The references do not follow the FAO format. They are inserted as presented by the authors.
Aarnink, B.H.M. (1997). Fish and cassava are equally important in livelihood strategies of women in Mweru-Luapula Fishery, DoF/ML/1997/Report no. 40. Nchelenge, Zambia, Department of Fisheries.
Abila, R. & E. G. Jansen (1997), From local to global markets; the fish exporting and fishmeal Industries of Lake Victoria - Structure, strategies and socio-economic impacts in Kenya, Report no.2, Socio-economics of Lake Victoria, Nairobi, IUCN.
Acheson J.M., (1981), Anthropology of fishing, Annual Review of Anthropology, 10: 275-316.
Adams P.B., (1980), Life History Patterns in Marine Fishes and Their Consequences for Fisheries Management, Fish. Bull. 78: 1-12.
Adams W.M., (1992), Wasting the rain: rivers, people and planning in Africa, London, Earthscan.
Allen K.R., (1971), Relation between production and biomass. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 28: 1573-1581.
Allison E.H., Patterson G. Irvine, K. Thompson A.B. & A.Menz, (1995). The pelagic ecosystem, in: The fishery potential and productivity of the pelagic zone of Lake Malawi/Nyassa, Menz A. (ed.), Kent, Natural Resources Institute, 351-368.
Andersen K.P. & E. Ursin, (1977), A multispecies extension to the Beverton and Holt theory of fishing, with accounts of phosphorous circulation and primary production. Medd. Dan. Fisk. Havunders. 7: 319-435.
Anderson D. & R. Grove (eds.), (1987), Conservation in Africa; people policies and practice, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Andrewartha H.G. & Birch, L.C. (1954) The Distribution and Abundance of Animals, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Anonymous (1992), Working group on assessment of Kapenta (Limnothrissa miodon) in Lake Kariba (Zambia and Zimbabwe). Zambia/Zimbabwe SADC Fisheries Project Report No 11. Kariba 4-17/3 1992. L.K.F.R.I., P.O. Box 75, Kariba, Zimbabwe.
Bâcle J. & Cecil, R., (1989). La pêche artisanale en Afrique Sub-Saharienne. Sondages et recherches, Hull, Agence Canadienne de Dévelopment International.
Bailey K.M. & E.D.Houde, (1989) Predation on early developmental stages of marine fishes and the recruitment problem. Adv. Mar. Biol. 25: 1-83.
Balon E.K., (1984), Patterns in the Evolution of Reproductive Styles in Fishes, in Fish Reproduction - Strategies and Tactics, G.W. Potts & R.J. Wootton (eds), London, Academic Press: 35-53.
Bayley P.B., (1988), Accounting for effort when comparing tropical fisheries in lakes, river-floodplains and lagoons, Limnol. Oceanogr., 33(4): 963-972.
Beddington J.R., (1984), The Response of Multispecies Systems to Perturbations, in Exploitation of Marine Communities, R.M. May (ed.), Dahlem Konferenzen, Life Sciences Research Report 32, Berlin, Springer-Verlag: 209-225.
Beddington J.R. & May R.M., (1982), The Harvesting of Interacting Species in a Natural Ecosystem, Scien. Am. 247(5): 42-49.
Begon M., Harper J.L., Townsend C.R., (1996), Ecology. Individuals, populations and communities. 3rd edition, Oxford, Blackwell Science Ltd.
Beinart W., (ed.), (1989), Special issue on the politics of conservation in Southern Africa, Journal of Southern African Studies, 15 (2).
Bennett B.A., (1993), The fishery for white steenbras Litognathus lithognatus off the Cape coast, South Africa, with some considerations for its management. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 13: 1-14.
Berkes F., Folke C. and Colding J. (eds.), (1998), Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Bernacsek G.M., (1989), Improving Fisheries Development Projects in Africa, in Proceedings on the World Symposium on Fishing Gear and Fishing Vessel Design. St. John’s New Foundland, Marine Institute: 155-164.
Berry S., (1985), Fathers Work for their Sons, Berkley, University of California Press.
Berry, S., (1989), Social institutions and access to resources, Africa 59: 41-55.
Berry, S., (1993), No condition is permanent: The social dynamics of agrarian change in sub-Saharan Africa, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Berry S., (1997), Tomatoes, land and hearsay: Property and history in Asante in the time of structural adjustment, World Development 25: 1225-1241.
Berry S., (2001), Chiefs know their boundaries; essays on property, power and the past in Asante, 1896-1996, Portsmouth Oxford and Cape Town, Heinemann, James Currey & David Philip.
Beverton R.J.H., (1990), Small marine pelagic fish and the threat of fishing; are they endangered. Journal of Fish Biology, 37 (suppl.A): 5-16.
Beverton R.J.H., & Holt S.J., (1957), On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations. Fishery Investigations, Minist. Agric. Fish. Food, Ser. II.
Bierschenk T. & J-P. Olivier de Sardan, (1998), Les pouvoir au village; Le Bénin rural entre démocratisation et décentralisation, Paris, Karthala.
Bjorstad O.N., Grenfell B.T., (2001), Noisy clockwork: time series analysis of population fluctuations in animals, Science 293: 638-643.
Bos A.R., (1995), A limnological survey on Lake Mweru, Zambia. DOF/ML/1995/ 27, Nchelenge, Zambia, Department of Fisheries.
Bossche J.P. van den & Bernacsek G.M., (1990), Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa, Vol. 1 and 2, Fisheries Technical Paper No.18 (1-2), Rome, FAO.
Boudreau P.R. & L.M. Dickie, (1992), Biomass spectra of aquatic ecosystems in relation to fisheries yield. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 49: 1528-1538.
Bowen S.H., (1988), Detritivory and Herbivory, in Biologie et Ecologie des Poissons d’eau Douce Africains - Biology and Ecology of African Freshwater Fishes, Lévêque, C., Bruton, M. & Ssentongo, G. (eds.), Collection Travaux et Documents No. 216, Paris, ORSTOM: 243-247.
Boyce M.S., (1984), Restitution of r- and K-selection as a Model of Density-dependent Natural Selection. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15, 427-447.
Brandt, A. von, (1984), Fish Catching Methods of the World, (3rd ed.), Oxford, Fishing News Books Ltd.
Brox O., (1990), The common property theory: epistomological status and analytical utility. Human Organization 49(3): 227 - 235
Caddy J.F., (1991), Death rates and time intervals: is there an alternative to the constant natural mortality axiom? Rev. Fish Biol. and Fisheries 1: 109-138.
Caddy, J.F. & Csirke J., (1983), Approximations to sustainable yields for exploited and unexploited stocks, Océangr. trop. 18: 3-15.
Caddy J.F., Mahon R., (1995), Reference points for fisheries management, Fisheries Technical Paper 347, Rome, FAO.
