General Information
· Main climates: Tropical Wet and Dry, Tropical Steppe and Semiarid, Tropical Wet, Tropical Wet and Dry at 600 m above sea
· Total land area: 91 077 000 ha
· Internal renewable water resources: 221 km3
· Incoming water flow: 59 km3
· GNP per capita, 1998: PPP$ 740
· Main food consumed: Millet & sorghum, Roots & tubers, Oil & fat, Rice, Maize
· Rice supply, 1999: 35 kg paddy/capita/year
Basic Statistics
|
1985 |
1990 |
1995 |
2000 |
RICE |
|
|
|
|
Harvested area (T ha) |
670 |
1208 |
1796 |
2061 |
Yield (kg/ha) |
2134 |
2069 |
1625 |
1590 |
Production (T t) |
1430 |
2500 |
2920 |
3277 |
Imports (T t) |
356 |
224 |
300 |
NA |
Exports (t) |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
OTHERS |
|
|
|
|
Population (M) |
75.8 |
87.0 |
98.9 |
NA |
Agr population (M) |
36.7 |
37.4 |
37.6 |
NA |
Irrigated agr area (T ha) |
200 |
230 |
235 |
NA |
Fertilizer cons (T t) |
292.0 |
400.3 |
183.0 |
NA |
Agr tractors in yse (T units) |
18.0 |
23.0 |
28.5 |
NA |
Producing Zones and Cropping Seasons
Rice cultivation has become more and more popular during the recent past. The following table shows the harvested areas from different rice producing zones.
Production zone |
Harvested area (% total harvested area) |
Cross River |
25.63 |
Taraba |
11.21 |
Adamawa |
8.05 |
Niger |
7.95 |
Benue |
6.53 |
Yobe |
6.27 |
Borno |
4.53 |
Akwa Ibom |
3.98 |
Kano |
3.66 |
Plateau |
2.97 |
Imo |
2.77 |
Kaduna |
2.55 |
Katsina |
2.55 |
Bauchi |
1.97 |
Ondo |
1.84 |
Enugu |
1.66 |
Sokoto |
1.39 |
Rivers |
1.15 |
Jigawa |
0.84 |
Ogun |
0.83 |
Kebbi |
0.64 |
Osun |
0.49 |
Kogi |
0.14 |
F.T.C. |
0.11 |
Kwara |
0.10 |
Anambra |
0.05 |
Oyo |
0.05 |
Abia |
0.04 |
Edo |
0.04 |
Lagos |
0.02 |
The following table shows the periods of rice cropping seasons.
Cropping season |
Planting |
Harvesting |
Main season, South |
4-5 |
8-10 |
Main season, North |
6-7 |
11-12 |
Off season, South |
11-12 |
3-4 |
Off season, North |
1-2 |
5-6 |
Production Practices
The following figure shows the harvested areas from different ecologies during the last five years.
Upland rice is grown as a mono-crop or as in a mixture with other food crops following the slash-and-burn shifting cultivation almost without any application of chemical fertilizer and other ago-chemical. Similarly the rainfed lowland rice are cultivated following traditional systems with limited or no external input. Transplanting is generally practised in rainfed lowland and irrigated rice. In irrigated rice production, land preparation is generally done mechanically and moderate to high rate of fertilizer is generally applied. Weeding is generally done manually, although the use of herbicides is increasing in irrigated rice. Farmers do not have adequate appropriate tools and equipment for harvesting and threshing of rice. A number of improved varieties have been released for irrigated rice cultivation
Variety Name |
Released period |
Growth duration (days) |
FARO 15 |
Irrigated |
137 |
FARO 19 |
Irrigated |
|
FARO 20 |
Irrigated |
124 |
FARO 21 |
Irrigated |
120 |
FARO 23 |
Irrigated |
135-140 |
FARO 30 |
Irrigated |
115-120 |
FARO 31 |
Irrigated |
115-120 |
FARO 32 |
