SEMINAR/STUDY TOUR IN THE U.S.S.R.
on
GENETIC SELECTION AND HYBRIDIZATION
of
CULTIVATED FISHES
on
GENETIC SELECTION AND HYBRIDIZATION
of
CULTIVATED FISHES
| UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME | No. TA 2926 |
| SEMINAR/STUDY TOUR IN THE U.S.S.R. on GENETIC SELECTION AND HYBRIDIZATION of CULTIVATED FISHES |
19 April – 29 May 1968
LECTURES
FAO/UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE) REPORTS ON FISHERIES
This document is Report No. TA 2926 in the series of FAO reports produced under the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Since 1 January 1966, reports produced under the former Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance (EPTA) have appeared in the UNDP(TA) series. The numbering of the reports in the UNDP(TA) series is unbroken and follows consecutively the numbering of the former EPTA series.
Since 1 January 1962, those reports which concerned FAO technical assistance in fisheries have been numbered consecutively in a subseries within the general series.
The present report is the two-hundred-and-fourth report in the fishery subseries: FAO Fish.UNDP(TA) Rep., FIR/UNDP(TA) 204.
For bibliographic purposes, this document may be cited as follows:
FAO 1971 Seminar/Study Tour in the U.S.S.R. on Genetic Selection and Hybridization of Cultivated Fishes. 19 April – 29 May 1968. Lectures. Rep.FAO/UNDP(TA), (2926 ): 360 p.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
ROME, 1971
Hyperlinks to non-FAO Internet sites do not imply any official endorsement of or responsibility for the opinions, ideas, data or products presented at these locations, or guarantee the validity of the information provided. The sole purpose of links to non-FAO sites is to indicate further information available on related topics.
This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software. FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version.
Elements of biostatistics for fish culturists.
1. Basic principles of statistical analysis with application to random sampling, by Z.M. Aksutina
1 INTRODUCTION
2 DEFINITION OF A SAMPLE
3 THE PRINCIPLE OF RANDOMIZATION
4 METHODS OF SAMPLING
5 COLLECTING AND GROUPING STATISTICAL DATA
6 ESTIMATE OF ACCURACY OF SAMPLE MEAN
7 ESTIMATION OF SAMPLE SIZE
2. Statistical testing of hypotheses, by Z.M. Aksutina
1 AIMS OF TESTING HYPOTHESES
2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEAN VALUES OF TWO RANDOM SAMPLES (STUDENT'S TEST)
3 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VARIANCES OF TWO RANDOM SAMPLES (FISHER'S TEST)
4 REFERENCES
Genetics and its role in biology, by Y.S. Demin
1 INHERITANCE AND VARIABILITY
2 THEORY OF INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS
3 MATERIAL BASES OF INHERITANCE
4 METHODS OF GENETIC ANALYSIS
5 HISTORY OF EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF GENETICS
6 MENDELISM AND THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
7 GENETIC STUDY OF POPULATION
8 DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN GENETICS
9 GENETICS AS AN APPLIED SCIENCE
10 GENETICS IN RELATION TO OTHER BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
11 CONCLUSIONS
12 REFERENCES
1 INTRODUCTION
2 MONOHYBRID CROSSING
3 LAW OF DOMINANCE OR UNIFORMITY OF THE FIRST HYBRID GENERATION