Carpenter S.R., Kitchell J.F. & Hodgson J.R., (1985), Cascading trophic interactions and lake productivity, Bioscience 35: 643-639.
Carruthers J., (1995), The Kruger National Park; a social and political history, Pietermaritzburg, University of Natal Press.
Chaboud C., Charles-Dominique E. (1991), Les pêches artisanales en Afrique de l’Ouest: état des connaissances et évolution de la recherche, in La recherche face à la pêche artisanale, Durand J.R., Lemoalle J. et Weber J. (eds.), Symposium International ORSTOM-IFREMER, (France), 3-7 juillet 1989 Montpellier, Paris, ORSTOM: 99-143.
Chanda B., (1998), Effects of weir fishing on commercial fish stocks of the Bangweulu swamp fisheries, Luapula province, Northern Zambia, M phil. thesis, Bergen, Department of Fisheries and marine Biology, University of Bergen.
Charles A.T., (2001), Sustainable fishery systems, Oxford, Blackwell Science Ltd.
Charnov E.L. & Schaffer W.M., (1973), Life-history Consequences of Natural Selection: Cole’s Results Revisited, American Naturalist 107: 791-793.
Chauveau J-P. & E. Jul-Larsen, (2000), Du paradigme halieutique à l’anthropologie des dynamiques institutionelles, Introduction in Les pêches piroguières en Afrique de l’Ouest;pouvoirs-mobilités-marchés, J-P.Chauveau, E. Jul-Larsen & C. Chaboud (eds.), Paris, Karthala: 9-85.
Chipungu, P. & H. Moinuddin, (1994), Management of the Lake Kariba fisheries, Kariba, Zambia-Zimbabwe SADC fisheries project, project report no.32.
Chirwa, W. C., (1996), Fishing rights, ecology and conservation along southern Lake Malawi, 1920-1964, African Affairs, 95: 351-377.
Chirwa, W. C., (1997), The Lake Malombe and Upper Shire River fisheries co-management programme: An assessment, in Normann et al. 1998.
Chitembure, R.M., Songore, N. & Moyo, A., (1999), 1998: Joint Fisheries Statistical Report, Kariba, Lake Kariba, Zambia-Zimbabwe SADC Fisheries Project Report No. 59.
Christensen, M.S., (1993), The artisanal fishery of the Mahakam River floodplain in east Kalimantan, Indonesia. III. Actual and estimated yields, their relationship to water levels and management options, Journal of Applied Ichthyology 9: 202-209.
Clark B.M., Bennett B.A. & Lamberth S.J., (1994a), A comparison of the ichthyofauna of two estuaries and their adjacent surf zones, with assessment of the effects of beach seining on the nursery functions of estuaries for fish. Africa, S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 14: 121-131.
Clark B.M., Bennett B.A. & Lamberth, S.J., (1994b), Assessment of the impact of commercial beach-seine netting on juvenile teleost populations in the surf zone of False bay, South Africa, S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 14: 255-262.
Coates D., (2002), Biodiversity and fisheries management opportunities in the Mekong river basin, in: GEF/UNEP Conference on Fisheries and sustaining biodiversity in the New Millenium Workshop Blue Millenium, Managing Global Fisheries for Biodiversity, June 25-27 2001, Victoria, Canada, World Fisheries Trust City.
Coenen E.J., (1994), Frame survey results for Lake Tanganyika, Burundi and comparisons with past surveys, GCP/RAF/271/FIN-TD/18, Bujumbura, FAO.
Colson E., (1971), The social consequences of resettlement; the impact of Kariba resettlement upon the Gwembe Tonga. Manchester, Manchester University Press.
Connell J.H., (1978), Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs, Science 199: 1302-1310.
Connell J.H. & Sousa W.P., (1983), On the evidence needed to judge ecological stability or persistence, American Naturalist 121:789-824.
Corten, A., (2001), Herring and climate; changes in the distribution of North Sea herring due to climate fluctuations, PhD thesis, Groningen, University of Groningen.
Coulter, G.W. (ed.), (1991), Lake Tanganyika and its life, London, Oxford University Press.
Cowx I. G. & Kapasa C. K., (1995), Species changes in reservoir fisheries following impoundment: the case of Lake Itezhi-tezhi, Zambia, in Impact of Species Changes in African Lakes, T.J. Pitcher & P.J.B. Hart (eds.) London, Chapman & Hall. 321-332.
Crul R.C.M., (1993), Limnology and Hydrology of Lake Victoria, Paris, UNESCO.
Crul R.C.M., (1995a), Conservation and Management of the African Great Lakes, Victoria, Tanganyika and Malawi. Studies and reports in hydrology UNESCO/IHP-IV Project M-5.1, Nijmegen, Crul Consultancy/UNESCO.
Crul, R.C.M., (1995b). Limnology and Hydrology of Lake Tanganyika. Paris, UNESCO.
Cushing D.H., (1974), The possible density-dependence of larval mortality and adult mortality in fishes, in The Early Life History of Fish, J.H.S. Blaxter (ed.), Berlin, Springer Verlag: 103-111.
Cyr H., Downing J.A. & Peters R.H., (1997), Density-body size relationships in local aquatic communities, Oikos 79: 333 - 346.
Darwin C., (1972) [1859], On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, American Library, New York, Mentor.
Densen W.L.T.van, (2001), On the perception of time trends in resource outcome. Its importance in fisheries co-management, agriculture and whaling, PhD thesis, Enschede, Twente University.
Deshmukh I., (1986), Ecology and Tropical Biology, Blackwell Scien. Publ.
Dickie L.M., (1972), Food Chains and Fish Production, ICNAF Spec. Publ. 8: 201-219.
Doak D.F., Harding E.K., Marvier M.A., O’Malley R.E. & Thomson D., (1998), The statistical inevitability of stability-diversity relationships in community ecology, American Naturalist 151: 264-276.
Donda S., (2000), Theoretical advancement and institutional analysis of fisheries co-management in Malawi. Experiences from lakes Malombe and Chiuta, PhD thesis, Aalborg University.
Egerton F.N., (1973), Changing concepts of the balance of nature, Quarterly Review of Biology 48: 322-350.
Ellis J.E. & D.M. Swift, (1988), Stability of African pastoral ecosystems: Alternate paradigms and implications for development, in: Journal of Range Management, Vol. 41 (6): 450-459.
Estes J.A., (1979), Exploitation of Marine Mammals - r selection of K strategists? J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 36: 1009-1017.
Evans D.W., (1978), Lake Bangweulu: a study of the complex and fishery. Fisheries Service Reports Zambia, Chilanga, Fisheries Research Division, P.O. Box 350100.
Fairhead J. & M. Leach, (1996), Misreading the African Landscape. Society and ecology in a forest-savanna mosaic, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
FAO, (1992), Review of the state of world fishery resources, Part 1. The marine resources. FAO Fish. Circ. No. 710, Rev. 8, Part 1, Rome, FAO.
