Main List by Reference Number

001	Abdullah, Z.H. 1990. Urban forestry in Malaysia - Current and future. Proceedings of the 19th World Congress, IUFRO, Montreal.
001	This paper briefly outlines needs for urban forestry management and planning in Kuala Lumpur. In Kuala Lumpur, the City Hall has begun an urban tree planting and park establishment programme to address city inhabitants' social and environmental needs, such as pollution control and increased demand for land. The 1984 plan emphasizes the use of trees for city beautification but also advocates planting trees for slope stabilization, shade, and to increase water infiltration. Recommendations include coordinating city and state efforts to develop management plans for the forests surrounding the city, developing a broader range of uses for urban trees, planting more indigenous species, and initiating an urban forestry unit within the forestry department including foresters, ecologists and people from related fields.

002	Ahuja, K.G. consultant. 1983. FAO project NIR/72/007. Floriculture and landscape design in Nigeria. Mission Report to establishment a Nigerian Institute for Horticulture Research (FAO Agriculture Dept.). Ibadan.
002	This report emphasizes the ornamental value of various plants with a bias towards multipurpose uses. The project intends to establish an Institute which can incorporate horticulture and arboriculture in urban project design. In the future species selection will take into account the export potential of flowers, the value of roadside shade, and fuelwood and fruit production at roadsides and on unused or “wastelands”. This will be facilitated by the creation of this Institute which will consult, research and work to increase public knowledge regarding the value of trees and plants.

003	Akbari, H.; et al. 1990. Cooling urban heat islands. Proceedings of the 4th Urban Forestry Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, Oct. 15–19, 1990.
003	This paper gives a state-of-the-art on the effect of urban trees on the urban climate. It discusses the effects and consequences of urban heat islands and ways to mitigating them by tree-planting and other measures. Comparing the saving in energy consumption with the cost of planting urban trees it was found that the latter method is by far the most cost efficient. Urban trees and light surfaces are at least ten or more times less expensive than any of the other strategies analysed.

004	Ali, M.H.; Mahoney, M.T. 1992. Trees and Tree Lovers of Egypt. Proceedings of the 5th National Urban Forest Conference, Los Angeles, California, November 1991, Rodbell, P (Editor), pp 208–210

005	Almeyra, G. 1987. Urban agriculture offers new elements in Argentine diets. Ceres 119, Vol.20(5), pp.11–12.
005	This brief article reports on urban agriculture in Argentina. A study by the Center for Urban and Regional Studies revealed that home gardens are not as historically rooted in the cultures of Latin America. Though projects have begun throughout Latin America, the article reports that social stigmas associated with gardening have hindered progress. It is suggested that intensified educational and media efforts might aid effectiveness.

006	Smit, J.; Ratta, A.; Nasr, J. 1995. Urban Agriculture: Resource for Food, Jobs and Sustainable Cities. The Urban Agriculture Network, Washington DC.
006	This book on urban agriculture gives a comprehensive definition of the industry world-wide, the farming systems and crops, who the farmers are, where in the city the farming takes place, and the history and current status of urban agriculture in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The book carries the definition further into analysis of the benefits of urban agriculture, constraints to its growth and problems caused by it. Future steps are then suggested, based on an analysis of the lessons from current and past practices. Extensive use is made of case studies, examples, and results of research conducted by UNDP and other agencies.

007	Smith, D.S. Editor; Hellmund, P.C. Editor. 1993. Ecology of Greenways. University of Minnesota Press. 222pp.

008	Andresen, J.W.; Fishwick, R. 1984. Fuelwood consumption and deforestation in African countries. World Bank Staff Working Papers Number 704.
008	This paper provides some insight into the direction the World Bank wants to go in alleviating energy shortages in Africa. Peri-urban plantations are one recommended approach to amelioration: agroforestry plantations in some locations, traditional tree plantations in others.

009	Andresen, J.W. 1978. Urban forestry and its influences on human settlements. Proceedings of the 8th World Forestry Congress, Jakarta, 16–28 October 1978, Agenda Items 28, Discussion Area: Forestry for Quality of Life. pp. 1203–1221.
009	This paper indicates the future directions of urban forestry, which has received increased attention, as is evidenced by the conferences and organizations which have addressed the issue of tree growing in urban settings. Trees are now acknowledged as a source of food, fuel, and fodder in both rural and urban settings. And the realization that trees can positively effect temperature, and air and water quality in urban areas has further increased their potential value.

010	Andresen, J.W. 1979. Urban and community forestry initiatives for tropical America. Proceedings of the Simposio Internacional Sobre Las Ciencias Forestales y Su Contribucion al Desarollo de la America Tropical, CONICIT, Interciencia, SCITEC. San Jose, Costa Rica. pp. 143–156.
010	This report provides a comprehensive update on the research and demonstration projects in urban forestry. Though some of the research and project activities are taking place in regions of developed countries they are often equated or compared to activities within the developing world. An attempt is made to encourage project initiation in Central America through examination of more established projects in Asia. The discussions concerning demonstration projects in the developing countries of India, Indonesia and Singapore are particularly illustrative. India has one of the most highly developed urban forestry programs today. This article indicates that projects in India are successful though they suffer from a wide range of problems. Indonesia it seems, has been more successful and continues to expand the size and number of uses of its green space. Finally Singapore, whose urban forestry program is very sophisticated, has employed a number of interesting techniques in overcoming the problems of land and water shortage which plague urban forestry projects.

011	Andresen, J.W. 1984. Urban green. Proceedings of the Founding Conference. Lindsay, K.M. (ed.) of the Richard St. Barbe Baker Foundation, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 4–5 June.
011	The activities of a Canadian NGO in urban forestry are described. Additionally some brief references are made to urban forestry work in Costa Rica and Mexico. The report underlines the need to involve NGOs in urban forestry.

013	Kopinga, J. 1985. Research on tree planting practices in the Netherlands. Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance (METRIA), ‘Selecting and preparing sites for urban trees’. Edited by Kuhns, L.J.; Patterson, J.C. University Park, PA, May 1985. US Forest Service, NE Area. pp.72–84.

014	Proceedings. 1988. A Seed in Time. First Conference. Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Urban Forestry, March 1988. Forestry Commission (UK) Research Library, Alice Holt Lodge, Wrecclesham, Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH.
014	A 3-day conference with a strong international theme.

015	Field, C. editor/coordinator. 1991. A Seed in Time. Second Conference. Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Urban Forestry, June 1991. Alice Holt Library, Surrey, UK.
015	Comprehensive coverage of urban forestry in the UK in 1991.

016	Ariffin, I. 1989. Nature conservation in urban areas. Urban Forestry Bulletin, FRI; Malaysia Vol.3, No.1, April 89: 5–6.
016	This paper describes the role of nature conservation in urban development.

017	Baconguis, S.R. 1987. The influence of forest plantation establishment on tropical environment. Canopy International, Sept./Oct., pp 9ff.
017	The last part of the series also deals with tree influence on pollution. Reference is made to the state-of-the-art and to a pollution resistant species in the Philippines.

018	Balensiefer, M.; Wiecheteck, M. 1985. Arborizacao de cidades. Curitiba, Brazil.
	The importance of urban forestry is not well understood in Brazil. For that reason this manual was written with the aim of providing guidelines for an efficient and adequate planting of urban trees. All aspects from species selection to planting including specific techniques are described and datasheets for species for tropical and subtropical zones are given. This manual restricts its mandate to conventional forestry.
	Language: Portuguese

019	Barker, P.A. 1985. Urban foresters and tree improvement. Proceedings of the 1985 SAF National Convention, Fort Collins, CO, July 28–31.
019	Barker suggests that urban foresters must work with tree improvement specialists in order to develop trees suitable for urban forestry. Characteristics that deserve attention include depth of rooting, tendency to sucker, growth rate, leaf retention, and fruiting behaviour. Links between researchers and foresters will facilitate the development of appropriate trees for urban planting. This paper emphasizes the developed countries' point of view.