Irrigated |
90-110 |
FARO 33 |
Irrigated |
115-120 |
FARO 34 |
Irrigated |
115-125 |
FARO 37 |
Irrigated |
NA |
I KONG PAO |
Irrigated |
115-120 |
FARO 7 |
Irrigated |
140 |
BG 90-2 |
Irrigated |
130-135 |
Cisadane |
Irrigated |
135-174 |
D114 |
Irrigated |
115 |
FARO 24 |
Irrigated |
95-120 |
FARO 35 |
Irrigated |
125-135 |
FARO 44 |
Irrigated |
131 |
FARO 50 |
Irrigated |
90-105 |
CISADANE (FARO 51) |
Irrigated |
|
FARO 12 |
Irrigated |
115 |
FARO 9 |
Irrigated |
NA |
BG 79 |
R/Lowland Irrigated |
120 |
FARO 18 |
Rainfed Lolwand/Irrigated |
120 |
FARO 8 |
Rainfed Lolwand/Irrigated |
135-175 |
FARO 36 |
Rainfed lowland |
136 |
FARO 27 |
Rainfed lowland |
NA |
FARO 43 |
Rainfed lowland |
NA |
FAROX 317-1-1-1 |
Rainfed lowland |
NA |
BG 380-2 |
Tidal wetland |
|
ROHYB 4 |
Tidal wetland |
|
ROHYB 6 |
Tidal wetland |
|
WAR 77-3-2-2 |
Tidal wetland |
|
WAR 81-2-3-3-3-1 |
Tidal wetland |
|
ITA 216 |
Upland |
NA |
ART 12 |
Upland |
90-110 |
FARO 25 |
Upland |
100-120 |
FARO 3 |
Upland |
115-120 |
FARO 38 |
Upland |
145-160 |
FARO 39 |
Upland |
110-120 |
FARO 40 |
Upland |
145-160 |
FARO 41 |
Upland |
135-140 |
FARO 45 |
Upland |
90-105 |
FARO 46 |
Upland |
115-120 |
FARO 47 |
Upland |
NA |
FARO 48 |
Upland |
90-105 |
FARO 49 |
Upland |
NA |
IRAT 10 |
Upland |
110-120 |
IRAT 112 |
Upland |
95-105 |
IRAT 13 |
Upland |
120 |
ITA 323 |
Upland |
105-110 |
ITA 337 |
Upland |
105-110 |
MOROBEKAN |
Upland |
135 |
OS 6 |
Upland |
135 |
TOX 1889 7 105 2 1 |
Upland |
NA |
WAB 36-2L-FX |
Upland |
|
WAB 36-34-FX |
Upland |
|
WAB 56-125 |
Upland |
|
The following table shows the rice responses to fertilizer application.
Other information |
Test range (kg/ha) |
Control rate (kg/ha) |
Control yield (t/ha) |
Rate at Maximum yield (kg/ha) |
Maximum yield (t/ha) |
Nitrogen (N) |
|||||
Reported in 84, IITA, Ibadan, variety IR36, with 60 P + 60 K kg/ha, Irrigated |
0-135 |
0 |
3.3 |
90 |
5.1 |
Reported in 84, IITA, Ibadan, variety IR4422-98-3-6-1 and ITA249, with 60 P + 60 K kg/ha, Irrigated |
0-135 |
0 |
3.8 |
90 |
5.7 |
Reported in 84, IITA, Ibadan, variety ITA212 and ITA306, with 60 P + 60 K kg/ha, Irrigated |
0-135 |
0 |
3.8 |
90 |
6.1 |
Reported in 1976, Bende, var. TOS 103, Irrigated |
0-160 |
0 |
3.1 |
160 |
5.2 |
Reported in 1976, Bende, var. FARO 13, Irrigated |
0-160 |
0 |
2.8 |
160 |
5.8 |
Reported in 1976, Kadawa, var. TOS 103, Irrigated |
0-160 |
0 |
2.8 |
120 |
5.8 |
Reported in 1976, Kadawa, var. FARO 15, Irrigated |
0-160 |
0 |
2.8 |
160 |
6.2 |
Reported in 1976, Kadawa, var. FARO 8, Irrigated |
0-160 |
0 |
2.1 |
160 |
5.8 |
Reported in 1976, Kadawa, var. FARO 13, Irrigated |
0-160 |
0 |
2.2 |
160 |
6.2 |
Reported in 79, Benue state, variety TOS78, average of 5 trials, with 30 P + 30 K kg/ha, Rainfed lowland |
0-120 |
0 |
3.46 |
120 |
6.45 |
Reported in 79, Gongola state, variety FARO 15, average of 6 trials, with 30 P + 30 K kg/ha, Rainfed lowland |
0-120 |
0 |
2.43 |
120 |
4.11 |
Reported in 79, Plateau state, variety TOS78, average of 5 trials, with 30 P + 30 K kg/ha, Rainfed lowland |
0-120 |
0 |
2.31 |
120 |
4.65 |
Reported in 63, Forest, Upland |
0-22.4 |
0 |
1.73 |
22.4 |
1.97 |
