, including the face, but spotted sheep are also seen, varying from brown to light black. Ears are medium long. Tail is short and thin. Legs are also short, giving a low-set conformation.

c) Breeding. Most of the flocks are being crossed with Merinos to improve greasywool production and quality for apparel wool and thus now contain cross-breds with a varying level of Merino inheritance.

d) Performance. Wool is of medium to fine quality, mostly white in colour. Sheep are shorn three times a year and produce between 0.9 to 1.3 kg of greasy wool each per year. Fibre length ranges between 15 to 18 cm and average fibre diameter ranges between 22 and 30 μ.

KARNAH	Plate 52
	b) ADULT FEMALE

5.2.5 KARNAH (Plate 52)

a) Distribution. Distributed in Karnah, a mountainous tehsil in North Kashmir.

b) Breed characteristics

ii) Conformation. Large animals. The rams have large curved horns and a prominant nose line.

c) Breeding. Cross-breeding with Merino has been introduced in Karnah, although the proportion of cross-breds is lower than for Gaddi, Bhakrawal and Poonchi.

d) Performance (source: 20). Wool is generally white in colour. The sheep are shorn twice a year, in spring and autumn, and produce between 1 to 1.5 kg of wool each per year. Staple length ranges from 12 to 15 cm and average fibre diameter between 29 and 32 μ.

GUREZ	Plate 53
	b) ADULT FEMALE

5.2.6 GUREZ (Plate 53)

a) Distribution. Distributed in the Gurez area of Northern Kashmir.

b) Conformation. Largest of the sheep breeds in Jammu & Kashmir. Generally white in colour, although some animals are brown or black or have brown or black spots. A small proportion of the animals have small, pointed horns. Tail is thin and short. Fleece is generally coarse and hairy. Ears are long, thin and pointed.

c) Breeding. This breed is being crossed with Merino for improving apparel-wool production and quality.

d) Performance. The annual greasy-fleece weight varies from 0.5 to 1 kg per animal.

5.2.7 KASHMIR MERINO

This breed originated from crosses of different Merino types (at first Delaine Merinos, and subsequently Rambouillet and Soviet Merinos) with predominantly migratory native sheep breeds, such as Gaddi, Bhakarwal and Poonchi. The level of inheritance in the cross-bred animals included in Kashmir Merino varies from very low to almost 100% Merino; a level of from 50 to 75% predominates. The animals are highly variable because of the involvement of a number of native breeds, and no specific description of the breed can therefore be given. Some flocks of Kashmir Merino have been maintained by the State Department on their farms.

Performance

a) Meat: body weight (kg) (source: 17)

b) Wool production and quality (source: 17)

CHANGTHANGI	Plate 54
	a) ADULT MALE & FEMALE

5.2.8 CHANGTHANGI (Plate 54)

a) Distribution. Distributed in the Changthang region of Ladakh.

b) Breed characteristics

ii) Conformation. Strongly-built, large-framed animals with good fleece cover which has an extraordinarily long staple.

c) Flock structure. Flock size: migratory flocks: from 200 to 300; stationary flocks: from 10 to 15. Sheep and goats are combined in flocks, generally in a ratio of 30:70.

d) Breeding. Some cross-breeding with Merinos has been initiated for improving greasy-wool production and quality for fine apparel-wool.

e) Mortality. In lambs: from 20 to 35%; in adults: from 10 to 20%.

f) Performance. Animals are usually shorn twice a year, generally in May/June and September/October, but in some cases shearing takes place only once a year, in July/ August. Greasy-wool production ranges from 1 to 1.5 kg per animal per year. The wool is of a good carpet/medium apparel quality.

GADDI	Plate 55
	a) ADULT MALE
	b) ADULT FEMALE
	c) FLOCK

5.3 Goat breeds

5.3.1 GADDI (also known as White Himalayan) (Plate 55)

a) Distribution. Chamba, Kangra, Kulu, Bilaspur, Simla, Kinnaur and Lahaul and Spiti in Himachal Pradesh and Dehradun, Nainital, Tehrigarhwal and Chamoli hill districts in Uttar Pradesh.

b) Numbers. The total goat population in the Gaddi distribution area, according to the 1972 census, was 0.770 m, of which 0.125 m adult males and 0.468 m adult females.

