Table 3. Shares of Products in the Export of Non-Wood Forest Products in Turkey
| Nr | YEARS | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | TOTAL | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PRODUCTS | |||||||||||||
| 1 | Thymus | 000$ | 6.290 | 8.078 | 10.786 | 13.065 | 16.108 | 13.697 | 15.532 | 14.538 | 16.196 | 17.293 | 132.124 |
| % | 10.6 | 12.6 | 16.8 | 24.0 | 26.1 | 20.3 | 19.3 | 18.1 | 20.0 | 25.7 | 19.4 | ||
| 2 | Capparis | 000 $ | 11.064 | 10.232 | 10.046 | 11.626 | 12.093 | 12.069 | 13.298 | 14.108 | 10.741 | 8.502 | 113.778 |
| % | 18.7 | 15.9 | 15.6 | 20.5 | 19.6 | 17.9 | 16.5 | 17.6 | 13.3 | 12.6 | 16.7 | ||
| 3 | Edible mushrooms | 000 $ | 10.717 | 14.363 | 11.749 | 6.986 | 9.035 | 12.777 | 14.143 | 12.036 | 11.063 | 9.541 | 112.411 |
| % | 18.1 | 22.3 | 18.3 | 12.3 | 14.7 | 19.0 | 17.6 | 15.0 | 13.6 | 14.2 | 16.5 | ||
| 4 | Pine nut | 000 $ | 6.568 | 10.333 | 8.400 | 4.699 | 2.558 | 1.717 | 5.649 | 11.586 | 16.408 | 6.094 | 74.014 |
| % | 11.1 | 16.1 | 13.1 | 8.3 | 4.2 | 2.5 | 7.0 | 14.4 | 20.2 | 9.0 | 10.8 | ||
| 5 | Laurus leaf | 000 $ | 4.196 | 7.461 | 8.438 | 6.282 | 6.548 | 6.563 | 7.375 | 8.475 | 7.696 | 7.747 | 70.781 |
| % | 7.1 | 11.6 | 13.1 | 11.1 | 10.6 | 9.7 | 9.2 | 10.6 | 9.5 | 11.5 | 10.4 | ||
| 6 | Castanea | 000 $ | 5.651 | 3.571 | 4.010 | 4.714 | 5.250 | 8.966 | 10.033 | 8.602 | 7.729 | 7.963 | 66.490 |
| % | 9.5 | 5.6 | 6.2 | 8.3 | 8.5 | 13.3 | 12.5 | 10.7 | 9.5 | 11.8 | 9.7 | ||
| 7 | Ceratonia sillgua | 000 $ | 4.250 | 2.708 | 4.338 | 4.181 | 2.905 | 3.475 | 4.935 | 3.215 | 2.098 | 1.055 | 33.160 |
| % | 7.2 | 4.2 | 6.8 | 7.4 | 4.7 | 5.2 | 6.1 | 4.0 | 2.6 | 1.6 | 4.9 | ||
| 8 | Liquorice | 000 $ | 4.472 | 2.273 | 1.347 | 999 | 854 | 1.123 | 1.269 | 1.607 | 933 | 761 | 15.638 |
| % | 7.6 | 3.5 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 2.3 | ||
| 9 | Bulbous plants | 000 $ | 1.591 | 1.843 | 1.950 | 1.538 | 1.498 | 2.153 | 228 | 390 | 1.587 | 1.573 | 14.349 |
| % | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.1 | ||
| 10 | Foeniculum, Juniperus cones | 000 $ | 611 | 712 | 688 | 623 | 577 | 852 | 2307 | 1.896 | 1.156 | 1.809 | 11.232 |
| % | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 1.6 | ||
| 11 | Cerasus mahalep | 000 $ | 782 | 1.303 | 1.130 | 774 | 861 | 548 | 1563 | 1.178 | 1.275 | 562 | 9.975 |
| % | 1.3 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 1.5 | ||
| 12 | Saluia | 000 $ | - | - | - | - | 838 | 1.121 | 1477 | 1.604 | 2.104 | 2.358 | 9.501 |
| % | - | - | - | - | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 3.5 | 1.4 | ||
| 13 | Tilia flowers | 000 $ | - | - | - | - | 1.633 | 1.737 | 1529 | - | 797 | 588 | 6.285 |
| % | - | - | - | - | 2.7 | 2.6 | 1.9 | - | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | ||