FAO, (1993). Fisheries management in the South-East arm of Lake Malawi, the Upper Shire River and Lake Malombe, with particular reference to the fisheries on chambo (Oreochromis spp.). CIFA Technical Paper 21, Rome, FAO.
FAO (1999), Guidelines for the routine collection of capture fisheries data. Prepared at the FAO/DANIDA expert consultation. Bangkok, Thailand, 18 - 20 May 1998, Fisheries Technical Paper No 382, Rome, FAO.
FAO, (2000a), FAOSTAT: http://apps.fao.org/fishery/fprod1-e.htm
FAO, (2000b), FAOSTAT: http://apps.fao.org/lim500/wrap.pl?Population.LTI&Domain
Fay, C., (1994), Organisation sociale et culturelle de la production de pêche: morphologie et grandes mutations, in J.Quensière (ed.): 191-208.
Fenchel T., (1977), Almen Økologi, Copenhagen, Akademisk Forlag.
Ferguson J., (1999), Expectations of Modernity. Myths and meanings of Urban Life on the Zambian Copperbelt, Berkeley, University of California Press.
Fox W.W., (1970), An exponential yield model for optimizing exploited fish populations, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 99: 80-88.
Furse M.T., Morgan P.R. & Kalk M., (1979), The fisheries of Lake Chilwa, in: Lake Chilwa. Studies in a tropical ecosystem, Kalk M., McLachlan A.J. & Williams C.H. (eds.), The Hague, Dr. W. Junk: 175 - 208.
Geertz C., (1963), Agricultural involution: the process of ecological change in Indonesia, Berley, University of California Press.
Gobert, B., (1994), Size structures of demersal catches in a multispecies multigear tropical fishery. Fisheries Research 19: 87-104.
Godø O.R., (1990), Factors affecting accuracy and precision in abundance estimates of gadoids from scientific surveys. Dr. Philos Thesis. Bergen, University of Bergen.
Gorden S. H., (1954), The economic theory of a common property resource: the fishery, Journal of Political Economy, 62: 124-142.
Gordon D.M., (2000), The making of a hinterland. Environment and politics in Mweru-Luapula from the 1880s to the 1990s, PhD thesis, Princeton, Department of History, Princeton University.
Gordon, D.M., (2003), Technological Change and Economies of Scale in the History of Mweru-Luapula’s Fishery (Zambia and Democratic Republic of the Congo), in Management, co-management or no-management? Major dilemmas in southern African freshwater fisheries, E. Jul-Larsen, J. Kolding, R. Overå, J. Raakjær Nielsen & P.A.M. van Zwieten, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 426/2. Rome, FAO.
Graham M., (1935), Modern theory of exploiting a fishery, and application to North Sea trawling. J.Cons. Perm. Int. Expl. Mer 10: 264-274.
Greboval D., Bellemans M. & Fryd M., 1994, Fisheries characteristics of the shared lakes of the East African rift. CIFA Tech. Pap. No. 24. Rome, FAO.
Growe R., (1988), Conservation and Colonial expansion; a study of the evolution of environmental attitudes and conservation policies on St Helena, Mauritius and in the India 1660- 1860, PhD thesis, Cambridge, University of Cambridge.
Gulland J.A., (1971), The Fish Resources of the Oceans. West Byfleet, Fishing News Books.
Gulland J.A., (1982), The management of tropical multispecies fisheries, in Theory and management of Tropical Fisheries, Pauly D. & Murphy G.I. (eds), ICLARM Conf. Proc. No. 9, Manila, ICLARM: 287-298.
Gulland J.A. & Garcia S., (1984), Observed Patterns in Multispecies Fisheries, in Exploitation of Marine Communities, R.M. May (ed.) Dahlem Konferenzen, Life Sciences Research Report, 32, Berlin, Springer Verlag: 155-190.
Gunderson D.R., (1980), Using r-K Selection Theory to Predict Natural Mortality, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37: 2266-2271.
Gunderson D.R., & Dygert P.H., (1988), Reproductive effort as a predictor of natural mortality rate, J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer 44: 200-209.
Guyer J., (1997), An African niche economy; farming to feed Ibadan, 1968-88, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press.
Haakonsen J.M. (1992), Industrial vs. artisanal fisheries in West Africa: The lessons to be learnt, in Fishing for development, Tvedten I. & B. Hersoug (eds.), Uppsala, Nordic Africa Institute: 33-53.
Hannesson R., (1993), Bioeconomic Analysis of Fisheries, Oxford, FAO/Fishing News Books.
Hara M.M., (2000), Could co-management provide a solution to the problems of artisanal fisheries management on the Southeast arm of lake Malawi, PhD thesis, Cape Town, University of Western Cape.
Hara M.M., (2001), Could marine resources provide a short-term solution to declining fish supply in SADC inland countries? The case of horse mackerel, Food policy 26(1): 11-34.
Hara M.M. & E. Jul-Larsen, (2003), The Lords of Malombe; An analysis of fishery development and changes in effort, in Management, co-management or no-management? Major dilemmas in southern African freshwater fisheries, E. Jul-Larsen, J. Kolding, R. Overå, J. Raakjær Nielsen & P.A.M. van Zwieten, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 426/2. Rome, FAO.
Hardin G., (1960), The competive exclusion principle, Science 131:1292-1297.
Hardin G., (1968), The tragedy of the commons, Science 162: 1243-1247.
Henderson H.F. & Welcomme, R.L., (1974), The relationship of yield to morpho-edapic index and numbers of fishermen in African inland fisheries, CIFA Occas. Pap. No. 1, Rome, FAO.
Hilborn R. & Walters C.J., (1992), Quantitative Fisheries Stock Assessment - Choice, Dynamics and Uncertainty, New York, Chapman & Hall.
Hoben A., (1995), Paradigms and politics: the cultural construction of environmental policy in Ethiopia, World Development 23 (6): 1007-1022.
Hoenig J.M., (1983), Empirical Use of Longevity Data to Estimate Mortality Rates, Fish. Bull. 82(1): 898-903.
Hoggarth D.D. & Utomo A.D., (1994), The fisheries ecology of the Lubuk Lampam river floodplain in South Sumatra, Indonesia, Fisheries Research 20: 191-213.
Hoggarth D.D., Cowan V.J., Halls A.S., Aeron T., M., McGregor J.A., Garaway C.A., Payne A.I. & Welcomme R.L., (1999a), Management guidelines for Asian floodplain river fisheries, Part 2: Summary of DFID research, Fisheries Technical Paper No. 384/2, Rome, FAO.
Hoggarth D.D., Cowan V.J., Halls A.S., Aeron T., M., McGregor J.A., Garaway C.A., Payne A.I. & Welcomme R.L., (1999b), Management guidelines for Asian floodplain river fisheries, Part 1: A spatial, hierarchical and integrated strategy for adaptive co-management, Fisheries Technical Paper No. 384/1, Rome, FAO.