020	Beattie, K.A. 1991. Urban arboriculture waste reduction and recycling. Journal of Arboriculture 17 (5): 135–137.
020	The purpose of this article is to discuss planning techniques that support management of change within the context of municipal planning. The article briefly describes planning processes needed to support change in programs for recycling woody material in urban areas. Beattie warns that change takes considerable time and requires active management. She advocates developing a strategic plan which includes: statement of opportunity, approach/theme, scope/scale/size, goals/objectives, constraints, precedents, factors critical to success, stakeholder analysis and cost/benefit summary. She uses a Christmas tree recycling project as an example of the successful implementation of a new civic recycling programme.

021	Beatty, R.A. 1985. Planning Guidelines for Urban Forest Management, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Economics of Ecosystem Management, held in Halkidiki, Greece, 26–30 Sept. 1983 (Edited: Hall, D.O., Myers, N. and Margaris, N.S.), Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 165–173.
	This chapter discusses planning and management of United States' urban trees and forests, and suggests a model for urban forestry planning. Beatty identifies problems inhibiting the development of comprehensive urban forestry planning: inadequate funding, increased citizen demands for municipal services, low visibility, lack of public advocates, dispersal of tree management responsibilities, limited recognition of benefits of urban trees, and environmental stress. Beatty also suggests attributes critical to the success of future urban forestry planning. The planning process must be comprehensive in scope, including municipal, national agency, and private lands. Planning must also incorporate a broad range of benefits such as aesthetic or visual quality, microclimate modification, energy, conservation, environmental suitability and the fulfilment of community needs. Community participation can occur on three basic levels: official lay groups, community activist groups and private individuals or corporations. Education also provides necessary support to this community involvement. Finally, the chapter emphasizes the need for establishing goals. The goals suggested include: economic survival, neighbourhood vitality, preservation of city character and urban health and liveability. Discussion was heavily based on developed counties, predominately the United States.
	Language: English
	AN code (CAB): F119611
	CAB code: 0F Forestry Abstracts 1986 047-05906

023	Benavides Meza, H.M. 1992. Current Situation of the Urban Forest in Mexico City. Journal of Arboriculture, 18 (1): 33–36.

025	Bendavid Val, A. 1987. More with less. Managing energy and resource efficient cities. Bureau for Science and Technology, Agency for International Development. Washington, D.C.
025	This book describes the work that has been done by the MEREC project (Managing Energy and Resource Efficient Cities). The work of the programme is concerned with developing and following through plans to increase efficiency in production and use of energy resources. The book examines all facets of the MEREC experiment. Certain components of the work that has taken place in three cities involve the creation of recreation space, the use of empty urban and peri-urban space to propagate fuelwood and income-producing crops. While the projects are not completed, the ways in which forestry has been integrated into the program is interesting.

026	Lonsdale, D. 1989. Diseased and damaged trees. Urban Forestry Practice. Edited by Hibberd, B.G. London. Forestry Commission (UK) Handbook No. 5, pp. 101–107.
026	Discusses how to recognize damaged or hazardous trees, how to control damage, and the treatment of damaged or weakened trees.

027	Beskok, T.E. consultant. 1971. FAO project SF/YEM 9. Forestry problems of the Yemen Arab Republic and possibilities for afforestation. Forestry Div. Consultant's Report of 9 Dec. 1971 on the Highlands Farm.
027	Amenity planting in the areas surrounding the urban regions of Yemen is viewed as an important element of future planning. The benefits as foreseen in this report relate not only to recreation, shade, and fodder but also to education. Successful planting of trees in the barren surroundings might increase enthusiasm and optimism for future forestry endeavours. This report also identifies some of the important considerations for planning amenity forestry.

029	Boerner, D.A. 1989. Tree angel of Santo Domingo. American Forests, (USA) Sept Oct. 1989 vol. 95(9–10), 61–64.
	This piece depicts the personal story of James Kielbaso, a Michigan State University professor who prepared an urban-forestry plan for the city of Santo Domingo and later became mayor of the same city. The development of a forestry plan was complicated by the fact that the previous mayor had chosen to plant many more trees than the city had the ability to maintain and had also planted trees in inappropriate spaces. Kielbaso recommended that fewer trees be planted annually and that more money and effort be put into their maintenance. When Kielbaso became mayor of Santo Domingo, he created an urban forestry department consisting of planning, production, education and administrative divisions, and nursery, landscape and maintenance sections. Training programmes in tree-care and a maintenance programme were also begun.
	Language: English
	AN code (AGRIS): 90-025246

030	Bonar, R.E. 1986. A matter of pride. American Forests, Vol. 92(7), pp. 22–24.
030	While this article offers little technical information regarding urban forestry projects in Lima, it reveals the extent to which indigenous people value trees. The value of trees, though understood by local inhabitants from the beginning, became even more apparent after planting by residents with the help of Peace Corps volunteers.

031	Bosshard, W.C. 1966. Tree species for the Khartoum greenbelt and other irrigated plantations in arid zones. Forest Department and UNDP Forestry Research and Education Project, Pamphlets No.21 and 22. Republic of the Sudan.
031	These two papers report on the greenbelt in the desert zone outside of Khartoum/Sudan. This FAO assisted project is supposed to serve many functions: recreation, production of fuelwood, poles and material for particle boards, and research and training. Problems that have resulted from the choice of species and the irrigation method are reported. More important, the papers identify many of the concerns that need to be addressed when planning projects in desert regions; included in the report is a summary of findings regarding the hardiness of species being propagated and studied in the greenbelt. Out of 95 species tried, the most promising include Conocarpus lancifolius, Albizia lebbek, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Dalbergia sisoo and Tamarix aphylla.

032	Boulos, L.; Nabil El Hadidi, M. 1968. Street trees in Egypt. First Edition. Cairo University Herbarium No. 1. Cairo.
032	This book covers around 50 trees which are briefly described and illustrated. Not only street trees are described.

035	Broder, J.M.; Odronic, B.H. 1990. Economic potential of agroforestry for public recreational parks. Agroforestry Systems 10, pp. 99–112.
035	The availability of public recreation facilities is being threatened by growing density, limited supplies and declining government funds. In response to these pressures the economic potential of agroforestry for supplementing the operating budget of public recreation parks has been examined in a case study. Agroforestry enterprises native to the area were selected for the development of the site. The study examined how to maximize the net present value of the study site subject to land, labour, capital, and minimum annual income constraints. The economic study found that agroforestry could be used to privatize selective activities of public recreation parks and thus enable public agencies to provide these facilities more effectively.

036	Brownrigg, L. 1985. Home gardening in international development: What the literature shows. League for International Food Education. Washington, D.C.
036	This is a review of literature regarding home gardens. It contains a list of field projects dealing with home gardens as well as an annotated bibliography and analysis of the different types of home gardens. There is somewhat limited information on urban gardening and urban projects but peri-urban gardens are examined in different regions. Some of the ways in which gardens and attitudes towards gardening have changed are also explored. The effect that space limitation has had on gardening is mentioned.

037	Buckmire, K.U.; Lewis, J.W.E. 1980. Urbanization and Flora in Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago. Proceedings of the Symposium on Urban Forest management within the Commonwealth of Nations. In Andresen, J.W. and Plexman, C.A. (eds.) Agenda subhead 5: Trees in Rural and Urban Development. Eleventh Commonwealth Forestry Conference, Trinidad and Tobago, 7–26 September, pp. 104–114.
037	Urban forestry is well developed in Grenada. This article mentions and describes governmental and non-governmental efforts in the field of urban forestry. Some of the causes of urban degradation are also reviewed. The effect that expansion of the tourist industry has had on urban vegetation is explored, as greenspace and natural flora have been eliminated to provide for the creation of new housing projects, airports, and wider roads.

038	Burch, W.R.; Grove, J.M. 1993. People, trees and participation on the urban frontier. Unasylva 44 (173): 19–27.

039	Bwambale, J.T. 1988. Country report for Uganda on social forestry. Report. RECOFTC Paper: 16. Bangkok.
039	This report looks into issues which influence social forestry in Uganda. The main focus is on urban forestry. Considerations relating to planting trees in Masak Municipality are outlined to facilitate the idea of urban forestry. It has to benefit the community. A simple plan for raising seedlings for streets, roads, and houses is also included.