Reported in 87, Ibadan, Sandy loam, pH 5.4, with 30 P + 30 K kg/ha, Upland |
0-60 |
0 |
1.64 |
30 |
1.94 |
Phosphorus (P2O5) |
|||||
Reported in 63, Savanna region, Upland |
0-22.4 |
0 |
1.29 |
22.4 |
1.54 |
Reported in 63, Savanna region, with 22.4 N kg/ha, Upland |
0-22.4 |
0 |
1.49 |
22.4 |
1.53 |
Reported in 63, Forest region, Upland |
0-22.4 |
0 |
1.73 |
22.4 |
2.13 |
Reported in 63, Forest region, with 22.4 N 22.4 K kg/ha, Upland |
0-22.4 |
0 |
2.02 |
0 |
2.02 |
Constraints and Issues of Sustainable Production
There are several constraints to sustainable rice production in Nigeria. Following are the majors:
Dominant of upland shifting cultivation
Drought in upland areas and drought and flash flood in rainfed lowland (or inland swamp) and tidal wetland (or mangrove) areas due to irregular weather
Low temperature during off-season in irrigated areas in northern parts
Shortage of water in the dry season
Poor maintenance of irrigation facilities
Inadequate and Irregular input supplies: seeds, fertilizer and credit
Lack of small farm equipment especially for post harvest operations
Poor maintenance of developed swamps
Poor drainage, Iron toxicity in undeveloped swamps
Lack of effective farmer's organization and co-operative
Lack of well-defined rice policy
Poor road networks and marketing systems
Weak research and extension support
The rice production costs are shown in the following table.
Other information |
Yield (t/ha) |
Cost ($/ha) |
Cost ($/t) |
89, Irrigated |
2.18 |
560 |
257 |
89, Rainfed lowland |
1.96 |
451 |
230 |
89, Upland |
1.71 |
430 |
252 |
Sustainable rice production would greatly depend on the establishment of appropriate policy to provide support to farmers especially in-terms of input supply and output marketing. The development of lowland rice production with improved water supply and control would be essential.
Research and Development Institutes
· National Cereals Research Institute, PMB 8 - Bida, Niger State, Phone: 066 461 233/066 461 234, Fax: 066 462 172
· International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320 Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Email [email protected]
· National Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology P.M.B. 5382, Moor Plantation Ibadan Western Region Phone: (022) 311667
· National Seed Corporation P.O. Box 9 Post Office Ibadan Ibadan Western Region
· Nigeria Society for the Improvement of Rural People P.O. Box 3125 Nsukke
· Premier (Pioneer) Seed Nigeria Ltd., P.O.Box 1673 Chikaji Industrial Estate Zaria Kaduna State Phone: (069) 51630 Telex: 72270 Fax: (069) 33202
· Sokoto Agricultural & Rural Development Authority P.O. Box 2245 Abdullahi Fodio Road Sokoto Phone: 232951
· Sunvit Agro-Industrial Company Ltd. (Division of Nigerian Bottling Company Plc) P.O. Box 159 Iddo House, Iddo Lagos Phone: 800220
· Rice Programme Schedule Officer, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Area 11, PMB 135, Garki, Abuja, Tel.: (234 9) 5230029, Fax: (234 9) 314216
· Federal Department of Agriculture (FDA), Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Area 11, PMB 135, Garki, Abuja, Tel.: (234 9) 3141269, Fax: (234 9) 3140989