Holling C.S., (1973), Resilience and stability of ecological systems, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4: 1-23.
Holm P., B. Hersoug & S.A. Rånes, (2000), Revisiting Lofoten: Co-managing Fish Stocks or Fishing Space? Human Organisation 59(3).
Horn H.S., (1974), The ecology of secondary succession, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 5:25-37.
Horn H.S., (1978), Optimal Tactics of Reproduction and Life-History, in Behavioural Ecology: an evolutionary approach, J.R. Krebs & N.B. Davies (eds.) Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications: 411-429.
Huston M., (1979), A general hypothesis of species diversity, American Naturalist 113: 81-101.
Hviding E. & E. Jul-Larsen, (1995), Community-Based Resource Management in Tropical Fisheries, Windhoek, University of Namibia.
Hyden G., (1983), No shortcuts to progress. African development management in perspective, Berkley & Los Angeles, University of California Press.
ICES, (1988), Report on the multispecies assessment working group. Copenhagen, 1-8 June 1988. Doc. CM 1988/Assess:23 (mimeo).
Jansen E.G., 1997, Rich fisheries - poor fisherfolk; some preliminary observations about the effects of trade and aid in the Lake Victoria fisheries, Report no.1, Socio-economics of Lake Victoria, Nairobi, IUCN.
Jentoft S., (2000), The community. A missing link of fisheries management, Marine Policy 24.
Jul-Larsen E., (1995), The politics of resource management; an assessment of the sociological aspects in connection to developing resource management regimes on Lake Kariba. Kariba, Zambia-Zimbabwe SADC Fisheries project, project report no.40,.
Jul-Larsen E., (1999), Social Capital: Old wine in new bottles? An anthropological assessment, Paper presented at World Bank Seminar on Social Capital, Chr. Michelsen Institute, June, (mimeo).
Jul-Larsen E., Bukali da Graca, Raakjær Nielsen J. & Zwieten P. van, (1997), Research and fisheries management; the uneasy relationship. Review of the Zambia - Zimbabwe SADC fisheries project, Bergen, Chr. Michelsen Institute.
Jul-Larsen E. & B. Kassibo, (2001), Fishing at home and abroad; access to waters in Niger’s Central Delta and the effects of work migration, in: Politics, Property and Production. Natural Resources Management in the Sahel, Benjaminsen T.A., Lund C. (eds.), Uppsala, Nordiska Afrika Institutet: 208-232.
Jul-Larsen E., (2003), Analysis of effort dynamics in the Zambian inshore fisheries of Lake Kariba, in Management, co-management or no-management? Major dilemmas in southern African freshwater fisheries, E. Jul-Larsen, J. Kolding, R. Overå, J. Raakjær Nielsen & P.A.M. van Zwieten, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 426/2. Rome, FAO.
Jørgensen T., (1990), Long-term changes in age at sexual maturity of Northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua L.), J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer 46: 235-248.
Kalk M., McLachlan A.J., Howard-Williams C., (1979), Lake Chilwa: studies of change in a tropical ecosystem, The Hague, Junk.
Karenge L.P. & Kolding J., (1995a), On the relationship between hydrology and fisheries in Lake Kariba, central Africa, Fish. Res. 22: 205-226.
Karenge L.P. & Kolding, J., (1995b), Inshore fish population changes in Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe, in Impact of Species Changes in African Lakes, T.J. Pitcher & P.J.B. Hart (eds.), London, Chapman & Hall: 245-275.
Kenmuir D.H.S., (1982), Fish production prospects in Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Agric. J. 79(1):11-17.
Kimpe P.D., (1964), Contribution a l’étude hydrobiologique du Luapula-Moero, Tervuren, Musee Royal de l’Afrique Centrale de Belgique.
Kolding J., (1989), The Fish Resources of Lake Turkana and Their Environment. Cand. Scient. thesis, B, Dept. of Fisheries Biology, University of Bergen.
Kolding J., (1992), A summary of Lake Turkana: an ever-changing mixed environment, Mitt. Int. Verein. Limnol. 23: 25-35.
Kolding J., (1993a), Population dynamics and life history styles of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Fergusons Gulf, Lake Turkana, Kenya, Env. Biol. Fish. 37: 25-46.
Kolding J., (1993b), Trophic interrelationships and community structure at two different periods of Lake Turkana, Kenya - a comparison using the ECOPATH II box model, in Trophic models of aquatic ecosystems, V. Christensen & D. Pauly (eds.), ICLARM Conference Proceedings No. 26, Manilla, ICLARM: 116-123.
Kolding J., (1994), Plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose. On the ecology and exploitation of fish in fluctuating tropical environments, Dr. Scient. thesis, Bergen, Department of Fisheries and Marine Biology, University of Bergen.
Kolding J., (1995), Changes in species composition and abundance of fish populations in Lake Turkana, Kenya, in Impact of Species Changes in African Lakes, T.J. Pitcher & P.J.B. Hart (eds.), London, Chapman & Hall: 335-363.
Kolding J., (1997), Diversity, Disturbance and Dubious Dogma. On some difficult concepts in community ecology, in Naturvitere Filosoferer, R. Strand & G. Bristow (eds), Megaloceros in cooperation with Centre for the Studies of Science and the Humanities, University of Bergen: 122-141.
Kolding J., H. Ticheler & B. Chanda, (1996), Assessment of the Bangweulu Swamps fisheries. Final Report prepared for WWF Bangweulu Wetlands Project, SNV/Netherlands Development Organisation, and Department of Fisheries, Zambia.
Kolding J., Musando B. & Songore N. (2003a), Inshore fisheries and fish population changes and in Lake Kariba, in Management, co-management or no-management? Major dilemmas in southern African freshwater fisheries, E. Jul-Larsen, J. Kolding, R. Overå, J. Raakjær Nielsen & P.A.M. van Zwieten, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 426/2. Rome, FAO.
Kolding J., H. Ticheler & B. Chanda, (2003b), The Bangweulu Swamp Fisheries, in Management, co-management or no-management? Major dilemmas in southern African freshwater fisheries, E. Jul-Larsen, J. Kolding, R. Overå, J. Raakjær Nielsen & P.A.M. van Zwieten, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 426/2. Rome, FAO.
Kolding J. & Songore N., (in prep.), Fish diversity, stability and disturbance in Lake Kariba 30 years after impoundment.
Kozlowski J., (1980), Density dependence, the logistic equation, and r- and K-selection: A critique and an alternative approach, Evolutionary Theory 5: 89-101.
Krebs C.J., (1985), Ecology: The experimental analysis of distribution and abundance, 3rd edition, New York, Harper & Row Publisher.
