General Information
· Main climate: Subtropical Dry Summer and Steppe and Semiarid
· Total land area: 76 963 000 ha
· Internal renewable water resources: 186.1 km3
· Incoming water flow: 7 km3
· GNP per capita, 1998: PPP$ 6 594
· Main food consumed: Wheat, Oil & Fat, Sugar & Honey, Milk, Fruits
· Rice supply, 1999: 10.8 kg paddy/capita/year
Basic Statistics
|
|
1985 |
1990 |
1995 |
2000 |
|
RICE |
|
|
|
|
|
Harvested area (T ha) |
59.78 |
46.34 |
50.0 |
60.0 |
|
Yield (kg/ha) |
4516 |
4962 |
4000 |
5633 |
|
Production (T t) |
270 |
230 |
200 |
338 |
|
Imports (T t) |
85 |
190 |
300 |
NA |
|
Exports (t) |
50 |
1170 |
949 |
NA |
|
OTHERS |
|
|
|
|
|
Population (M) |
50.34 |
56.09 |
61.27 |
NA |
|
Agr population (M) |
21.36 |
20.95 |
20.76 |
NA |
|
Irrigated agr area (T ha) |
3200 |
3800 |
4186 |
NA |
|
Fertilizer cons (T t) |
1426 |
1887 |
1700 |
NA |
|
Agr tractor in use (T units) |
582 |
689 |
776 |
NA |
Producing Zones and Cropping Seasons
The following table shows the rice-harvested areas from different producing zones.
|
Production zone |
Harvested area (% total harvested area) |
|
Marmara |
33.96 |
|
Black Sea |
29.05 |
|
Central North |
16.06 |
|
Southeastern |
7.84 |
|
Mediterranean |
5.73 |
|
Aegean |
4.06 |
|
Other |
2.28 |
Rice is grown once in a year, from May to October.
|
|
Planting |
Harvesting |
|
Main season |
5-6 |
9-10 |
Production Practices
Rice is planted mainly under irrigated conditions. Land preparation is done mostly with tractors and direct seeding to wet soils is the dominant crop establishment method. Most planted rice varieties belong to japonica sub-species.
|
Variety Name |
Grain characteristics |
|
Baldo |
Medium grain |
|
Ergene |
Medium grain |
|
Ypsala |
Long grain |
|
Krasnodarsky 424 |
Medium grain |
|
Meric |
Medium grain |
|
Ribe |
Medium grain |
|
Rocca |
Medium grain |
|
Serhat 92 |
Medium grain |
|
Surek 95 |
Medium grain |
|
Trakya |
- |
|
Veneria |
Medium grain |
|
Osmancyk 97 |
Medium grain |
Weed control is done mostly with herbicides. Farmers normally apply high rates of fertilizers to rice. While, diammonium phosphate and urea are used in the Black Sea region and N-P-K compound fertilizer 20-20-0 and 15-15-15 and ammonium nitrate are applied the southern part of the Marmara. Harvesting and threshing operation are done mostly mechanically, especially in Thrace and Marmara. Rice is planted in 2 to 3 years rotation cycle with other crops. Following table shows rice responses to fertilizer application.
|
Other information |
Test range (kg/ha) |
Control rate (kg/ha) |
Control yield (t/ha) |
Rate at Maximum yield (kg/ha) |
Maximum yield (t/ha) |
|
Phosphorus (P2O5) |
|||||
|
Reported in 86, Kizilirmak valley, heavy texture, slightly alkaline, pH 8.0, variety Ribe |
0-53 |
0 |
5.2 |
0 |
5.2 |
|
Reported in 86, Kizilirmak valley, heavy texture, slightly alkaline, pH 8.0, variety Krasnodarsky |
0-53 |
0 |
7.6 |
53 |
8.3 |
Constraints and Issues of Sustainable Production
Low temperature during the early stages of rice crops and the shortage of irrigation water are major physical constraints of rice production. Red rice is a major biological constraint and blast may limit rice yield. Socio-economically, the high rice production costs may discourage farmers from applying more input. The following table shows the rice production costs.
|
Other information |
Yield (t/ha) |
Cost ($/ha) |
Cost ($/t) |
|
Thrace 1996 |
6.61 |
2,189 |
330 |
|
S. Marmara, 1996 |
6.72 |
2,044 |
300 |
|
Black sea |
6.31 |
2,076 |
330 |
|
S. Anatolia |
3.25 |
1,287 |
400 |
|
1987-89 |
5.15 |
716 |
139 |
Yield has steadily increased during the last 5 years. However, yield in 2000 was still low as compared to those, which were obtained in other Mediterranean countries. Sustainable rice production in the future requires further yield increase. This could be realised with the introduction and popularisation of Rice Integrated Crop Management systems adopted in Australia, Egypt and recently in Greece.
Research and Development Institutes
· General Directorate of State Farms and Agricultural Supply Organization Ankara
· Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute P.O. Box 39 Antalya Phone: (31) 111569
· Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute Aegean Agricultural Research Institute P.O. Box 9 Menemen 35661 Izmir Phone: (232) 846-1331 Telex: 51293 AARI TR Fax: (90-232) 846-1107
· Thrace Agricultural Research Institute P.O.Box16, 22100 Edirne Phone: 90-181-51144 Fax: 90-284-2358210
· Thrace Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 16, Edirne 22100, Turkey.
· Trakya Agricultural Research Institute P.O. Box 16 Edirne Phone: (0284) 235-8180 Fax: (0284) 235-821