4 LAW OF SEGREGATION AND INDEPENDENT DISTRIBUTION OF CHARACTERS
5 LAW OF PURITY OF GAMETES
6 GENOTYPE AND ITS SYMBOLS
7 TYPES OF CROSSING
8 RECIPROCITY OF GENES
9 INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE OR INTERMEDIATE INHERITANCE
9.1 Complementary genes
9.2 Epistasis
9.3 Polymery
9.4 Pleiotropic function of genes
9.5 Modifiers
9.6 Lethal genes
10 ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE ON GENE DEVELOPMENT
11 CONCLUSIONS
12 REFERENCES
Mitosis and meiosis, by Y.S. Demin
1 MATERIAL BASES OF INHERITANCE
2 THE CHROMOSOME THEORY OF INHERITANCE
3 MEIOSIS AND CROSSING-OVER; GENETIC MAPPING
3.1 Cytological proof of crossing-over
3.2 Chromosome mapping
4 DETERMINATION OF SEX AND OTHER MATTERS RELATED TO SEX
4.1 Chromosome mechanism of sex determination
4.2 Sex-linked inheritance
4.3 Sex reversal in ontogenesis
5 UP-TO-DATE CONCEPTS OF HEREDITARY MATERIAL STRUCTURE
6 CONCLUSION
7 REFERENCES
Heredity and variability, by V.A. Shevchenko
1 INTRODUCTION
2 NATURE OF BIOLOGICAL VARIABILITY
3 ROLE OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FACTORS IN THE OCCURRENCE OF CHANGES
4 MODIFICATIONS
5 REACTION NORM
6 MUTATIONS AND THEIR MANIFESTATION
7 INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY AS MATERIAL FOR EVOLUTION
8 REFERENCES
1 INTRODUCTION
2 CLASSIFICATION OF MUTATIONS BY PHENOTYPE
3 CLASSIFICATION OF MUTATIONS BY THE CHARACTER OF CHANGES IN THE GENOTYPE
4 GENERATIVE AND SOMATIC MUTATIONS
5 DIRECT AND REVERSE MUTATIONS
6 PLASMA AND PLASTID MUTATIONS
7 METHODS OF REGISTERING MUTATIONS
8 SPONTANEOUS MUTATION PROCESS AND ITS CAUSES
9 INDUCED MUTATIONS
10 EFFECT OF IONIZING IRRADIATION
11 INDUCEMENT OF MUTATIONS BY USE OF ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
12 CHEMICAL MUTAGENESIS
13 SPECIFICITY OF THE ACTION OF MUTAGENS
14 REFERENCES
Genetic characteristics of a population, by V.A. Shevchenko
1 INTRODUCTION
2 HARDY-WEINBERG LAW
3 GENETIC-AUTOMATIC PROCESS
4 EFFECT OF ISOLATION AND MIGRATION ON GENETIC COMPOSITION OF POPULATIONS
5 MUTATION PRESSURE AND SELECTION IN NATURAL POPULATIONS
6 CONCLUSION
7 REFERENCES
1 INTRODUCTION
2 DOMINANT LINKAGE FACTORS AS GENETIC FUNDAMENTALS OF HETEROSIS
3 SUPERDOMINANCE AS GENETIC BASIS OF HETEROSIS
4 VARIATIONS OF MANIFESTATION OF HETEROSIS
5 THEORY OF GENETIC BALANCE
6 PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF HETEROSIS
6.1 Methods of inducing heterosis
6.2 Retention of heterosis
Theory of selection, by V.A. Shevchenko
1 INTRODUCTION
2 TYPES OF NATURAL SELECTION
3 SELECTION EFFECTIVENESS
4 FITNESS
5 MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF SELECTION
5.1 Lower adaptability of homozygous recessives
5.2 Lower adaptability value of homozygotes as compared to heterozygotes
6 BALANCED POLYMORPHISM
7 GENETIC LOAD
8 ADAPTATION AND GENE COMBINATIONS
9 INTRASPECIFIC DIVERGENCE
10 REFERENCES
Hybridization of fishes in North America (Family Centrarchidae), by W.F. Childers
1 INTRODUCTION
2 EXPERIMENTAL SPECIES
3 HYBRIDIZATION EXPERIMENTS
3.1 Stripping experiments
3.2 Isolation experiments
4.1 Sex ratios of F1 hybrids
4.2 Reproductive success of hybrids
4.3 Hybrid vigour
4.4 Rate of growth
4.5 Electrophoretic patterns of haemoglobins
4.6 Vulnerability to hook-and-line capture
5 HYBRIDS FOR SPORT FISHING