Lamberth S.J., Bennett B.A. & Clark B.M., (1995) The vulnerability of fish to capture by commercial beach-seine nets in False bay, South Africa, S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 15: 25-31.
Lamberth S.J., Bennett B.A., Clark B.M. & Janssens, P.M., (1995), The impact of beach-seine netting on the benthic flora and fauna of False bay, South Africa, S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 15: 115-122.
Lamberth S.J., Clark B.M. & Bennett B.A., (1995), Seasonality of beach-seine catches in False bay, South Africa, and implications for management, S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 15:157-167.
Langenhove G.V., Amakali M., Bruine B.D., (1998), Variability in flow regimes in Namibian rivers: natural and human induced causes, in: Water Resources Variability in Africa during the XXth Century, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, IAHS, City: 455 - 462.
Laraque A., Mahe G., Orange D. & Marieu B., (2001), Spatiotemporal variations in hydrological regimes within Central Africa during the XXth century, Journal of Hydrology 245: 104-117.
Larkin, P.A., (1977), An Epitaph for the Concept Maximum Sustainable Yield, Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 196: 1-11.
Law R. & Grey D.R., (1988), Maximum Sustainable Yields and the Self-Renewal of Exploited Populations with Age-Dependent Vital Rates, in Size-Structured Populations, B. Ebenman & L. Persson (eds.) Berlin, Springer Verlag: 140-154.
Leach M., R. Mearns & I. Scoones, (1999), Environmental entitlements: dynamics and institutions in community-based natural resource management, World Development 27: 225-247.
Le Barbe L. & Lebel T., (1997), Rainfall climatology of the HAPEX-Sahel region during the years 1950-1990. Journal of Hydrology 188-189: 43-73.
Le Cren E.D. & Lowe-McConnell R.H. (eds.), (1980), The functioning of freshwater ecosystems, International Biological Programme 22, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Lehman C.L. & Tilman D., (2000), Biodiversity, stability, and productivity in competitive communities, American Naturalist 156: 534-552.
Lévêque, C., (1995), Role and consequences of fish diversity in the functioning of African freshwater ecosystems: a review, Aquatic Living Resources 8: 59-78.
Lévêque, C., (1997), Biodiversity, dynamics and conservation: the freshwater fish of tropical Africa, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Levinton J.S., (1982), Marine Ecology, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall Inc.
Lindeman R.L., (1942), The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology, Ecology 23: 399-418.
Lowe-McConnel R.H., (1987), Ecological studies in tropical fish communities, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
MacArthur R.H. & Wilson E.O., (1967), The Theory of Island Biogeography, Monographs in Population Biology 1, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.
Machena C. & Mabaye A.B.E. (1987), Some management aspects and constraints in the Lake Kariba fishery, NAGA, ICLARM Q. 10(4): 10-12.
Magnet C., J.E. Reynolds & H. Bru, (2000), A proposal for implementation of the Lake Tanganyika Framework Fisheries Management Plan, GCP/INT/648/NOR-Field Report No. F-14, Rome, FAO.
Malasha I., (2003), The emergence of colonial and post-colonial fisheries regulations: the case of Zambia and Zimbabwe, in Management, co-management or no-management? Major dilemmas in southern African freshwater fisheries, E. Jul-Larsen, J. Kolding, R. Overå, J. Raakjær Nielsen & P.A.M. van Zwieten, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 426/2. Rome, FAO.
Malasha I., (forthcoming), Fisheries co-management: a comparative analysis of the Zambian and Zimbabwean inshore fisheries of Lake Kariba, D.Phil. thesis, Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe.
Mandala E.C., (1990) Work and control in a peasant economy: a history of the Lower Tchiri Valley in Malawi, 1859-1960, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press.
Margalef R., (1968), Perspectives in ecological theory, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Margalef R., (1969), Diversity and stability: a practical proposal and a model of interdependence, in Diversity and stability in ecological systems, Brookhaven Symposia in Biology No. 22, New York, Brookhaven Nat. Lab.: 25-37
Marshall B.E., (1981), A review of the sardine fishery in Lake Kariba, 1973-1980, Lake Kariba Fisheries Research Institute Project Report No. 40, Harare, Dept. of Nat. Parks and Wildlife Man.
Marshall B.E., (1984), Kariba (Zimbabwe/Zambia) in Status of African reservoir fisheries, J.M. Kapetsky & T. Petr (eds.). CIFA Tech. Pap. 10. Rome, FAO: 105-153.
Marshall B.E., (1985), A study of the population dynamics, production and potential yield of the sardine Limnothrissa miodon (Boulenger) in Lake Kariba, PhD thesis, University of Rhodes.
Marshall B.E., Junor F.J.R. & Langerman J.D., (1982), Fisheries and Fish production on the Zimbabwean side of Lake Kariba, Kariba studies 10:175-271.
Marshall B.E. & Langerman J.D., (1988), A preliminary reappraisal of the biomass of inshore fish stocks in Lake Kariba, Fish. Res. 6:191-199.
Marshall B.E., (1992), The relationship between catch and effort and its effect on predicted yields of sardine fisheries in Lake Kariba. NAGA, ICLARM Q. 15(4): 36-39.
May R.M., (1975), Stability in ecosystems: some comments, in Unifying concepts in ecology, van Dobben W.H. & Lowe-McConnell R.H. (eds.), Wageningen, Dr W. Junk Publishers: 161-168.
May R.M., (1991), The Chaotic rhythms of life, in: The New Scientist Guide to Chaos, N. Hall (ed.), Penguin books: 82-95.
May R.M. (ed.), (1984), Exploitation of Marine communities. Report on the Dahlem workshop on exploitation of marine communities. Berlin 1984 April 1-6, Berlin, Springer Verlag.
May R.M., Beddington J.R., Clark C.W., Holt S.J. and Laws R.M., (1979), Management of Multispecies Fisheries, Science 205(4403): 267-277.
Maynard-Smith J., (1978), Optimization Theory in Evolution, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 9: 31-56.
Mbewe M. 2000, Impact of Kapenta (Limnothrissa miodon) introduction on the fish community in Lake Itezhi-tezhi, MPhil thesis, Dept. of Fisheries and Marine Biol., University of Bergen.
Mbuga J.S. & A. Getabu, A. Asila, M. Medard, R. Abila, (1998), Trawling in Lake Victoria, Its history, status and effects, report no.3, Socio-economics of Lake Victoria, Nairobi, IUCN.
McCracken K.J., (1987), Fishing and the colonial economy: the case of Malawi, in Journal of African History 27: 413-429.
Melack J.M., (1976), Primary productivity and fish yields in tropical lakes, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 105: 575-580.
Medley P.A.H., Gaudian G. & Wells S., (1993), Coral reef fisheries stock assessment, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 3: 242-285.
Mertz D.B. & Wade M.J., (1976), The prudent prey and the prudent predator, American Naturalist 110: 489-496.