| 14 | Nut-gall | 000 $ | 1.032 | 424 | 503 | 440 | 259 | 87 | 676 | 456 | 457 | 622 | 4.957 |
| % | 1.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.7 | ||
| 15 | Sweetgum | 000 $ | 357 | 330 | 521 | - | 456 | 329 | 50 | 67 | 14 | 25 | 2.150 |
| % | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.8 | - | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | ||
| 16 | Tragacanth | 000 $ | 706 | 249 | 254 | 62 | 58 | 69 | 110 | 69 | 3 | 101 | 1.681 |
| % | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | ||
| 17 | Resin | 000 $ | 0.022 | 0.189 | 1 | 10 | 17 | 13 | 113 | 301 | 415 | 579 | 1.449 |
| % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.2 | ||
| 18 | Rhus | 000 $ | 618 | 308 | 4 | 20 | 8 | 30 | 50 | 7.4 | 77 | 86 | 1.275 |
| % | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | ||
| 19 | Bark mushrooms | 000 $ | 119 | 14 | 11 | 76 | 17 | 52 | 58 | 28 | 281 | 47 | 705 |
| % | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||
| 20 | Orchis | 000 $ | 105 | 94 | 55 | 84 | 28 | 35 | 33 | 9 | 2 | 4 | 450 |
| % | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | ||
| 21 | Camatina | 000 $ | 19 | 27 | 24 | 21 | 17 | 1 | 19 | 42 | 26 | 27 | 223 |
| % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
| 22 | Bushes | 000 $ | 50 | 2 | 1 | - | 3 | 0.125 | 9 | 18 | 0.390 | 8 | 93 |
| % | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
| 23 | Myrtus | 000 $ | 0.272 | 0.135 | 0.218 | 10 | - | - | 5 | - | 4 | 52 | 71 |
| % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | - | - | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | ||
| TOTAL | 000 $ | 59.198 | 64.326 | 64.256 | 56.750 | 61.621 | 67.414 | 80463 | 80.300 | 81.063 | 67.398 | 682.789 | |
| % | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
Table 4. Shares of Products in the Import of Non-Wood Forest Products in Turkey
| Nr | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | TOTAL | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YEARS PRODUCTS | |||||||||||||
| 1 | Edible mushrooms | 000 $ % | 216 7.6 | 193 11.1 | 588 21.4 | 529 12.9 | 629 15.8 | 1.402 22.3 | 1.715 27.1 | 2.290 35.3 | 1.849 30.2 | 1.690 20.5 | 11.100 22.7 |
| 2 | Bark mushrooms | 000 $ % | 578 20.2 | 367 21.1 | 422 15.4 | 694 16.9 | 344 8.6 | 734 11.7 | 1.953 30.8 | 1.806 27.8 | - - | 1.785 21.6 | 8.684 17.8 |
| 3 | Bulbous plants | 000 $ % | 1.322 46.3 | 575 33.1 | 444 16.2 | 506 12.3 | 250 6.3 | 542 8.6 | 389 6.1 | 890 13.7 | 1.028 16.8 | 921 11.2 | 6.867 14.0 |
| 4 | Bushes | 000 $ % | 308 10.8 | 139 8.0 | 203 7.4 | 1.045 25.5 | 612 15.4 | 1.664 26.5 | 95 1.5 | 51 0.8 | 472 7.7 | 813 9.9 | 5.400 11.0 |
| 5 | Ceratonia sillgua | 000 $ % | 268 9.4 | 328 18.9 | 606 22.1 | 670 16.3 | 1.078 27.0 | 1.099 17.5 | 34 0.5 | 114 1.8 | 93 1.5 | - - | 4.290 8.8 |