6 REFERENCES
Some current North American work in hybridization and selection of cultured fishes, by K.E. Sneed
1 INTRODUCTION
2 FISH GENETICS LABORATORY
3 WARM-WATER FISH CULTURAL LABORATORIES
3.1 Catfish hybridization
3.2 Growth comparison of catfish fingerlings
Fish hybridization in Asia with special reference to India, by H. Chaudhuri
1 INTRODUCTION
2 EXPERIMENTS ON FISH HYBRIDIZATION IN INDIA
2.1 Hybridization of Indian major carps
2.2 Hybridization of Indian carps with common carp
2.3 Hybridization of Chinese carps
2.4 Hybridization of Indian carps with Chinese carps
3 EXPERIMENTS ON FISH HYBRIDIZATION IN JAPAN
4 EXPERIMENTS ON FISH HYBRIDIZATION IN OTHER ASIATIC COUNTRIES
4.1 Taiwan
4.2 Burma
4.3 Malaysia
4.4 Indonesia
5 VIABILITY OF FERTILIZED EGGS DURING HYBRIDIZATION
6 FERTILITY OF HYBRIDS
7 MONOSEX HYBRIDS
8 HYBRIDIZATION OF FISH IN NATURE
9 CONCLUSION
10 REFERENCES
1 INTRODUCTION
2 DEFINITION OF PROBLEMS AND OUTLINE OF EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
2.1 Fish marking
2.2 Genetic markers
3 CORRELATION BETWEEN GROWTH RATE UNDER TEST CONDITIONS AND GROWTH RATE UNDER COMMERCIAL CONDITIONS
3.1 The problem
3.2 Test conditions
4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TESTED GROUPS AND POND'S ENVIRONMENT
5 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH MASS SELECTION
5.1 Realized heritability
5.2 Control of selection experiments
5.3 Correlations between relative body weight at different ages and densities
5.4 Table qualities of fish
5.5 Genotype environment interactions
5.6 Non-additive genetic variations
5.7 Regression of gained weight on body weight
6.1 Regression of gained weight on initial weight
6.2 Individual selection and growth rate
6.3 Individual selection and relative body weight
6.4 Progeny tests and family selection
6.5 Inbreeding and heterosis
6.6 Correlation between relative gained weight in communal ponds and in separate ponds
Genetics of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and other edible fishes, by V.S. Kirpichnikov
1 INTRODUCTION
2 GENETICS OF POND FISHES
2.1 Common carp and crucian carp
2.2 Other fishes: tench, orfe, catfish, trout and tilapia
3 GENETICS OF EDIBLE FISH INHABITING NATURAL WATER BODIES
4 REFERENCES
1. Aims of selection and methods of artificial selection, by V.S. Kirpichnikov
1 AIMS OF SELECTION
2 MASS SELECTION
2.1 Mathematical principles of the theory of mass selection
2.2 Methods of increasing response in mass selection
2.3 Correlated response
3 GENOTYPIC SELECTION (SELECTION FOR RELATIVES)
3.1 Family selection and sib-selection
3.2 Progeny testing
4 COMPARATIVE RESPONSE IN MASS SELECTION AND IN SELECTION FOR RELATIVES
5 CONCLUSION
6 REFERENCES
2. Crossing, modern methods of selection, selection techniques, by V.S. Kirpichnikov
1 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CROSSING IN FISH SELECTION
2 INBREEDING AND OUTBREEDING
3 CROSSINGS
3.1 Reproductive crossing
3.2 Introductory crossing
3.3 Absorptive crossing
3.4 Alternating crossing
4 DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF BREEDING
4.1 Parallel breeding of two or more groups
4.2 Breeding in groups with family selection
4.3 Breeding in groups keeping reserve gene pool
4.4 Alternating inbreeding and outbreeding