040	Caballero Deloya, M. 1993. Urban Forestry in Mexico City. Unasylva 173 (44): 28–32.

041	Campbell, T. 1989. Environmental Dilemmas and the Urban Poor. Report: Environment and the poor: Development strategies for a common agenda, Jeffrey, Leonard. H. et al. (US-Third World Policy Perspectives no 11), Washington, DC: ODC, 1989, pp 165–187.

042	CARE (New York-based NGO). 1988. Food Assisted Integrated Development (PRODIDA) Project Proposal. CARE Organization.
042	The ‘Food Assisted Integrated Development Project’ (PRODIA) will be implemented in marginal areas of the city of Lima and other large urban centres in Peru. PRODIA is comprised of five sub-projects: Community Kitchens/Income Generation, River Defense, Family Gardening, Urban Enhancement of the pueblo joven “Jardin Rosa de Santa Maria” and Post Disaster Emergency Activities. Activity within these sub-projects promotes community participation to meet community identified needs and is supported by State Institutions. River Defense corresponds to the problem of flooding affecting the communities along the banks of the Rimac River. Urban Enhancement of the Pueblo Joven Rosa de Santa Maria should provide a repeatable model of slum renewal for other similar marginal communities.

044	Raven, P. 1990. A Global Climate for Urban Forestry. Proceedings of the 4th Urban Forestry Conference. St Louis, Oct. 1989. Rodbell, P.D. Editor. Washington DC. American (USA) Forestry Association. pp. 19–22.

045	Chacalo, A.; Pineau, M. 1991. Problemes environnementaux et situation des arbres urbains dans la Ville de Mexico. Journal of Arboriculture 17(2), pp.49–54.
	This article discusses the environmental situation in Mexico City and gives brief advice about how trees could be used in the city to address these problems. The problems originate from Mexico City's extremely high population density which leads to, among other things, soil erosion, air pollution and noise pollution. Although the Mexican government planted millions of trees in the late 70's and early 80's, these planting efforts were not followed by the appropriate maintenance and care. Trees suffer from vandalism, mechanical wounds from construction, denuded roots as well as sickness and insects. These problems could have been addressed through protecting trees during construction, educating the population and training foresters. By providing urban trees with a more protected environment, they will be more resistant to disease and insects. From a planning standpoint, choosing trees that are better suited for the urban environment and planting trees with a long term vision of their spatial needs would diminish these problems. Laws regulating the use of land are needed to support the urban forestry program. Finally, training of urban forestry technicians and specialists would support the establishment and development of an effective urban forestry program in Mexico City.
	Language: French

046	Chandrakanth, M.G.; et al. 1990. Temple forest in India's forest development. Agroforestry Systems 11:199–211.
046	Historically the temple forests in India have served many spiritual and religious purposes. This paper argues in favour of integrating the benefits of temple forests in forestry development. The tree/plant species, planting design and the rituals related to their worship are described. The promotion of temple forest would assist forest development in the upstream areas. In this way climax forest can be created and soil and water conservation implemented. The chief utilitarian value of these temple trees, such as medicine, their hardiness in the face of stress and drought makes them excellent multipurpose trees. Some of them like Ficus glomerata, Ficus infectora are excellent avenue trees. Although this is not the intention, this paper argues much in favour of using temple trees in urban forestry.

047	Cheng, T.C. 1983. Avenue trees in the urban area. Quarterly Journal of Chinese (Taiwan) Forestry, Vol.16, No.3.
047	The history of street trees in Taiwan is described with special emphasis on the management and administration of avenue trees. A brief review of the status of avenue trees e.g. in Tsingtao, Taiwan, Taipei and Khaosiung, Taiwan is given.

048	Cheng, Lao. 1990. Hefei's greenbelt park. Building in China (Taiwan), Vol.3, No.2, June 1990.
048	In recent years, Hefei Municipality, Anhui Province, has built a circum-city, 108.6 hectare park by utilizing the site of the now demolished ancient city wall. The park comprises six scenic zones. The general layout and design of traditional garden architecture is included in the concept of urban forestry.

049	Chengshi Lühua Shouce. 1984. Manual of urban greening (chinese). Forest Association, Municipal Department for Greenspace. Beijing.
049	This is a comprehensive manual on urban forestry for the People's Republic of China. The role and functions of trees, e.g. to improve the micro-climate, reduce noise and pollution, and productive aspects are outlined. Instructions for plant propagation, planting, and maintenance of urban green are given. More than one thousand species are mentioned and briefly described, classified in terms of evergreen, broadleaf trees and shrubs, bamboos, trees for shade and wind protection, for noise reduction, etc. A glossary on important terms in urban forestry is included as well.

050	Chiyabwe, B.O.M. consultant. 1984. FAO project WERD/A/84/13. The establishment of an urban plantation for wood energy. Forestry Dept. Appendix 8 for the Report of the Technical Consultation on Wood Energy Research and Development in Africa, 27–30 November, FAO Addis Ababa.
050	The critical shortage of woodfuel in the areas surrounding Lusaka and other populated areas in Africa was the justification for urban woodfuel plantations. The ways in which the shortage has affected the economy and the usage habits of the population are discussed. The project proposal is examined, and both the species and technology selections that have been made are justified. Little attention is paid, however, to the impact that the urban setting will have on the project either technically or socially.

051	Clark, J.R.; Kjelgren, R.K. 1990. Water as a Limiting Factor in the Development of Urban Trees. Journal of Arboriculture 16(8): 203–208.

053	Cline Cole, R.A. 1990. The urban fuel plantation in tropical Africa: A case for re-evaluation. Land Use Policy, Vol.7, No.4, pp.323–335.
053	The potential of fuel plantations for ameliorating urban fuel shortages is severely limited, both by inappropriate project design and by unimaginative management practices and techniques. This article reviews the professed advantages of exotic monoculture and reveals the misleading assumptions upon which they are based. A strong argument is made for greater consideration of local plant resources and indigenous ecological knowledge in plantation programmes and projects. This could lead to the development of valuable local resources which are currently being used but not managed according to a plan, and not developed.

055	Sampson, R.N. 1989. Needed: a new vision for our communities. Moll, G./Ebenreck,S., editors. Shading our cities: a resource guide for urban and community forests. Washington DC. Island Press. pp.3–12.

056	Coppin, N.J. editor; Richards, I.G. editor. 1989. Use of Vegetation in Civil Engineering. Construction Industry Research and Information Association, London, UK.

057	Cranz, G. 1979. The useful and beautiful urban parks in China. Landscape 23 (2).
057	This article shows that parks can produce value products and contribute to revenues for park maintenance. At the same time they serve as recreational areas.

058	Davidson, J. 1985. Human settlements: Building a new resourcefulness. Habitat int. Vol.9, No: 3/4: 7–26.
058	Cities and their margins are the focus of many natural resource problems. Notions of sustainable development (which takes account of, and husbands natural resources) apply as much to human settlements as to other kind of activity. Drawing on the skills and energies of urban people to make better use of urban natural resources can benefit them now and build support for the wider goals of conservation in the longer term. Paradoxically, many urban areas are ecologically rich; many of their natural assets are wasted. There are opportunities for resource saving which could bring human and environmental gains and help cities to become more self-reliant. It is the multiple benefit of these activities that should make them a priority for practical demonstration and investment. An integrated approach to urban resource management requires new attitudes, more experiment and some changes in organization - all areas in which cities traditionally have the advantage of innovative thinking. In this context reference is made to urban agriculture with special reference to Lusaka, Zambia, city parks and gardens in China, peri-urban fuelwood plantations, urban farming and forestry as an example of an comprehensive urban plan in Lae, Papua New Guinea.

059	Dayang Haktu Mabong Borhan Haji Mohamad. 1989. The practice and use of tree species in urban forestry in Brunei Darussalam. Proceedings of the APIFM Seminar on Urban Forestry, 5–9 1989. Singapore.
059	Urban Forestry is now increasingly practised in Brunei Darussalam. This is consistent with the present effort by the Government to beautify and protect the environment as well as the current policy of conserving natural resources and using them wisely. In this paper tree species commonly planted in urban and populated areas in Brunei Darussalam are identified. Greater use of indigenous tropical rainforest species is recommended and some excellent candidates for urban planting briefly described.