Misund O.A., Kolding J. & Fréon P., (in press), Fish capture devices and their influence on fisheries management. Chapter 3 in Handbook on Fish and Fisheries, vol. II, P.J.B. Hart & J.D. Reynolds (eds.). London, Blackwell Science.
Mosley P., Harrington J. & Toye J., (1991), Aid and power; the World Bank and policy-based lending, 2 vols., London and New York, Routledge.
Moyo N.A.G., (1990), The inshore fish yield potential of Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe, Afr. J. Ecol. 28: 227-233.
Murphy G.I., (1968), Pattern in Life-History and the Environment, American Naturalist 102: 391-403.
Mwakiyongo K.R. & Weyl O.L.F., (2002), Management Recommendations for the Nkacha net fishery of Lake Malombe, in: Lake Malawi Fisheries Management Symposium, Weyl, O.L.F., Weyl, M. (eds.), Lilongwe, City.
Nagelkerke L.A.J., Mina M.V., Wudneh T., Sibbing F.A. & Osse J.W.M., (1995), Lake Tana: a unique fish fauna needs protection, BioScience 45: 772-775.
Nédélec C. (ed.), (1975), Catalogue of Small-Scale Fishing Gear, Oxford, Fishing News Books.
Nédélec C. & Prado P., (1990), Definition and classification of fishing gear categories, Fisheries Technical Paper No. 222 Rev.1, Rome, FAO.
Neis B., Schneider D.C., Felt L., Haedrich R.L., Fisher J. & Hutchings J.A., (1999), Fisheries assessment: what can be learned from interviewing resource users? Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56: 1949-1963.
Nicholson S.E., (1996), A review of climate dynamics and climate variability in Eastern Africa, in The limnology, climatology and paleoclimatology of teh East African lakes, Johnson T.C., Odada E. (eds.), Gordon & Breach: 25 - 56.
Nicholson S.E., (1998a), Historical fluctuations of Lake Victoria and other lakes in the Northern Rift Valley of East Africa, in Environmental change and response in East African lakes, Lehman J.T. (ed.), Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers: 7 - 36.
Nicholson S.E., (1998b), Historical fluctuations of rift valley lakes Malawi and Chilwa during historical times: a synthesis of geological, archaeological and historical information, in Environmental change and response in East African lakes, Lehman, J.T. (ed.) Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers: 207 - 231.
Nicholson S.E., (1999), Historical and modern fluctuations of Lakes Tanganyika and Rukwa and their relationship to rainfall variability, Climatic Change 41, 53-71.
Nicholson S.E. & Yin X., (1998), Variations of African lakes during the last two centuries, IAHS-AISH Publication: 181-187.
Nicholson S.E. & Yin X., (2001), Rainfall conditions in equatorial East Africa during the nineteenth century as inferred from the record of Lake Victoria, Climatic Change 48, 387-398.
Noakes D.L.G. & Balon, E.K., (1982), Life Histories of Tilapias: An evolutionary Perspective, in The Biology and Culture of Tilapias, R.S.V. Pullin & R.H.L. Lowe-McConnell (eds.), ICLARM Conference Proceedings 7, Manilla, ICLARM: 61-82.
NORAD, (1985), Evaluation Report on the Lake Turkana Fisheries Development Project, Evaluation Report No. 5/85, Oslo, NORAD.
Normann A.K, J. Raakjær Nielsen & S. Sverdrup-Jensen (eds.), (1998), Fisheries Co-management in Africa. Proceedings from a rerional workshop on fisheries co-management research, Fisheries Co-management Research Project Research Report No 12, Hirtshals, IFM.
Odum E.P., (1969), The strategy of ecosystem development, Science, 164: 262-270.
Oostenbrugge J.A.E. van, Densen W.L.T. van & Machiels M.A.M., (in prep), How coastal communities in the Central Moluccas, Indonesia, must cope with the uncertain outcome of both aquatic and terrestrial resources.
Oostenbrugge J.A.E. van, Bakker W.J., Densen W.L.T. van, Machiels M.A.M. & Zwieten, P.A.M. van, (submitted to Can.J.Fish.Res.), How effective is a multispecies fishery in reducing the variability in the catch from day-to-day?
Orians G.H., (1975), Diversity, stability and maturity in natural ecosystems, in Unifying concepts in ecology, van Dobben, W.H. & Lowe-McConnel R.H. (eds.), The Hague,W. Junk Publishers: 139- 150.
Ostrom E., (1990), Governing the commons - the evolution of institutions for collective action, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Overå R., (1998), Partners and competitors: gendered entrepreneurshipin Ghanian canoe fisheries, Dr. Polit. thesis, Bergen, Dept. of Geography, University of Bergen.
Overå, R., (2003), Market systems and investment “bottlenecks”, in Management, co-management or no-management? Major dilemmas in southern African freshwater fisheries, E. Jul-Larsen, J. Kolding, R. Overå, J. Raakjær Nielsen & P.A.M. van Zwieten, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 426/2. Rome, FAO.
Paffen P. & E. Lyimo, 1996, Frame survey results for the Tanzanian coast of Lake Tanganyika, March 1995 and comparison with past surveys, GCP/RAF/271/FIN-TD/49, Mpulungu, FAO.
Paloheimo J.E. & Regier H.A., (1982), Ecological Approaches to Stressed Multispecies Fisheries Resources, in M.C. Mercer (ed.), Multispecies Approaches to Fisheries Management, Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59: 127-132.
Panayotou, T., (1982). Management concepts for small-scale fisheries: Economic and social aspects. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 228, Rome, FAO.
Pauly, D., (1997) Theory and management of tropical multispecies stocks: A review, with emphasis on the Southeast Asian demersal fisheries. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 1., Manila, ICLARM.
Pauly, D., (1994), On Malthusian overfishing, in On the sex of fish and the gender of scientists: essays in fisheries science, D. Pauly, London, Chapman & Hall: 112-117.
Pauly, D., (1979), Small-scale fisheries in the tropics: marginality, marginalization and some implication for fisheries management, in Global trends: Fisheries Management, E.K. Pikitch, D.D. Huppert & M.P. Sissenwine (eds.). American Fisheries Society Symposium 20, Bethesda, Maryland: 40-49.
Pearce M., (1995), The removal and return of fishers in the Sinazongwe islands, in Proceedings of the inshore working group workshop on Lake Kariba, Kariba, Zambia-Zimbabwe SADC fisheries project, project report no.45: 50-56.
Pet J.S., (1995), On the management of a tropical reservoir. PhD thesis, Fish Culture and Fisheries, Wageningen, Wageningen, Agricultural University.
Pet J.S., Machiels M.A.M. & Densen, W.L.T. van, (1996), A size-structured simulation model for evaluating managment strategies in gillnet fisheries exploiting spatially differentiated populations, Ecological Modelling 88: 195-214.