4.5 Linear selection of superior type
4.6 Topcross
4.7 Reciprocal recurrent selection
5 SPECIAL METHODS OF SELECTION OF FISH
5.1 Direct application of genetic data in fish selection
5.2 Use of radiation and chemicals for acceleration of mutation
5.3 Gynogenesis and androgenesis
6.1 Artificial fertilization
6.2 Marking of fish
The Ukrainian breeds of carp, by A.I. Kuzema
1 INTRODUCTION
2 DISTRIBUTION OF THE UKRAINIAN BREEDS OF CARP
3 EVOLUTION OF CARP VARIETIES
4 COMPOSITION OF UKRAINIAN BREEDS
The selection of Ropsha carp, by A.S. Zonova and V.S. Kirpichnikov
1 THE AIM OF SELECTION AND CHOICE OF INITIAL FORMS
2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROPSHA CARP SELECTION
2.1 Hybridization
2.2 Selection methods
2.3 Breeding schemes
2.4 Marking broodstock
3 EVALUATION OF ROPSHA CARP BY MAJOR INDICES
3.1 Morphological characteristics
3.2 Growth
3.3 Viability
3.4 Winter hardiness
3.5 Productive capacity
3.6 Response to temperature
4 SELECTION BREEDING IN INDUSTRIAL FARMS OF THE NORTHWEST
5 REFERENCES
Commercial hybridization and heterosis in fish culture, by M.A. Andriasheva
1 INTRODUCTION
2 ESSENCE OF HETEROSIS
3 THE THEORIES OF HETEROSIS
4 HETEROSIS IN FISHES
5 PROSPECTS OF COMMERCIAL FISH HYBRIDIZATION
6 INTRASPECIFIC CROSSINGS
6.1 Crosses of cultured carp with wild carp
6.2 Interstrain crosses of Ropsha carp
6.3 Interbred crosses of carp
7 INTERSPECIFIC CROSSINGS
8 BIGENERIC CROSSINGS
9 FIXATION OF HETEROSIS
10 CONCLUSION
11 REFERENCES
Rainbow trout selection in the northwest region of the U.S.S.R. by G.Sevastyanova
1 INTRODUCTION
2 ORIGIN OF THE RAINBOW TROUT IN THE SOVIET UNION
3 CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT GROUPS OF RAINBOW TROUT
3.1 Growth
3.2 Maturation and fecundity
4.1 Selection for weight in different age groups
4.2 Histophysiological control
4.3 Marking
Natural and artificial gynogenesis of fish, by N.B. Tcherfas
1 INTRODUCTION
2 NATURAL GYNOGENESIS OF CARASSIUS AURATUS GIBELIO
2.1 Genetic analysis of the bisexual form of C. auratus gibelio
2.2 Genetic analysis of unisexual forms of C. auratus gibelio
2.3 Cytological analysis of natural gynogenesis of C. auratus gibelio
3 NATURAL GYNOGENESIS OF MOLLIENESIA FORMOSA
4 ANALYSIS OF THE PHENOMENON OF NATURAL GYNOGENESIS IN FISH
5 ARTIFICIAL GYNOGENESIS
5.1 Experiments in radiative gynogenesis
5.2 Genetic evidence of elimination of male inheritance
5.3 Cytological analysis of radiative diploid gynogenesis
5.4 Characteristics of gynogenetic progeny
5.5 Methods of increasing the numerical strength of diploid gynogenetic progeny
Breeding in fish culture, by K.A. Golovinskaya
1 INTRODUCTION
2 ORGANIZATION OF CARP BREEDING IN THE U.S.S.R
2.1 Selection-breeding farms
2.2. Broodstock production farms
2.3 Commercial farms
3 INVENTORY OF FISH FOR PEDIGREE FISH CULTURE
3.1 Method of inventory
3.2 Disease and malformations
3.3 Sex and maturity
3.4 Age groups
3.5 Weight
3.6 External characters
3.7 Coefficients of condition
Breeds of carps and other fishes, by K.A. Golovinskaya
1 INTRODUCTION
2 BREEDING IN FISH CULTURE
3 BREEDS OF CARP
4 BREEDS OF TROUT
5 CONCLUSION
6 REFERENCES
Carp selection in Moscow region, by K.A. Golovinskaya
1 INTRODUCTION
2 ESTABLISHMENT OF BREED LINES
2.1 Selection of parental stock
2.2 Characteristics of hybrids