060	Deelstra, T.; et al. 1990. Human settlements and sustainable development in the third world, an analysis and some suggestions. Publication of the Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and The Environment. The Hague.
060	This is an excellent review of the state-of-the-art regarding the preconditions and framework for sustainable development in urban areas in developing countries. Against a background of uncontrolled and accentuated urbanization with its threat to the environment, this paper outlines an approach to tackling urbanization problems in developing countries in such a way that sustainable development can be promoted. Urban agriculture, urban forestry, and urban market gardening have been identified as intervention priorities. This is exemplified by experience in Burkina Faso, Philippines and South-Korea. This paper is highly recommended for urban foresters and urban planners.

061	Caballero Deloya, M. 1986. Urban forestry activities in Mexico. Journal of Arboriculture, Vol.12 (10), 251–256.
	This article provides a review of the urban forestry activities which have been sponsored by the government in Mexico. Because of the historic appreciation of urban green, the worst conditions are primarily found in the newly urbanized peripheral regions where planning has not been substantial. This article notes that most of the governmental forestry efforts have been directed at amenity planting in gardens, parks, and at roadsides. Also identified are the different species which are used to serve different purposes throughout the country in the tropical, arid, and temperate regions. Problems relating to maintenance and management are however foreseen as cities continue to grow.
	Language: English
	AN code AGRIS: 87-065170

062	Di Castri, C.J.; Hadley, M. 1983. From research to communication in agroforestry: Some insights from the Man in the Biosphere (MAB) Programme. Agroforestry Systems 1, pp.189–203.
062	While this article is a generalized review of the agroforestry activities of UNESCO's MAB Program it devotes a good portion of its attention to the urban energy program in Lae, Papua New Guinea. Through the program urban land has been allocated for cropping and agroforestry is being encouraged in the surrounding hills. It is hoped that multi-purpose agroforestry will help restore the degraded hillsides.

063	Diarra, N. 1975. Le jardinage urbain et suburbain au Mali. Le cas de Bamako. Journal de L'Agriculture Tropicale et de Botanique Appliquée, 22(10–12), pp.359–364.
	This study explores gardening in Mali. It examines the way urban contemporary gardens are different from their traditional predecessors. The changes in species selection are noted. The effect of urbanization on gender roles is mentioned as well.
	Language: French

064	Dickerman, M.B.; Duncan, D.P.; et al. 1981. Forestry today in China: Report of a month's tour by a team of American Foresters. Journal of Forestry, Vol.79(2), pp.71–75.
064	This article is based on a study tour by a team of Americans. It pays some attention to urban forestry in China. The use of multipurpose species in roadside planting, the creation of parks, and productive use of shelterbelts are all lauded. Species selection, propagation and distribution methods are also briefly discussed. The article praises China's urban forestry efforts. Shelterbelts are widely used to protect agricultural fields. City streets are lined with trees for noise minimization, wind reduction and increasingly for fuel and timber production. Nurseries on the outskirts of cites provide fast growing trees to be planted in the city. The extensive city parks are often forested. Urban and community forestry programmes in China have successfully transformed severely degraded areas. These programmes owe much of their success to the efforts of local people who worked in planting the urban trees.

065	Dimanling, H. 1984. Urban agriculture - an approach to the landscape development of marginal settlements. Proceedings of the International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA), Third Eastern Regional Council, March 6–10, Hong Kong. in IFLA Yearbook 1985/86, pp.107–111.
065	This paper reports on a comprehensive development plan being carried out in the Philippines. The program is one effort of the UNEP/NHA “Marginal Settlement Improvement Project (MASIP)”. Its agriculture-related goal involves the use of urban amenity plantings as sources of foods, medicines and income. The plan involves urban cropping and the use of recycled wastes as fertilizer. The hope is that this kind of all-inclusive planning can increase the sustainability and value of urban development projects.

066	Drakakis Smith, D. 1987. The Third World City. Methuen ‘Introductions to Development’ Series, Methuen London, New York.

068	Douglass, M. 1986. Coordination, incentives and political will in land use planning for the Jakarta metropolis. Third World Planning Review.
068	In the late 1970s the Government of Indonesia initiated a series of planning studies focusing on the environmental deterioration of the Jakarta metropolitan region. Although the plans have served to focus public attention on the cumulative impacts of land use changes on the environment in the region, they have not been accompanied by sufficient attention to the institutional obstacles preventing effective translation of the plans into action. Three major obstacles are (i) the absence of effective coordination between government bureaux charged with various aspects of land use management; (ii) the absence of sufficient incentives to guide private land development away from environmentally sensitive areas; and (iii) the absence of consistent political will to implement existing regulations. A recent initiative in the Puncak has attempted to address each of these obstacles more directly, but, as with previous attempts, its implementation remains in doubt. The project identified conservation of natural forest and prevention of soil erosion in the upper watershed by tree planting. This report clearly shows that tree planting alone without a comprehensive plan and without overcoming institutional obstacles is likely to fail.

069	Duchhart, I. 1989. Evaluation and options for improvement of the environment in a slum upgrading project in Nairobi, Kenya. Landscape and Urban Planning 18:153–174.
069	The Undugu Society of Kenya, a non-governmental organization (NGO), initiated in 1983 a self-help housing programme. This programme resulted in the building of three villages in Nairobi, which significantly improved housing conditions. However, little work was done on communal infrastructure facilities. With relatively simple measures these could have been incorporated in the housing programme. In 1985/1986 some youth groups requested technical and financial support for the start of a tree nursery. An evaluation of the physical results of the housing programme and some options for improvement of the immediate living environment are given.

070	Duchhart, I. 1989. Manual on environment and urban development. Ministry of Local Government and Physical Planning, Agricultural University Wageningen, Holland.
070	This manual was produced by the project “Integration of the natural environment in the Local Authority Development Programmes”. It describes a method for integrating natural environment concerns into Local Authority Development Programs, and gives an introduction to various land management techniques including urban tree planting, water conservation, soil conservation and agroforestry. This is a rare exception where experience in agroforestry design and social forestry have been applied for slum upgrading. This illustrative guide is recommended as an example for urban and rural landscape planning.

071	Dunster, K.; Dunster, J. 1988. Greening the city: greening the world. Ambio Vol.17, No.2, pp. 153–155.
071	At the international symposium on “Greening the city” in Toronto, participants from around the world discussed what has been done to make cities more ecologically sustainable and what incentives are needed to make the cities green. Papers were also presented from India (Bombay, Calcutta) and Mexico. Participants from developing countries requested that in future more emphasis should be given to their specific needs in urban forestry and that the next international greening symposium should be held in a developing country. It was also suggested that instead of creating a new organization a global network would link existing organizations such as UNEP, IUCN, WWF, WHO, UNESCO, FAO. This synopsis describes an interdisciplinary, international conference held in Toronto Canada, February 1987. The presentation of experts from around the world who attended are summarized. The conference provides some recommendations for greening cities. These included creating a clear mission statement, establishing a local grassroots network linking people and projects, creating a global network to link existing organizations, sharing data bases, and transferring appropriate technology between developing and developed countries. The synopsis ended with a call for interdisciplinary cooperation to achieve these ends.