c) Climate

d) Breed characteristics

ii) Conformation. Medium-sized animals. Coat colour is mostly white, but black and brown and combinations of these are also seen. Both sexes have large horns, directed upward and backward and occasionally twisted. Ears are medium long and drooping. The nose line is convex. The udder is small and rounded, with small teats placed laterally. The hair is white, lustrous and long.

e) Flock structure. Flock size ranges from 20 to 500.

f) Reproduction. Essentially single; twinning occurs in only 15 to 20% of births.

g) Mortality. In farmers' flocks: kids: approximately 10%; adults: 5%. Under farm conditions (2): 0 to 3 months: 2.17%; 3 to 12 months: 1.24%; adults: 22.3%.

h) Breeding. Pure breeding. There is little selection.

i) Performance

• Milk (source: 2). Under farm conditions: milk yield: 308 g (94).

• Wool production and quality (sources: 9, 10, 11)

CHANGTHANGI	Plate 56
	a) ADULT MALE
	b) ADULT FEMALE

5.3.2 CHANGTHANGI (Plate 56)

a) Distribution. Changthang region of Ladakh, at altitudes above 4 000 m.

b) Numbers. The goat population in this region, according to the 1972 census, was approximately 0.04 m.

c) Climate. A cold arid region. Average annual precipitation: 9.26 cm, distributed throughout the year, with maxima during January/April. Summer and winter temperatures are extreme (+40°C to -40°C). Most cultivation takes place along the rivers.

d) Breed characteristics

ii) Conformation. Medium-sized animals. Half of the animals are white, the remainder black, grey or brown. Both sexes have horns, generally large (range: 15 to 55 cm), turning outward, upward and inward to form a semi-circle, but a wide variation exists in both shape and size.

e) Flock structure. The flock size ranges from 200 to 300 in flocks belonging to migratory shepherds. In the stationary flocks it is between 10 and 15.

f) Reproduction. In farmers' flocks: kidding percentage: from 80 to 90%. Under farm conditions: kidding percentage: 65%.

g) Mortality. In farmers' flocks: young: 25 to 35%; adults: 4 to 15%. Under farm conditions: young: 5.73%; adults: 1.9%.

h) Performance

• Meat: body weight (kg) (source: 8)

• Pashmina production and quality (source: 1)

The pashmina is harvested once a year, generally in June/July, either by shearing or by combing. Average production is 214 g (788) (range: 68 to 500 g).

CHIGU	Plate 57
	a) ADULT MALE
	b) ADULT FEMALE
	c) FLOCK

5.3.3 CHIGU (Plate 57)

a) Distribution. Lahaul and Spiti valleys of Himachal Pradesh, and Uttar Kashi, Chamoli, Pithoragarh districuts of Uttar Pradesh, bordering Tibet.

b) Climate. Mountainous ranges with the altitude varying from 3 500 to 5 000 m. The area is mostly cold and arid.

c) Breed characteristics

ii) Conformation. Medium-sized animals. The coat is usually white, mixed with greyish red. Both sexes have horns, directed upward, backward and outward, with one or more twists. These goats are not very different in conformation from Changthangi.

d) Reproduction. Age at first kidding (4): 615.8 ± 23.03 days (57); kidding interval (4): 272.8 ± 8.4 days (63); kidding percentage (4): 65.4%; litter size (4): singles: 99.2%; twins: 0.8%.

e) Mortality. In young (4): 44.2%.

f) Performance

• Meat: body weight (kg) (sources: 5, 6, 7)

• Pashmina production and quality (source: 7)

REFERENCES

I. SHEEP

1. AHD, Himachal Pradesh. 1968 Final Report of the scheme for improvement of sheep and wool on regional basis (temperate Himalayan region). Sheep-Breeding Research Station, Jeori. Animal Husbandry Department, Simla, Himachal Pradesh.

2. AHD, Himachal Pradesh. 1979 Integrated sample survey for estimation of animal production (1977–78). Animal Husbandry Department, Simla, Himachal Pradesh.

3. AICRP, SB, Avikanagar. 1975 Proceedings of the Third Workshop on the All-India Coordinated Research Project on Sheep-Breeding, held at Palampur, 13–14 November 1975. Mimeographed. Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan.

4. AICRP, SB, Avikanagar. 1977c Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on the All-India Coordinated Research Project on Sheep-Breeding, held at Palampur. Mimeographed. Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan.

5. Amble, V.N. & Malhotra, J.C. 1968 Statistical studies on Rambouillet x Rampur Bushair cross of sheep at Pipalkoti, U.P. Indian J. of Vet. Sci. 38: 101.