| 6 | Thymus | 000 $ % | 1 0.0 | 1 0.1 | 225 8.2 | 376 9.2 | 676 17.0 | 280 4.5 | 1.123 17.7 | 199 3.1 | 618 10.1 | 438 5.3 | 3.937 8.1 |
| 7 | Resin | 000 $ % | 156 5.5 | 134 7.7 | 171 6.2 | 184 4.5 | 137 3.4 | 106 1.7 | 268 4.2 | 218 3.4 | 97 1.6 | 140 1.7 | 1.612 3.3 |
| 8 | Liquorice | 000 $ % | 0.395 0.0 | - - | 59 2.2 | 71 1.7 | 53 1.3 | 72 1.1 | 110 1.7 | 227 3.5 | 410 6.7 | 454 5.5 | 1.457 3.0 |
| 9 | Foeniculum, Juniperus cones | 000 $ % | - - | - - | - - | 1 0.0 | 1 0.0 | 4 0.1 | 11 0.2 | 72 1.1 | 430 7.0 | 747 9.1 | 1.266 2.6 |
| 10 | Saluia | 000 $ % | - - | - - | - - | - - | - - | - - | 111 1.8 | 278 4.3 | 402 6.6 | 299 3.6 | 1.090 2.2 |
| 11 | Pine nut | 000 $ % | - - | - - | 20 0.7 | 1 0.0 | 135 3.4 | 218 3.5 | 80 1.3 | 20 0.3 | 29 0.5 | 453 5.5 | 957 2.0 |
| 12 | Nut-gall | 000 $ % | 3 0.1 | - - | - - | 5 0.1 | - - | 95 1.5 | 115 1.8 | 34 0.5 | 216 3.5 | 163 2.0 | 631 1.3 |
| 13 | Capparis | 000 $ % | 1 0.0 | - - | - - | - - | - - | 2 0.0 | 65 1.0 | 148 2.3 | 249 4.1 | 84 1.0 | 549 1.1 |
| 14 | Castanea | 000 $ % | 0.238 0.0 | - - | 3 0.1 | 13 0.3 | 4 0.1 | 8 0.1 | 84 1.3 | 36 0.6 | 88 1.4 | 46 0.6 | 282 0.6 |
| 15 | Sweetgum | 000 $ % | 4 0.0 | 2 0.1 | 3 0.1 | 5 0.1 | 17 0.4 | 6 0.1 | 51 0.8 | 41 0.6 | 54 0.9 | 81 1.0 | 264 0.5 |
| 16 | Tilia flowers | 000 $ % | - - | - - | - - | - - | 30 0.8 | 19 0.3 | 36 0.6 | - - | 43 0.7 | 81 1.0 | 209 0.4 |
| 17 | Laurus leaf | 000 $ % | - - | - - | - - | - - | - - | - - | 63 1.0 | 1 0.0 | 28 0.5 | 39 0.5 | 130 0.3 |
| 18 | Tragacanth | 000 $ % | - - | - - | - - | - - | - - | 14 0.2 | 18 0.3 | 15 0.2 | 3 0.0 | 15 0.2 | 85 0.2 |
| 19 | Myrtus | 000 $ % | - - | - - | - - | - - | - - | - - | 5 0.1 | 39 0.6 | - - | - - | 44 0.1 |
| 20 | Rhus | 000 $ % | - - | - - | - - | - - | - - | - - | 2 0.0 | 7 0.1 | 15 0.2 | - - | 23 0.0 |
| 21 | Cerasus mahalep | 000 $ % | - - | - - | - - | - - | - - | - - | 11 0.2 | 3 0.0 | 3 0.0 | - - | 17 0.0 |
| 22 | Silene | 000 $ % | - - | - - | - - | - - | - - | 4 0.1 | - - | 4 0.1 | - - | - - | 8 0.0 |
| TOTAL | 000 $ % | 2.856 100.0 | 1.740 100.0 | 2.745 100.0 | 4.101 100.0 | 3.986 100.0 | 6.269 100 | 6.339 100.0 | 6.492 100.0 | 6.127 100.0 | 8.249 100.0 | 48.903 100.0 | |
 |  | |
| Figure 4: Privileged products in the export of non-wood forest products in Turkey | Figure 5: Privileged products in the import of non-wood forest products in Turkey |
4. Conclusion
Foreign trade of non-wood forest products has an important share in the foreign trade of forest products; especially in the export. In 1990 – 1999 period, 36% of the total 1.8 billion $ of export and 1.5% of the total 3.2 billion $ of import were achieved with the non-wood forest products.