072	Ebenreck, S. 1988. Trees for Third World Cities. American Forests (USA), November/December 1988: v.94(11/12), 65–68.
	Ebenreck proposes that the relative lack of attention to urban forestry issues in developing countries comes from a lack of planning combined with the belief that programmes in urban forestry are an indulgence rather than a necessity. She describes the benefits of working at the grass-roots level in urban forestry efforts and briefly discusses successful efforts in Honduras, Singapore and Beijing. Developing countries may benefit from an understanding of the United States' development of planning processes to incorporate tree planting and maintenance in urban areas. Education and work with schools directed at women and children rather than focusing on men might be the most effective approach.
	Language: English
	AN code: AGRIS: 89-102230

073	Ellenbroek, W.E.T. 1985. Rapport d'une etude economique des plantations peri-urbaines de Dédougou [Burkina Faso]. Ministère de l'environnement et du tourisme, Direction Provinciale de L'environnement et du Tourisme de Mou-Houn. (DAFR/PB/11).
	The Project Bois de Village (Village forest project), funded by the Netherlands has also promoted peri-urban plantations (fuelwood). Plantations are implemented under the supervision of the Forest Service. The Taungya method is used for establishment. Mean annual increment (MAI) was estimated to be between 2.7–4.5 m³/ha. Findings of this economic study indicate that internal rate of return may be 25, or under less favourable conditions (slower growth rate of trees), 12. This study examines the economics of peri-urban plantations in Dédougoul, Burkina Faso. The plantations were planted with rapid growing exotic species in association with local species. Sorghum, millet and peanuts were planted between the rows of trees. The first year, the plantation was tended by the service forester. The following years farmers from the neighbouring village were invited to cultivate their own crops. In the first few years a paid guard protected the plantation from livestock. Costs were estimated primarily by labour. The project is considered successful due to high land-value appreciation, but the author does not suggest that these results will hold for all other plantations using agroforestry techniques.
	Language: French

074	Ecoforum. 1985. Environmental Liaison Center. Urban Tree-planting Guide. Ecoforum, Vol.10(6), pp.4. 1985.
074	This brief article highlights the publication of training and extension materials in Mexico. The attempt of one NGO to encourage urban tree planting and the motivations behind the project are discussed.

075	Ewert, A. 1991. The wildland-urban interface: Future forest management near large cities. Proceedings of the FAO World Forestry Conference, ‘A Heritage for the Future’, Paris (France), held 17–26 Sept. 1991.
075	This paper discusses the unique role the wildland-urban interface plays in society, highlights threats faced by this natural resource and proposes effective management strategies for dealing with this land. The wildland-urban interface provides outdoor recreation, relaxing environments, land for potential residential and commercial developments, and watershed outputs. Managers of these areas must consider the potential for resource conflict, culture clash, and community destabilization in future resource management situations. The paper suggests that forestry research must evolve to include the integration of social factors, psychological effect of various spatial configurations, and the development of new management techniques to adjust to changing demands on this resource.

076	Fabienne, M. 1987. Agroforêts et sociétés. Analyse socio-économique des systèmes agroforestiers Indonésiens. Economie et Sociologie Rurales, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, Série Notes et Documents, No. 81.
	This book which examines agroforestry in Indonesia devotes one of three case studies to the peri-urban community of Bicitung, Java. The evolution of traditional agroforestry crops and cropping techniques is examined and the factors which have directed evolution are explored. The case study devotes particular attention to the effects of regional commercialization; markets and levels of demand have changed. In some cases new, marketable, untraditional species have been substituted for traditional, stable crops. The balance of and products from the agroforestry system have been altered.
	Language: French

078	FAO 1970. Training and demonstration in afforestation and forest management, Jordan. Preliminary Statement, Jordan, 6 June 1970, Rome.
078	FAO project on training and demonstration strongly recommended that everything possible should be done to encourage amenity tree planting by all government departments concerned, by public and private institutions and by individuals. For that reason the Forest Department should continue to raise and provide inexpensive planting stock.

079	FAO 1976. Project CHD/71/002. Reboisement aux environs de N'Djamena, Tchad. Conclusions et recommandations du Projet. Forestry project. UNDP Rapport Terminal.
	The terminal report of a project in N'Djamena, Chad reviews the success of a project whose purpose was to halt increasing desertification and erosion at the city edges while encouraging the creation of greenspace within the city. Various species were planted including ornamentals and fruit trees. Climate and soil constraints were identified. Recommendations regarding maintenance and expansion of urban greenspace indicate that preservation of greenspace requires foresight and pre-planning in newly urbanizing areas.
	Language: French

080	FAO 1982. Forestry in China. FAO Forestry Paper No. 35.
080	This book is a comprehensive examination of Chinese forestry. Urban forestry is an integrated element of forestry and urban planning in the People's Republic of China. As such it is well-developed. Roadside plantings, which are abundant in China, often serve more than one purpose. Roadside trees are usually also valued for other economic or ecological reasons (for fuelwood, fruit, as shelterbelts and windbreaks). Parks and recreation space are also considered important to the Chinese abound in peri-urban regions. Finally, the “four-around” plantation system which encourages house and garden, as well as roadside planting, is described within. The species which are used in Chinese forestry are listed throughout the publication. A list of tree species with an indication of major geographical distribution patterns and uses includes one specific item on urban forestry.

081	FAO 1984. Project WERD/A/84/REP. Wood energy research and development in Africa. Report of the technical forestry consultation.
081	This technical reports describes the problem of urban fuel supplies in Zambia and give specific recommendations for the development of the proposed Lusaka fuelwood project.

082	FAO 1985. Project TCP/MAU/2307. Ceinture verte de Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Conclusions et recommandations du Projet. Forestry Dept. Rapport terminal.
	The greenbelt around Nouakchott, Mauritania is intended to halt erosion. While the greenbelt is to be used for sand dune fixation, it is hoped that education and the use of demonstration plots will help maintain the greenbelt and control further erosion-inducing practices. This report gives some historical background while discussing the success of the project. The report indicates that tree planting alone is not enough; it has to be accompanied by educational extension. The report describes the project “Ceinture verte de Nouakchott”. The primary goal of the project is dune stabilization in the areas surrounding the town. In order to support the second phase of the project, the government of Mauritania asked for FAO's assistance. Currently, the Minister of Rural Development - Direction de la Protection de la Nature - is in charge of the project's execution. This division with the help of FAO coordinates dune stabilization activities, reinforcing the project “Ceinture verte” and furnishing materials and expertise to educate the population.
	Language: French

083	FAO 1985. Project AG:TCP/SRL/4403. Assistance to promote the home garden cultivation campáign, Sri Lanka. FAO project AG:TCP/SRL/4403 Project Terminal Statement for the Government of Sri Lanka.
083	This Sri Lankan project provides a good view of the way a homegarden project can increase gardening and the prevalence of certain gardening techniques. In attempting to increase the quality and availability of fruits and vegetables the use of organic fertilizers and compost was encouraged, and planting was complemented by an educational media campaign and distribution of extension materials. From this report the project seems to have been relatively successful. While Sri Lanka has a long history of home gardening, urbanization had resulted in decreased production. This project attempted to reinstate both rural and urban homegardens.

084	Elmendorf, W. 1992. Using ordinances to protect urban trees. Proceedings of the 5th National Urban Forest Conference, Los Angeles, Nov. 1991. Washington DC. American (USA) Forestry Association. pp.111–113.

085	FAO 1985. Project TCP/SUC/2315. Assistance to the Primary School Gardening and Nutrition Education Programme, the Sudan. Terminal Statement prepared for the Government of the Sudan.
085	This FAO assisted project was an attempt to educate about nutrition and gardening in Southern Sudan. Working in the Juba area, the project created school gardens for demonstration with the aim of combining fruit and vegetable production for sale and distribution with education. Despite many difficulties it was felt that some groundwork was laid. The value of these gardens was, to some extent, appreciated. This attention-arousing approach seems to be interesting for other projects as well.

086	FAO 1987. Project TCP/MOZ/4512. Rehabilitation of forest cover in and around Maputo, Mozambique. Project Terminal statement.
086	This one-year project was an attempt to rehabilitate urban and peri-urban forests in the urban area of Maputo/Mozambique. It attempted to resuscitate the nursery and produce seedlings for distribution to demonstration areas. This was intended to lay the base for a longer-term reforestation activity. The project succeeded in planting seedlings in some of the areas of need. In addition some basic educational efforts were made. This statement does emphasize, however, that planting was the easiest phase of the project. Maintenance and protection have proven difficult. The recommendations emphasize the need for education and extension as well as an increase in institutional support.