2.3 Lines of future work
Fundamentals of hybridization in fish culture, by N.I. Nikoljukin
1 INTRODUCTION
2 NATURAL HYBRIDIZATION
3 ARTIFICIAL HYBRIDIZATION
4 HEREDITY OF HYBRIDS
5 HETEROSIS
Hybridization of Acipenseridae and its practical significance, by N.I. Nikoljukin
1 NATURAL HYBRIDIZATION
2 ARTIFICIAL HYBRIDIZATION
3 POND BREEDING OF HYBRIDS
3.1 Growth
3.2 Food
3.3 Stocking rate
3.4 Yield
3.5 Reproduction
3.6 Viability
3.7 Hybrid F2
4 STOCKING OF HYBRIDS IN RESERVOIRS
5 INTRODUCTION OF HYBRIDS INTO SEA
6 LINES OF FUTURE WORK
7 REFERENCES
Control of fish diseases by selection, by O.N. Bauer
1 INTRODUCTION
2 SELECTIVE BREEDING OF DISEASE-RESISTANT FISH
2.1 Breeding of dropsy-resistant strain of carp
2.2 Breeding of disease-resistant trout
3 EFFECT OF SELECTION WORK ON DISTRIBUTION OF PARASITES AND DISEASES OF FISHES
4 REFERENCES
Economic aspects of pond fish culture, by V.A. Murin
1 INTRODUCTION
2 INTENSIFICATION OF FARMING
2.1 Estimation of level of intensification
2.2 Cost of production in relation to intensification
International cooperation in fish breeding programmes, by H.R. Rabanal
1 INTRODUCTION
2 STATUS OF PRESENT PROGRAMMES
3 INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
3.1 Establishment of fish breeding centres
3.2 International exchange of knowledge, techniques, material and facilities for fish breeding work
3.3 Establishment of stations in the tropics for testing strains developed in colder regions
3.4 Cooperation in guiding national fish breeding policies
3.5 Adoption of safeguards to avoid spread of diseases, parasites, seeds of obnoxious weeds and other pests
3.6 Designation of ‘type’ strain for major cultivated species
3.7 Promotion of information and training programmes
4.1 Regular programme
4.2 Collaboration with other world bodies - United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
4.3 Freedom From Hunger Campaign (FFHC)
4.4 World Food Programme (WFP)
4.5 Collaboration with other agencies
4.6 How an FAO field project is developed
4.7 Promotion of fish breeding programme by FAO
This volume represents the second part of the report of the UNDP/TA Group Fellowship Seminar/Study Tour in the U.S.S.R. on Genetic Selection and Hybridization of Cultivated Fishes, 19 April – 29 May 1968, and contains the texts of lectures delivered by various specialists. The first part containing the organizational aspects of the Seminar/Study Tour was issued as Rep.FAO/UNDP(TA) No. 2722 in 1969. As most of the lectures were originally prepared in Russian and then translated into English, the editing of the texts and bibliographies presented unexpectedly difficult problems and led to unavoidable delay in printing this volume.
These lectures form a valuable guide to fishery biologists and fish culturists in the field of genetic selection and hybridization and it is hoped that this volume will prove useful to the participants at the Seminar/Study Tour as well as to other workers concerned with fish breeding programmes.
Mr. Kermit E. Sneed, Director, Warm-water Fish Cultural Laboratories, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Department of the Interior, Stuttgart, USA, Dr. (Mrs.) Sarojini R. Pillay, Rome, and Dr. H.R. Rabanal, Fishery Biologist, FAO, Rome, undertook the editing of this volume.