Foreign trade balance of non-wood forest products in Turkey remained positive between the years 1990 and 1999. The highest export was achieved in 1998 in a 10 year period and 682.7 million $ of export and 48.9 million $ of import were achieved in the last decade.
Turkey has established export links with 113 countries regarding non-wood forest products and the privileged countries are USA 20.7%, Germany 14.3%, and Italy 12.3%.
Considering the import of non-wood forest products in Turkey, the Netherlands 16.1% is followed by Italy 12.4%, and China 11.3%. Importation links have been established with 64 countries in 10-year period.
Regarding the export of non-wood forest products, first 5 products are Thymus 19.4%, Capparris 16.7%, edible mushrooms 16.5%, pine nut 10.8%, and Laurus leaf 10.4%.
Regarding the import of non-wood forest products, the products above the share of 10% are edible mushrooms 22.7%, bark mushrooms 17.8%, bulbous plants 14% and bushes 11%.
The above mentioned figures reveal that the foreign trade of non-wood forest products in Turkey has an important potential in the export of forest products. Collection, treatment and the evaluation of the non-wood forest products are not only important for the protection of our forests but also valuable for the forest villagers. Thus, it will prove to be useful if the forest villagers expand by the means of organised and effective marketing methods and co-operatives.
References
BOZKURT, Y; YALTIRIK, F; ÖZDÖNMEZ, M, 1982: Türkiye'de Orman Yan Ürünleri, iÜ, Orman Fakültesi Yaymlari, IÜ. Yayin No: 2845, Orman Fakültesi Yayin No: 302, Istanbul.
BOZKURT,A.Y; GÖKER,Y, 1996: Orman Ürünlerinden Faydalanma, Ders Kitabi, Üniversite Yayin No: 3946, Orman Fakültesi Yayin No: 437, ISBN 975-404-422-8, 2. Baski, Istanbul.
DIE 1990–1999 Diş Ticaret Verileri.
ÖRS, B, 1999: Orman Ürünlerimiz ve Orman Köylüsüne Katkilari, Orman Bakanliği Gazetesi, Yil:2, Sayi:14.
ÖZER, S, 1999: Orman Tali Ürünleri Üretimi ve ORKÖY, Kozalak, Orman Bakanliği Gazetesi, Yil:2, Sayi:15
MM. D. Hüseying KOÇ, Baki AKSU & Ahmet KURTOĞLU
Université d'Istanbul, faculté de foresterie, Bahçeköy/Istanbul
Turquie
RÉSUMÉ
L'étude vise à analyser le commerce extérieur de la Turquie en ce qui concerne les produits forestiers autres que le bois. Si ces produits représentent une part importante dans le secteur des produits forestiers, et en particulier dans le secteur des exportations, il n'existe pas d'étude récente détaillée des caractéristiques de ce commerce. Par conséquent, à partir des données des dix dernières années, l'étude vise à dégager l'évolution du commerce des produits forestiers autres que le bois dans le commerce de l'ensemble des produits forestiers.
Les chiffres des exportations et des importations de produits forestiers autres que le bois de 1990 à 1999 conservés par l'Institut national de statistique ont été transférés sur MS-EXCEEL et évalués par la méthode du questionnaire. La recherche portait sur 23 produits forestiers autres que le bois qui sont exportés et importés. L'évolution des exportations et des importations des produits forestiers autres que le bois pendant les dix dernières années (1990–1999), les cinq pays les plus importants et la part des 23 pays forestiers dans les exportations et les importations ont été déterminés.
Les résultats montrent que la part des produits forestiers autres que le bois dans les exportations totales de produits forestiers, représentant 1,8 milliard de dollars, était de 36 % et qu'elle était de 1,5 % dans les importations totales de produits forestiers, représentant 3,2 milliards de dollars entre les années 1990 et 1999. La balance du commerce extérieur de la Turquie pour ces produits n'a cessé de s'améliorer au cours de la période à l'étude. Pendant cette période, les exportations ont atteint 682,7 millions de dollars et les importations 48,9 millions de dollars. En ce qui concerne les produits forestiers autres que le bois, la Turquie a exporté vers 113 pays et a importé en provenance de 64 pays.