6. Bandey, G.A. 1969 Sheep-breeding for improvement of wool production. Conference on Intensive Approach to Animal Production, Bombay, Maharashtra, 12–14 May 1969. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.

7. CSWRI, Avikanagar. 1972 Annual Report, Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan.

8. CSWRI, Avikanagar. 1973 Annual Report, Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan.

9. CSWRI, Avikanagar. 1974 Annual Report, Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan.

10. CSWRI, Avikanagar. 1975 Annual Report, Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan.

11. CSWRI, Avikanagar. 1976 Annual Report, Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan.

12. Gopalan, R. & Marutiram, B. 1974 Performance of Polwarth x Rampur Bushair crosses. Indian J. of Animal Sci. 44: 65–69.

13. Gupta, J.L. & Chopra, S.C. 1974 Comparison of body weights of Gaddi, Poonchi and their crosses with Rambouillet. Indian J. of Animal Sci. 44: 447–451.

14. Gupta, J.L. & Chopra, S.C. 1975 A note on body measurements of Gaddi, Poonchi and their crosses with Rambouillet. Indian J. of Animal Sci. 45: 700–703.

15. Gupta, J.L. & Chopra, S.C. & Bandey, G.A. 1976 Fleece production and quality of wool of Poonchi and Gaddi crosses with Rambouillet. Indian J. of Animal Sci. 46: 482–485.

16. Kalra, D.B. 1964 A study of fleece characters of Hissardale sheep. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Punjab (now Haryana) Agricultural University, Hissar, Haryana.

17. Khan, G.M. & Singh, B.P. 1974 Comparative performance of Kashmir Merino, Russian Merino and Stavropol breeds of sheep maintained in Kashmir. Indian Vet. J. 51: 186–193.

18. Mahajan, J.M. & Rathore, K.C. 1970 Correlation studies between fibre diameter, staple length and bulk of medullation percentage in fleece of Rampur Bushair sheep. Wool & Woollens VII (9): 39–40.

19. Mahajan, J.M., Bohra, S.D.J. & Chauhan, D.S. 1971 A note on birth and weaning weights in sheep. Indian J. of Animal Sci. 41: 996–968.

20. SHD, Jammu & Kashmir. 1968 Final Report of the scheme for improvement of sheep and wool on regional basis. Sheep-Breeding Farm, Banihal/Reasi, Sheep Husbandry Department, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir.

II. GOATS

1. Acharya, R.M. & Sharma, V.D. 1980 A note on the pashmina production and quality of Changthangi pashmina goats. Indian J. of Animal Sci. (in press).

2. AHD, UP. 1968 Final progress report of Angora goat breeding scheme, Gwaldam, Dist. Chamoli, U.P. Department of Animal Husbandry, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.

3. AICRP, GB, Upshi. 1976 Annual Report 1976. All-India Coordinated Research Project on Goats for Pashmina, Upshi, Leh Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir.

4. AICRP, GB, Avikanagar. 1976 Proceedings of the Second Workshop on the All-India Coordinated Research Project on Goat-Breeding, held at NDRI, Karnal, 22–23 March 1976. Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan.

5. AICRP, GB, Mukteshwar. 1975 Annual Report. All-India Coordinated Research Project on Goats for Pashmina. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteshwar, Kumaon, Uttar Pradesh.

6. AICRP, GB, Mukteshwar. 1976 Annual Report. All-India Coordinated Research Project on Goats for Pashmina. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteshwar, Kumaon, Uttar Pradesh.

7. AICRP, GB, Mukteshwar. 1977 Annual Report. All-India Coordinated Research Project on Goats for Pashmina. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteshwar, Kumaon, Uttar Pradesh.

8. Khan, G.M. 1979 Personal communication. Department of Sheep-cum-Animal Husbandry, Leh Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir.

9. Pant, K.P. 1968 Studies on birth weight, mohair yield and mohair fibre length of Angora and Angora x Gaddi goats. Indian Vet. J. 45: 929–939.

10. Pant, K.P. 1969 Medullated mohair fibres of Angora, Gaddi and their cross-bred goats. Indian Vet. J. 46: 125–132.

11. Pant, K.P. & Kapri, B.D. 1968 Fineness of mohair fibres of Angora, Gaddi and their crossbred goats. Indian J. of Vet. Sci. & Animal Husb. 38: 112–116.