087	FAO 1987. Project MOZ/82/009. Rehabilitation of forest cover in and around Maputo. Phase II: Extensions and training. National Reafforestation Programme, Mozambique. Ministry of Agriculture, National Directorate of Forestry and Wildlife.
087	This paper discusses the second phase of an urban reforestation effort in Maputo, Mozambique. This second phase will attempt to use education and extension to encourage private tree planting by residents primarily in peri-urban areas. Activities were to include establishment of demonstration plots, presentations to school and women's groups, mass media campaigning and continuation of amenity plantings in parks and along roadsides.

088	FAO project BAH/87/… Afforestation and forestry training for the youth programme in Bahrain. FAO/UNDP Project Document. (BAH/87…).
088	Though Bahrain has a long history of urban tree planting, the function of these trees is purely ornamental. The proposed project attempts to educate while changing the tree planting practices of Bahrain. The plan for urban tree planting involves the use of multi-purpose tree species: species which are suitable for shelterbelts, windbreaks and shade as well as ornamentation. Planting is to be carried out by the youth of Bahrain in an effort to increase interest in and awareness of the surrounding environment.

089	FAO 1988. Reboisement du Nord-Togo et aménagement forestier. FAO report Rome.
	This report also refers to peri-urban plantations, including species and yield obtained.
	Language: French

090	FAO 1988. project ETH/. Tropical Forestry Action Plan. Report of an FAO Mission to Ethiopia.
090	The woodfuel problem is generally more severe in urban areas due to increasing distance of procurement with increasing settlement size. Every urban settlement of 5000 inhabitants or more would need a peri-urban fuelwood plantation capable of producing some 6000 m³/year which would require 400 ha depending on productivity. Within the framework of the tropical forestry action plan for Ethiopia the government has identified 33 urban areas for priority consideration for establishment peri-urban fuelwood plantations. The ongoing fuelwood projects around a few urban centers supported by WORLD BANK, ADB, UNSO/ DANIDA/ FINIDA are only a small beginning. Many more such projects and massive planting with peoples' participation have to be started soon.

091	FAO 1989. Arid zone forestry. FAO Manual.
091	In the light of the fact that half the world's countries lie partly or wholly in arid and semi-arid zones, has prepared a manual as a working guide for field technicians involved in arid zone practices. The manual describes functions and places of woody plants in arid zones, techniques of nursery operations, establishment and management techniques of forest plantations. Especially the chapter on windbreaks, shelterbelts, sand dune stabilization, canalside and riverside planting, and amenity plantations are of great relevance to urban and peri-urban forestry. Amenity planting includes tree planting in gardens, parks, streets, roads, railways and greenbelts. However this manual restricts its mandate to conventional forestry as far as the urban area is concerned.

092	Malhotra, K.C.; Kumar, M.V. 1987. A Socio-ecological study of the avenue trees in Calcutta. Ecology of urban India. Singh, P. Editor. New Delhi, Ashish Publishing House. Vol.2, pp.144–168.
092	Discusses a tree inventory made in Calcutta in 1986, and the amenity and ecological benefits of trees to cities.

093	FAO 1989. Urbanization, food consumption patterns and nutrition. Committee on Agriculture, 10th session, Rome, COAG (98/5). Rome.
093	Apart from the FAO's traditional role in bettering the conditions of rural population the FAO constitution does not make any distinction between urban and rural population. This paper provides the basis for a discussion on urbanization and its effect on food consumption patterns and nutrition. The first part reviews the magnitude of and trends in urbanization, the second section discusses the nutritional consequences, access to food and marketing. Finally areas of concentration for improving nutrition in cities and a few FAO programs that have been conducted in the field of food quality and safety and nutrition interventions and monitoring are discussed. The report recommends that FAO must give additional attention to urban food and nutritional problems. Possible interventions and constraints are outlined. Urban agriculture for fresh vegetable and fruits have been identified as one intervention, legal restrictions on urban agriculture, lack of space, extension services and fruit tree nurseries as constraints.

094	FAO 1989. Forestry education in the Asia-Pacific region. RAPA publication 1989/12. Bangkok.
094	This study of professional forestry education in the Asia-Pacific Region conducted by FAO indicates that urban forestry plays an insignificant to non-existent role in formal forestry education. Only China and Indonesia have some training and education programmes.

095	Fernando, D.; Fernando, J. 1979. Familiar trees in Sri Lanka. Colombo.
095	In this booklet 60 trees are illustrated, chosen for their ornamental value, economic importance or general interest, ornamental flowering and non-flowering trees, timber trees, fruit trees, trees of medicinal value, and palms. 51 of them are growing in Colombo.

096	Fontana, J.M. Especies aptas para el arbolado urbano. Universidad Nacional De Catamarca Delegacion Andalgala - Belen - Pom. Belem.
	This paper shows problems and challenges involved in planting trees in Belize cities.
	Language: Spanish

097	Fontana, J.M. 1986. Los problemas del arbolado urbano. Campana permanente del arbolado urbano, Universidad, National, Andalgala. Belem, Belize.
	This paper gives a brief description of species suitable for Belize for various sites including avenues, parks, sidewalks, and/or plazas.
	Language: Spanish

099	Asakawa, S. 1990. Different effects of certain kinds of greenery on the assessments by people in urban residential areas. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University 64 (2) 64–175.

101	French, J.R.R.; Sharpe, R. 1976. Urban forests for Australian cities. IUFRO: Project group on Arboriculture and Urban Forestry. Oslo.
101	The concept of urban forestry incorporated into an urban planning model, TOPAZ, is presented. Estimates of total costs that could be associated with such an urban forest programme for Melbourne (population 2.7 million) indicate possible savings of millions of dollars annually. Reductions in engineering infrastructure costs for water supply, drainage, cooling of buildings, and transportation could accrue from an urban forest programme providing a more beautiful, cleaner and diverse life pattern for urban dwellers. The products of the urban forest could also have beneficial economic, social and environmental effects. To persuade urban planners and policy makers there is a need to generate hard economic data on the benefits associated with urban forestry.

102	Friedman, Y. 1981. Towards a policy of urban survival. Di Castri, F. et al (eds.) Ecology in Practice. Part II: The Social Response. Tycooly International Publishing Limited, pp.47–52..

103	Gadgil, M.; Parthasarathy, M.A. 1977. Trees of Bangalore. Indian Farming, Vol.26(11), pp.64–67.
103	This study of the trees of Bangalore, India, is interesting in a number of ways. While the study reports on the type and distribution of trees, it more importantly highlights some of the most important problems encountered in urban forestry. Vandalism and the lopping of fruit or shade trees to satisfy fuelwood needs limit the utility and survival rates of trees. And increased demands for urban space by industry result in encroachment on urban greenspaces. Parks and community gardens become building sites. As a result, creation and maintenance of greenspace becomes increasingly difficult. The study also shows a distinct preference of trees by social groups, e.g. the westernized upper-class localities show a high preference for exotic ornamental trees, while the more affluent localities with a stronger element of indigenous cultures have an overwhelming preference for traditional trees.

104	Ganapathy, R.S. 1983. Development of urban agriculture in India: Public policy options. Proceedings of the Urban Agriculture Seminar, IDRC, Singapore July 1983.
104	The cities in India are growing rapidly and the manifestations of urban crisis can be directly traced to the unbridled rows of cities. Urban land use patterns are changing dramatically due to the pressure of population and role of urban fringes. Consequently, the supply of food, fuel and forage and industrial forest products has declined considerably. This paper looks at the nature of this crisis and the potential of urban agriculture in ameliorating this crisis. Urban agriculture is defined in a very broad way including forestry, orchards, animal husbandry, fuelwood plantations, etc. This article reviews the different options in urban agriculture, discusses the constraints for effective implementation of agricultural programmes and finally develops policy options and strategies for promotion of urban agriculture.

105	Forestry Commission (UK). 1993. A seed in time. Third conference. Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Urban and Community Forestry, held in Manchester, 31 Aug.–2 Sept. 1993.

106	Geilfus, F. 1989. El arbol al servicio del agricultor. Santo Domingo, Rep.Dom.
	This large volume on agroforestry, is a good source for all Spanish speaking persons, involved in agroforestry and multipurpose tree species. Although not written for urban forestry, it contains much useful information for urban and peri-urban multipurpose forestry.
	Language: Spanish

107	Gerhold, H.D.; Steiner, K.C.; Sacksteder, C.J. 1987. Management information systems for urban trees. Journal of Arboriculture 13(10): 243–249.