Peters P. E., (1994), Dividing the commons; politics, policy and culture in Botswana, Charlottesville, University Press of Virginia.
Peters P. E., (2000), Grounding governance: Power and meaning in natural resource management, Keynote address to the International Symposium on Contested Resources: Challenges to Governance of Natural Resource in Southern Africa, University of the Western Cape, October 2000.
Peters R.H., (1991), A critique for ecology, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Petraitis P.S., Latham R.E. & Niesenbaum R.A., (1989), The maintenance of species diversity by disturbance, Quart. Rev. Biol. 64(4): 393-418.
Pianka E.R., (1970), On r and K selection, American Naturalist 104, 592-597.
Pimm S.L., (1984), The complexity and stability of ecosystems, Nature 307: 321-326.
Pitt T.K., (1975), Changes in the Abundance and Certain Biological Characters of Grand Bank American Plaice, Hippoglossoides platessoides. J.Fish. Res. Board Can. 32: 1383-1398.
Platteau J.-P. & A. Abraham, (1987), An inquiry into quasi-credit contracts: The role of reciprocal credit and interlinked deals in small-scale fishing communities, Journal of Development Studies 23 (4): 461-90.
Platteau J.-P., (1989a), The Dynamics of fisheries development in developing countries: A general overview, Development and Change, 20 (4): 565-597.
Platteau J.-P., (1989b), Penetration of capitalism and persistence of small-scale organisational forms in third world fisheries. Development and Change, 20 (4): 621-651.
Plisnier P.-D., Chitamwebwa D., Mwape L., Tshibangu K., Langenberg V. & Coenen, E., (1999), Limnological annual cycle inferred from physical-chemical fluctuations at three stations of Lake Tanganyika, Hydrobiologia 407: 45-58.
Pope J.G., (1977), Estimation of fishing mortality, its precision and implications for the management of fisheries, in Fisheries Mathematics, J.H. Steele (ed.), London, Academic press: 63-76.
Pope J.G., Shepherd J.G. & Webb J., (1994), Successful surf-riding on size spectra: the secret of survival in the sea, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 343, 41-49.
Power G. & Gregoire J., (1978), Predation by Freshwater Seals on the Fish Community of Lower Seal Lake, Quebec, J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35: 844-850.
Ramberg L., Björk-Ramberg S., Kautsky N. & Machena C., (1987), Development and biological status of Lake Kariba - A man-made tropical lake, Ambio 16: 314-321.
Rapport D.J., Regier H.A. & Hutchinson T.C., (1985), Ecosystem behaviour under stress, American Naturalist 125: 617-640.
Regier H.A., (1973), Sequence of exploitation of stocks in multispecies fisheries in the Laurentian great lakes, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 30: 1992 - 1999.
Regier H.A., (1977), Fish communities and aquatic ecosystems, in Fish Population Dynamics, J.A. Gulland (ed.), London, John Wiley & Sons: 134-155.
Regier H.A. & Loftus K.H., (1972), Effects of fisheries exploitation on salmonid communities in oligotrophic lakes, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 29: 959-968.
Regier H.A. & Henderson H.F., (1972), Towards a broad ecological model of fish communities and fisheries, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 1: 56-72.
Ricker W.E., (1954), Stock and recruitment, J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 11: 559-623.
Roff D.A., (1984), The evolution of life history parameters in teleosts, Can J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 41: 989-1000.
Rothchild B.J., (1977), Fishing effort, in Fish Population Dynamics, J.A. Gulland (ed.), London, John Wiley & Sons: 96-115.
Rothschild B.J. (1986), Dynamics of Marine Fish Populations, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, Harvard University Press.
Sainsbury K.J., (1982), The ecological basis of tropical fisheries management, in Theory and management of tropical fisheries, Pauly, D. & G.I. Murphy (eds.), ICLARM Conference proceedings No. 9, Manila, ICLARM: 167-188.
Salz P., (1986), Policy instruments for development of fisheries, Publication No. 574, The Hague, Agricultural Economics Research Institute.
Sanford S., (1983), Management of pastoral development in the Thirld World, Chichester, Wiley.
Sarvala J., Salonen K., Jaervinen M., Aro E., Huttula T., Kotilainen P., Kurki H., Langenberg V., Mannini P., Peltonen A., Plisnier P.D., Vuorinen I., Moelsae H. & Lindqvist, O.V., (1999), Trophic structure of Lake Tanganyika: carbon flows in the pelagic food web, Hydrobiologia 407: 149-173.
Schaefer M.B., (1954), Some aspects of the dynamics of populations important to the management of the commercial marine fisheries, Bulletin of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 1: 27-56.
Schaffer W.M., (1974), Optimal Reproductive Effort in Fluctuating Environments, American Naturalist 108: 783-790.
Scholz U., G. Mudenda & H. Möller, (1997), Some aspects of the development of the small-scale fishery on the Zambian side of Lake Kariba 1961-1990 and implications for fisheries management, in African inland fisheries, aquaculture and the environment, K. Remane (ed.), Oxford, Fishing News Books: 255-271.
Scoones I. (ed.), (1995), Living with uncertainty: new directions in pastoral development in Africa, London, Intermediate Technology Publications.
Scoones I. & B. Cousins, (1994), Struggle for control over wetland resources in Zimbabwe, Society and Natural Resources, 7: 579-594.
Scott J.C., (1976), The moral economy of the peasants: rebellion and subsistence in Southeast Asia, London, Yale University Press.
Scudder T., (1965), The Kariba case: man-made lakes and resource development in Africa. Bulletin of the atomic scientists, December 6-11.
Shanin T. (ed.), (1971), Peasants and peasant societies, Harmondsworth, Penguin books.
Sheldon R.W., Prakash A. & Jr. W.H.S., (1972), The size distribution of particles in the ocean, Limnology and Oceanography 17: 327-340.
Silliman R.P. & Gutsell J.S., (1958), Experimental exploitation of fish populations. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 133: 214-252.
Sissenwine M.P., (1978), Is MSY an Adequate Foundation for Optimum Yield? Fisheries 3(6): 22-42.
Sissenwine M.P., (1984), Why do fish populations vary? in Exploitation of marine communities, R.M. May (ed.) Dahlem workshop 1984, Berlin, Springer-Verlag: 59-94.
Skjønsberg E., (1992), Men, money and fisheries planning: the case of the Northern Province of Zambia. in Fishing for development, Tvedten I. & B. Hersoug (eds.), Uppsala, Nordic Africa Institute: 155-172.
Slobodkin L.B., (1964), The strategy of evolution, Am. Sci. 52: 342-357.
Slobodkin L.B., (1968), How To Be a Predator, Am. Zool. 8: 43-51.
Slobodkin L.B., (1974), Prudent Predation does not Require Group Selection, American Naturalist 108: 665-678.
