Pollution | Type of effect | Benefit impact | Benefit estimation technique | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hedonic property | Hedonic wages | Travel cost | Contingent valuation | Dose-response | Other techniques | Comments | |||
AIR POLLUTION | |||||||||
1. Conventional pollutants (TSP, SOx, NOx) | Respiratory illness | WLD, RAD, medical expenses, suffering | O | L | O | X | X | Health capital model | |
Respiratory death | Death | L | X | O | O | X | |||
Aesthetics | Visual, sensory | X | L | O | X | O | some wage evaluation experience | ||
Recreation | Visits especially to forests | O | O | X | X | O | |||
Materials | Maintenance/repair | O | O | (?) | (?) | X | For historic monuments | ||
Vegetation | Crop losses | O | O | O | O | X | Forest reclamation | ||
WATER POLLUTION | |||||||||
1. Conventional pollutants, BOD | Recreation, fishing, boating etc | Visit behaviour | L | O | X | X | O | ||
Commercial fisheries | Stock losses | O | O | O | O | X | |||
Aesthetics | Turbidity, odour, unsightliness | X | O | L | X | O | |||
Ecosystem | Habitat & species loss | O | O | O | X | X | |||
2. Trace concentrations | |||||||||
Drinking water | Illness, mortality | O | O | O | (?) | X | |||
TOXIC SUBSTANCES | Fisheries | Stock | O | O | O | O | X | ||
1. Air (benzene, PCB, pesticides) | Illness and mortality | WLD , RAD. medical expenses, suffering (?) | X | O | X | X | |||
2. Hazardous chemicals to land | Aesthetics | Unsightliness | X | O | O | X | O | ||
Ecosystem | Health, anxiety, ecosystem losses | O | O | O | X | X | |||
RADIATION | |||||||||
Illness, mortality | WLD , RAD lives lost | (?) | X | O | L | X | |||
MARINE POLLUTION | |||||||||
Oil, radioactive substances, sewage | Aesthetics, swimming | Unsightliness, visit behaviour, illness, fish stock losses | (?) | O | X | X | X | ||
NOISE | |||||||||
Nuisance | Annoyance | X | O | O | X | L |
Source: Markandya and Pearce (1989)
X = used techniue
(?) = not developed but possible
O = non-usable technique
WLD = work loss days
L = very limited application exists
RAD = restricted activity days [SOURCE]