108	Gilbert, A.; Gugler, J. 1992. Cities, poverty and development Urbanization in the Third World. Second Edition Oxford University Press, 331p.

109	Girad, J. 1991. Sylviculture en foret peri-urbaine: Le cas de la foret de Fontainebleau. Congress Special Forestier Mondial, Office National des Forets - Bulletin Technique no.21, pp.59–65.
	This paper discusses the issues involved in managing peri-urban recreational forests. Considerations include zoning the forest for specific uses, choosing appropriate species, choosing the appropriate silvicultural treatment, managing regeneration cuts to minimize public reaction, and selecting appropriate management techniques for unique sites. This type of silviculture is more expensive but the cost is justified as it increases the social value of recreational and amenity forests.
	Language: Spanish

110	FAO 1993. Project GCP/RAS/131/NET. Marketing of wood fuels in Peshawar city [Pakistan]: a case study. FAO Field Document No.38. Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia, RAPA, Bangkok, June 1993.

112	Gowda, K.; Sridhara, M.V. 1987. Urban forestry and impact on environment: a study of Mysore City. Ecology of Urban India. Singh, P. Editor. New Delhi, Ashish Publishing House. Vol.2,pp.169–181.

113	Smardon, R.C. 1988. Perception and aesthetics of the urban environment: Review of the role of vegetation. Landscape and Urban Planing 15 (1–2) 85–106.
113	A review of the role played by urban vegetation in regard to human behaviour and the perception of urban environments.

114	HABITAT 1987. UNDP (HABITAT is the UN Centre for Human Settlements). Environmental guidelines for settlement planning and management. Vols. 1–3. Nairobi.
114	In recent years an understanding has been maturing that sustainable settlement development depends on sustainable use of the environmental resources on the one hand and upon minimizing the vulnerability of human settlement to natural hazards on the other hand. This publication is the product of a major joint UNEP/UNCHS (habitat) project designed to distil available knowledge about the relationship between the natural environment and the built environment and to provide guidelines to planners and decision makers that would help them use that knowledge in environmentally sound planning and management of human settlements. This volume is more than a state-of-the-art compilation of technical information and methods concerning environment/settlement relationships, it offers good and no less important guidelines for institutionalizing environmental planning and management for integrating other disciplines with ongoing settlement planning and management. The guidelines are not a final resolution of environmental concern associated with human settlement but rather a starting point for gradual and increasingly thorough treatment of the environment. The guidelines also include urban forestry issues (watershed management, agroforestry, fuelwood production, etc.); especially the case study of Jakarta urban fringe development (greenbelt) shows how forestry can be an integral part of urban planning. However, it seems that advances in rural forestry concepts are not yet sufficiently reflected in the guidelines.

115	Haile, F. 1991. Women Fuelwood Carriers in Addis Ababa and the Peri-urban Forest. ILO, Geneva, 94pp.

116	Hamilton, L. 1989. Some soil and water concerns associated with commercial biofuels operations. Forest News, Vol.III, No.1, pp 1–5.
116	An excellent short overview on the state-of-the-art on myths and realities of tropical hydrology strongly recommended for all urban planners.

118	Hardoy, J.E.,; Mitlin, D.; Satterthwaite, D. 1993. Environmental problems in Third World Cities. Earthscan Publications Ltd, London, UK. 160pp.
118	Environmental problems of Third World cities and how they affect human health and local ecology. Readily available practical solutions are suggested, but they need political support.

119	Heetman, H. Plants for the Middle East. Forthcoming publication.
	Trees are important in arid populated areas like the Middle East. The author, having worked in landscape planning in the Middle East, noticed that comprehensive information on plants in this region was non existent. This book will fill the gap. 190 plant species (indigenous and exotic) provided with 360 color photographs are included. The aims of the book are: 1) to make easy and quick determination of plant species possible; 2) to provide practical information on biophysical features, land use configurations, and landscape value; 3) support in species screening. The book is primarily written for those who work in the field of landscaping or gardening in the Middle East. A source for nurseryman, botanists, librarians, residents, students and tourists. The book is written in English and partly in Arabic.
	Language: English; Arabic

120	Henry, R. 1980. Urban forestry endeavours in Dominica. Proceedings of the Symposium on Urban Forest Management within the Commonwealth of Nations. Andresen, J.W. and Plexman, C.A. (eds.). Agenda subhead 5: Trees in Rural and Urban Development. Eleventh Commonwealth Forestry Conference. Trinidad and Tobago 7–26 September. pp. 93–96.
120	This brief examination of Dominica in the Caribbean gives an overview of the limited urban forestry activities in the country. The article indicates that while some ornamental planting has been done there is little regional planning for increased propagation or use of multipurpose tree species. Education is recommended as a first step.

122	Hill, R.D. 1986. Land use change on the urban fringe. Nature and Resources, Vol. 22, Nos.1–2, Jan–June, 1986.
122	Until recently, much of the research done on urban areas has treated the city as a contained entity, having a well-defined perimeter beyond which the countryside could be said to begin. Increasingly, however, studies like those conducted under the MAP-SCOPE program on “Urbanization and Environmental Change”, are emphasizing the dynamics of urban growth. One aspects of this is the loss of rural land to urban sprawl and the other mixed land uses which seems to characterize the twilight zones. This articles examines the changing profile of the urban fringe in different parts of the world and gives examples primarily from South-East Asia of how this problem is being managed. The understanding of the dynamic of changes at the urban fringe is of pivotal importance for any projects with an peri-urban forestry component.

123	Hill, D. 1992. Urban Forestry Awareness in Quito, Ecuador. Proceedings of the 5th National Urban Forest Conference, Los Angeles, California, November 1991, Rodbell, P (Editor), p 211–212.

124	Honghai, D. 1992. Urban Agriculture as Urban Food Supply and Environmental Protection Subsystems in China. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Planning for Sustainable Urban Development: Cities and Natural Resource Systems in Developing Countries, Department of City and Regional Planning, University of Wales College of Cardiff; DPU, University College, London; Institute of Local Government Studies, University of Birmingham; IIED, London.

125	Jun, S.K. 1990. ‘Greenways’ for the provision of recreation and open spaces: a literature review and application of the greenway concept to Korea. Paper. Plan B. University of Minnesota, College of Natural Resources. 30 pp.

126	Akbari, H. Editor; et al Editors. 1992. Cooling our communities: A guidebook on tree planting and light-colored surfacing. Environmental Protection Agency (USA). Office of Policy Analysis, Climate Change Division. 217 pp.
126	Strategically planting trees and lightening building and pavement colours have the potential to reduce energy use for cooling, and thus lower electrical costs.

127	IUFRO; ICRAF. 1986. Increasing productivity of multipurpose lands. Research planning workshop for Africa - Sahelian and North Sudanian Zones, Nairobi, Kenya, 9–15 January.
127	This IUFRO research planning workshop for Africa also nearly exclusively concerned with rural forestry identified urban forestry as a future activity.