Slobodkin L.B., Smith F.E. & Hairston N.G., (1967), Regulation in terrestrial ecosystems and the implied balance of nature, American Naturalist 101: 109-124.
Slobodkin L.B., (1961), Growth and regulation of animal populations, New York, Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Songore N., (2000), Compilation and Analysis of Catch-Effort Data on the Lake Kariba Artisanal Fishery, Zimbabwe, Management, Co-management, or No Management Project, Internal report (mimeo).
Southwood T.R.E., May R.M., Hassell M.P. & Conway G.R., (1974), Ecological Strategies and Population Parameters, American Naturalist 108: 791-804.
Spigel R.H., Coulter G.W., (1996), Comparison of hydrology and physical limnology of the East African great lakes: Tanganyika, Malawi, Victoria, Kivu and Turkana (with reference to some North American Great Lakes), in: The Limnology, Climatology and Paleoclimatology of the East African Lakes, Johnson, T.C., Odada, E.O. (eds.), Amsterdam, Gordon and Breach Publishers: 103 -140.
Stearns S.C., (1976), Life-History Tactics: A Review of the Ideas, Q. Rev. Biol. 51: 3-47.
Stearns S.C., (1977), The Evolution of Life History Traits: A Critique of the Theory and a Review of the Data, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 8: 145-171.
Stearns S.C. & Crandall R.E., (1984), Plasticity for Age and Size at Sexual Maturity: A Life-history Response to Unavoidable Stress, in Fish Reproduction - Strategies and Tactics, G.W. Potts & R.J. Wootton (eds.), London, Academic Press: 13-33.
Sutherland W.J., (1990), Evolution and fisheries, Nature 344: 814-815.
Sverdrup-Jensen, S. & J. Raakjær Nielsen, (1998), Co-management in small-scale fisheries. A synthesis of Southern and West African experiences. In Normann et al. 1998.
Swift J.J., (1988), Major issues in pastoral development with special emphasis on selected African countries, Rome, FAO.
Tanner J.T., (1966), Effects of population density on growth rates of animal populations, Ecology 47: 733-745.
Talling J.F., Lemoalle J., (1998), Ecological dynamics of tropical inland waters, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Thomson D., (1980), Conflict within the fishing industry, ICLARM Newsletter, 3(3): 3-4.
Ticheler H., Kolding J. & Chanda, B., 1998, Participation of local fishermen in scientific fisheries data collection, a case study from the Bangweulu Swamps, Zambia, Fish. Man. and Ecology, 5: 81-92.
Tiffen M., M. Mortimore & F. Ghichuki, (1994), More people, less erosion: environmental recovery in Kenya, Chichester, Wiley.
Tilman D., Lehman C.L. & Thomson K.T., (1997), Plant diversity and ecosystem productivity: Theoretical considerations in Proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the United States of America 94: 1857-1861.
Tilman D., Lehman C.L., Bristow C.E., (1998), Diversity-stability relationships: Statistical inevitability or ecological consequence? American Naturalist 151: 277-282.
Tonn W.M. & Magnuson J.J. (1982), Patterns in the species composition and richness of fish assemblages in Northern Wisconsin lakes, Ecology 63(4): 1149-1166.
Tweddle D.E., (1995), Proceedings of the Fisheries Research Symposium, November 1994. Fisheries Bulletin 33, Lilongwe, Fisheries Department, Malawian Ministry of Natural Resources.
Underwood A.J., (1989), The analysis of stress in natural populations, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 37: 51 - 78.
Verheust L. & Johnson G., (1998), The watershed database for sub-equatorial Africa, structure and user interface, ALCOM working paper No. 16, Harare, ALCOM/FAO.
Verhulst P.F, (1838), Notice sur la loi que la population suit dans son acroissement. Correspondance Math. Phys. 10: 113-121.
Vetter E.F., (1988), Estimation of natural mortality in fish stocks: a review, Fish. Bull. 86(1): 25-43.
Ware D.M., (1975), Relation between egg size, growth, and natural mortality of larval fish, J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 32: 2503-2512.
Welcomme R.L., (1999), A review of a model for qualitative evaluation of exploitation levels in multispecies fisheries, Fisheries Management and Ecology 6: 1-19.
Weyl, O.L.F., (2001). Trends in Malawi Fisheries, (mimeo).
Wilbur H.M., Tinkle D.W. & Collins J.P., (1974), Environmental Uncertainty, Trophic Level and Resource Availability in Life History Evolution, American Naturalist 108: 805-817.
Wolf E., (1966), Peasants, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall.
Yoccoz N.G., Nichols J.D. & Boulinier T., (2001), Monitoring of biological diversity in space and time, Trends in Ecology & Evolution 16, 446-453.
Zwieten P.A.M. van, Aarnink B.H.M. & Kapasa C.K., (1995), How diverse a fishery can be! Structure of the Mweru-Luapula fishery based on an analysis of the Fram Survey 1992 and a characterisation of the present management strategies. DoF/ML/1996 25, Nchelenge, Zambian Department of Fisheries.
Zwieten P.A.M. van, Roest F.C., Machiels M.A.M., Densen W.L.T. van, (2002c), Effects of interannual variability, seasonality and persistence on the perception of long-term trends in catch rates of the industrial pelagic purse-seine fisheries of Northern Lake Tanganyika (Burundi), Fisheries Research 54: 329 -348.
Zwieten P.A.M. van & Njaya F., (2003), Environmental variability, effort development and the regenerative capacity of the fish stocks in Lake Chilwa, Malawi, in Management, co-management or no-management? Major dilemmas in southern African freshwater fisheries, E. Jul-Larsen, J. Kolding, R. Overå, J. Raakjær Nielsen & P.A.M. van Zwieten, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 426/2. Rome, FAO.
Zwieten P.A.M. van, Njaya F. & Weyl O.L.F., (2003a), Effort development and the decline of the fisheries of Lake Malombe: does environmental variability matter? in Management, co-management or no-management? Major dilemmas in southern African freshwater fisheries, E. Jul-Larsen, J. Kolding, R. Overå, J. Raakjær Nielsen & P.A.M. van Zwieten, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 426/2. Rome, FAO.
Zwieten P.A.M. van, Goudswaard P.C. & Kapasa C.K., (2003b), Mweru-Luapula is an open exit fishery where a highly dynamic population of fishers makes use of a resilient resource base, in Management, co-management or no-management? Major dilemmas in southern African freshwater fisheries, E. Jul-Larsen, J. Kolding, R. Overå, J. Raakjær Nielsen & P.A.M. van Zwieten, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 426/2. Rome, FAO.
Zwieten P.A.M. van, Densen, W.L.T. van, Dang Van Thi, (2002d). Improving the usage of the fisheries statistics of Vietnam for production planning, fisheries management and nature conservation, Marine Policy 26(1): 13-34.