128	Jakowska, S. 1990. Ambientalismo cristiano en marcha - reforestando land ciudades. Camino, semanario Catolico Nacional, Rep. Dominicana 11/iv/90. Santo Domingo.
	The article argues from an environmentalist point of view on urban forestry. The author is concerned with the natural history of colonial city of Santa Domingo in the Dominican Republic and the protection of urban green areas.
	Language: Spanish

129	Jim, C.Y. 1986. Street trees in high-density urban Hong Kong. Journal of Arboriculture 12(10), 257–263 Oct. 1986.
	High-density urban Hong Kong has a small population of street trees. A survey in 1985 of 930 trees in two districts provide information on tree characteristics and for management. Of the 55 species encountered, few are numerically dominant and currently cultivated. Only 10 species were represented by more than 25 individuals. The rare species are mainly woodland or garden relics. Species selection is shifting from native/large to introduced/small. Some popular species are not very suitable for streets; a few rare voluntary species perform well. Most trees are concentrated along a few roads where growth space is available. Plantable space is a major bottleneck. The distribution of trees by growth type, position, and proximal land use are discussed. Two-thirds have arboricultural problems. Lack of tree data and of regular inspections make planning for tree care difficult. Maintenance is grossly inadequate due to lack of skilled workers. The poor tree health and defects are likely to persist.
	AN code: CAB: F137300; AGRIS: 87-065165
	CAB code: CAB: 0F Forestry Abstracts 1987 048-01144

130	Jim, C.Y. 1990. Selection of tree species for amenity plantings in tropical cities. Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of International Union of Forestry Research Organizations (IUFRO). Aug. 1990. Montreal. Vol. 2, pp.236–247.
130	The selection of tree species for urban amenity plantings in the tropics should depart from subjective and irrational approaches. The steps necessary to reach a species selection decision are summarized in a synoptic figure. The large number of candidate species require a comprehensive and systematic evaluation. Results from detailed urban tree surveys are augmented by information gleaned from an extensive literature review and cursory tree examinations in 10 tropical cities. A matrix of 164 species by 24 amenity attributes has been compiled as a broad guide to tree selection. This is the most comprehensive brief review on amenity forestry in the humid tropics. This paper aims to resolve the inequalities in the state of knowledge of temperate and humid tropic tree species for urban planting. Urban forestry in the humid tropics suffers from lack of scientific evaluation of tree species. Tree selection therefore becomes an exercise in uncertainty with very little room for variation. Familiar, proven trees are chosen over unfamiliar species that could be better suited for particular site conditions. Jim suggests that 6 areas must be considered before choosing trees for amenity planting: habitat characteristics, landscaping objectives, tree knowledge, management capabilities, planting materials, and species selection. The paper includes a list of trees evaluated on 24 attributes to be used as a broad guide to tree selection.

132	Jim, C.Y. 1991. Street Trees in a County Town in South China. Arboricultural Journal 15:145–160.

133	Jim, C.Y.; Yeung, K.M. 1990. Flow charts to identify common roadside trees in Hong Kong. Horticulture Section, Urban Council. Hong Kong.
133	The flow charts for identifying common roadside trees in Hong Kong are a good example which can be applied in urban forestry extension and education.

134	Johnston, M. 1992. Urban Forestry - Building Partnerships for Green Cities. Unpublished paper presented at the World Congress of the International Federation of Park and Recreation Administration (IFPRA), Hong Kong, 7pp.

138	Arnold, H.F. 1993. Trees in urban design. Second Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York; Chapman and Hall, London; Thomas Nelson Australia, South Melbourne. 197pp.

139	Kamara, J.N. 1984. Energy for Rural Households and Urban Poor: A case from Sierra Leone. Proceedings of the Workshop on Energiebedarf fur die Nahrungsmittelerzeugung in Entwickungslandern, Universitat des Landes Hessen, Witzenhausen, 2–4 July, 1984, 33p + app.

140	Kao, C. 1983. Arboriculture in the Urban areas. Quarterly Journal of Chinese (Taiwan) Forestry, Vol. 16, No. 3.
140	This article gives a brief overview of advances in arboriculture in Taiwan. Topics emphasized are transplanting of adult trees (instant trees), use of tree paints in pruning, breeding of pollution-resistant clones, and bonsai culture techniques.

141	Kellison, R.C.; Dinus, R.J.; Fins, L.; Ching, K.K.; Krugman, S.L.; Winieski, J.A. 1982. Forest tree improvement in the People's Republic of China. Journal of Forestry (USA), October, v. 80 (10), 628–641. 1982.
	In this report of an American travel mission to the People's Republic of China all realms of Chinese forestry are discussed. Though the review of urban forestry is limited, some interesting information on species use in urban areas is presented. According to this article, Chinese work in genetics has resulted in some interesting urban applications of different tree species. Tree breeding results in China are hardly communicated to international urban forestry.
	Language: English
	AN code: AGRIS: 84-002698

143	Kim, Kwi Gon. 1985. Gwachon New Town, Republic of Korea - energy flow and conservation in urban systems. Report/final of the joint Korean/MAB National Committee of UNESCO Map project.

144	Kim, Kwi Gon. 1986. Design for energy-conserving cities: New Town example. Nature and Resources, 22/3.
144	Energy conservation has become a major environment issue since the energy crisis of the early 1970s. At the same time, energy consumption in the world's cities continues to rise. This article presents the finding of a MAB project in Gwachon New Town, conducted by an interdisciplinary research team including natural and social scientists, that by a better understanding of the relationship between city form and energy and by analyzing the energy demands of alternative designs, cities can be designed and organized for greater energy efficiency. The case study proved that proper landscaping has also a quantifiable impact on energy use. Careful shelter planting and selection of appropriate tree species could reduce the energy demand of buildings. The case study provides also some basic consideration of landscape planning for energy conservation including tree planting.

146	Kretzdorn. Ceinture de Ouagadougou. GTZ, Eschborn, Germany.
146	In this report the greenbelt component of a GTZ project in Ouagadougou/Burkina Faso is discussed. The methodology of planning, layout and function of the greenbelt (windbreak, wood supply, recreation and food production, etc.), as well as its socioeconomic and biophysical environment are described. Information on species (volume and silvicultural treatment, etc.) is given as well as a management plan for the greenbelt including a model for multipurpose agroforestry use. This is a good example of a multi-use urban forestry concept in arid zones.

147	Krhoda, G.O. 1989. Problems of sediment control and management in urban areas. Soil and water conservation in Kenya. Proceedings of the 3rd National workshop, Kabete, Nairobi. 16–19 Sept 1986 (ed Thomas et al.) Nairobi.
147	Despite the current vogue in erosion and sedimentation research, there has been little attempt to investigate the problem in urban areas. This paper examines the point sources of sediments and evaluates the probable rates of erosion from roads and pathway construction sites, natural and artificial drainage and from underdeveloped land area in Nairobi/Kenya. The results are compared to rates of erosion in rural landscapes to emphasize the need for government regulation and to suggest appropriate soil and water conservation measures. This report clearly highlights that watershed management in urban and peri-urban areas is an important issue. Forestry can be an integral part.

149	Kuchelmeister, G. consultant. 1989. FAO project SIR/88/008. Community Fuelwood Production in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Forestry Div. Community Participatory Forestry for Fuelwood Production, Sierra Leone. Freetown.
149	With the aggravation of fuelwood supply and environmental problems around Freetown a UNDP/FAO technical assistance project was started. To increase the attractiveness of peri-urban fuelwood plantations, communal and individual agroforestry interventions were assessed and an action plan for prototype and trials prepared. Recognizing that the urban and peri-urban poor with insufficient income will not benefit from any increase in fuelwood from peri-urban plantations and that they will continue to collect in near-city forest reserves and city vegetation such as hedges, the report fully supports the trials of the project in natural forest management of selected parts of the reserve for fuelwood production. But it goes a step further in recommending improving inner city vegetation management for fuelwood. Most specifically it suggests conducting a survey of the kind and amount of vegetation used by different social groups; to conduct trials with the aim of comparing the performance of the dominant Pithecelobium dulce hedge, an inferior fuelwood species with Cassia siamea, Leucaena leucocephala, and Giiricidia sepium with and without soil improvement.

150	Kuchelmeister, G. 1989. Hedges for resource-poor land users in developing countries. GTZ, Eschborn, Germany.
150	Hedges, a tiny land use configuration, are seen by urban planners if at all as an ornamental feature. A hedge is not a substitute for a fence, it can offer much more. This is a comprehensive compilation of material and aspects of hedgerow growing, collected from numerous countries. Productive (e.g. wood, fuel, fodder, manure) and protective (e.g. erosion control, micro-climate improvement) aspects together with the socioeconomic aspects of hedgerow growing are discussed in detail. Numerous species and their functions in establishment techniques, management and yield, including in agroforestry systems, are dealt with. The book identifies urban hedges as an important activity for resource-poor urban dwellers, but focuses on rural areas. A useful book for all those who are working with resource-poor people.